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2019-2020年高考英語 名詞性從句教案 一、性質及分類：名詞性從句相當于名詞，在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語和同位語，所以名詞性從句分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。必須注意從句必須用陳述句語序。 二、引導詞：名詞性從句的引導詞有：從屬連詞that，whether，if（一般用于賓語從句中），as if（用于表語從句）；連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever；連接副詞when，where，why，how，how many，how long，how far, how often, how far, whenever, wherever, however等。 三、用法： （一）主語從句的用法： 1、that引導主語從句的情況（that引導主語從句在句中無詞義，也不充當句子成分）： （1）可否省略： that引導的主語從句置于句首時，that不可省略（引導表語從句和同位語從句時也不能省略）。 如：That he will e is certain. That she was chosen made us happy. （2）用it作形式主語，將that引導的真正主語從句置于后面的情況： ①“It + be + adj + that從句”。 常用于該句型的形容詞有：true，clear，obvious，remarkable（值得注意的），probable，（im）possible，interesting，important，certain，（un）likely，astonishing，surprise，doubtful，essential，necessary，important，better，surprising，desirable，impossible，strange，natural，advisable等。如：It is obvious that she doesn’t like the play. It is certain that we will pass the exam. 注意當形容詞為essential，necessary，important，better，surprising，desirable，impossible，strange，natural，advisable等時，that從句要用虛擬語氣，其謂語動詞為“should + 動詞原形”，表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應如此等。如：It is necessary that we（should）clean the room every day. ②“It + be + 名詞（短語）+ that從句”。 常用于該句型的名詞短語有：duty，a fact，a good thing，good news，an honor，no surprise，a pity，a shame等。注意a pity，a shame后面的that從句有時要用虛擬語氣，其謂語動詞為“should + 動詞原形”，表示驚訝、喜悅、遺憾等。如：It is a pity that you（should）be so careless. ③“It + be + 過去分詞 + that從句”。 常用于該句型的過去分詞有：一堅持（insist）二命令（order. mand）四建議（suggest. advise. remend. propose）五要求(demand. require. request. desire. ask)等，that從句要用虛擬語氣，其謂語動詞為“should + 動詞原形”，表示建議、命令等。如：It will be suggested that she（should）finish her homework. 附：虛擬語氣在名詞性從句之中的運用總述： 在動詞：一堅持（insist）二命令（order. mand）四建議（suggest. advise. remend. propose）五要求(demand. require. request. desire. urge)等動詞后面的賓語從句中、這些動詞的過去分詞形式（insisted，ordered，manded，suggested，advised，remended，proposed，demanded，required，requested，desired，urged）出現在“It is/was + 過去分詞 + that...”型主語從句中，以及這些動詞的名詞形式（insistence, order, mand, suggestion, advice, remendation, proposal, demand, requirement, requestment, desire, urgent）后面的表語從句和同位語從句中必須用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞為（should）do. 下面有分類介紹。如：（以suggest為例） He suggests that we (should) obey the law.（賓語從句中） It is suggested that we (should) obey the law.（主語從句中） The suggestion is that we (should) obey the law.（表語從句中） The suggestion that we (should) obey the law is right.（同位語從句中） ④“It + 不及物動詞 + 從句”。 常用于該句型的不及物動詞有：seem，appear，happen，turn out等。如：It doesnt matter which of the question is to be discussed first. It doesnt make much difference whether they e or not. ⑤當that引導的主語從句出現在疑問句中時，只能用it作形式主語。 如：Is it possible that he will raise money for the children who were out of school？ Does it matter much that they will not e tomorrow？ ⑥當that主語從句全句是感嘆句時，只能用it作形式主語。 如：How strange it is that the children are so quiet！ 2、whether引導的主語從句： whether表示“是否”，可以引導全部的四種名詞性從句。但if表示“是否”，只能引導賓語從句。如：Whether he is our teacher is not clear. = It is not clear whether he is our teacher. 注意：whether or not/whether...or not/whether...or...也可以引導主語從句。如：Whether or not he is our friend doesnt matter too much. It doesnt too much whether or not he is our friend. Whether you will succeed or not doesnt interest me. It doesnt interest me whether you will succeed or not. 3、由連接代詞who，whom，whose，which，what或連接副詞when，where，why，how引導的主語從句（注意從句中的主語和謂語應按陳述句的語序排列）： Who will attend the meeting has not been decided. What you have said sounds reasonable. Where he has gone is not known to us yet. 注意：連接代詞whoever，whichever，whatever，what等引導的主語從句，一般不用it作形式主語，該從句一般位于句首。如：Whoever es will be wele. Whichever road you take will lead you to town. Whatever order she gives are obeyed. What you have said sounds reasonable （二）賓語從句的用法： 賓語從句在句中可以作謂語動詞的賓語、表語形容詞的賓語、介詞賓語和非謂語動詞的賓語。 1、that引導賓語從句的情況： that引導賓語從句時，常?？梢允÷裕谙铝星闆r下that不可以省略。 （1）that從句被短語、詞組與謂語動詞分隔開時，that不可以省略。 如：They told us once again that this would never happen. Everyone could see，I believe that Mike was terrified. （2）當連接兩個或兩個以上的賓語從句時，第二個從句及以后的連接詞that不可以省略。 如：She said（that）her mother had gone abroad and that she would e back in a week. （3）that賓語從句置于句首表示強調時，that不可以省略。 如：That he never did such a thing I simply didnt believe. 2、whether/if（是否）引導賓語從句的情況： 一般請況下，whether 和if引導賓語從句可以互換。但在下列情況下whether 和if不可以互換。 （1）當賓語從句為否定句時，只能用if，不能用whether。如：I dont care if she doesnt smile. （2）whether之后可以緊跟or not或構成whether...or not結構，if后不能緊跟or not，但可以構成if...or not結構。如：I wonder whether/if Mr. Smith has arrived or not.= I wonder whether or not Mr. Smith has arrived. （3）當該賓語從句作介詞的賓語時，只能用whether，不能用if。如：Everything depends on whether he is happy. I am worried about whether he was hurt in the accident. （4）當引導詞后面出現了不定式時，只能用whether，不能用if。如：Can you tell me whether to go or to stay？ （5）引導主語從句且置于句首時，引導表語從句和同位語從句時，只能用whether，不能用if。如：Whether they will win or lose is all the same to me. My question right now is whether he is a teacher. The question whether he can do it must be told us now. （6）在某些動詞如discuss后面，只能用whether，不能用if。如：We discussed whether we should buy a car. （7）if有多種含義，當“是否”講時，可以引導賓語從句；當“如果”講時，引導條件狀語從句。當if出現在賓語從句中時，如果引起歧義，應用whether代替if。:如：Please tell me if you agree to do.---Please tell me whether you agree to do. 注意：動詞doubt用在肯定句中表示“懷疑”時，賓語從句可以用whether/if引導；但當動詞doubt用在否定句中表示“不懷疑”或疑問句中表示“懷疑嗎”時，用that引導賓語從句。doubt當名詞用作同位語從句的先行詞時，用在肯定句中表示“懷疑”時，用whether引導同位語從句；用在否定句中表示“不懷疑”或疑問句中表示“懷疑嗎”時，用that引導同位語從句。如：I doubt whether/if he will e soon. I dont doubt that he can finish the job on time. There is some doubt whether he can do it. There is no doubt that he can do it. 3、賓語從句后置的情況： 當動詞think, make, consider等賓語從句后面還有賓語補足語時，要用it作形式賓語，將賓語從句后置。如：He has made it clear that he will not give in. 4、that作介詞賓語的情況： 連詞that引導的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語，常用在except，but，in后面。如： He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless. 5、接it的模糊用法，也稱為接it作形式賓語的情況 有些動詞帶賓語從句時，習慣上需要在賓語從句前加上it作形式賓語，又稱為it的模糊用法。 （1）it + that 可以引導賓語從句，這樣的動詞或詞組有: see to（it）（確保），depend on, rely on, insist on, take（猜想、認為）。如： I take it that he is not fond of reading this novel. Our teacher saw to it that our homework should be finished on time. （2） like, love, appreciate, enjoy, dislike, hate it +（介詞短語）+ when引導的賓語從句。如：I hate it in the evening when you sing. 附：if與whether的用法區(qū)別 1、相同點：⑴當it作形式主語時，兩者均可以引導主語從句。如：It is unknown if/whether he will e or not. ⑵兩者均可以引導由一般疑問句充當的表示肯定的賓語從句。如：Lucy asked me，“Are you a teacher？”---Lucy asked me if/whether I was a teacher？ ⑶兩者均可以引導狀語從句：if常引導條件狀語從句作“如果”講時，表示將來常用一般現在時態(tài)，也可以根據需要用現在完成時態(tài)（注意如果作“是否”講時，引導賓語從句仍用一般將來時態(tài)表示將來），whether引導讓步狀語從句作“不管，無論”講。如： If it rains tomorrow, I will not go to the zoo.（條件狀語從句） I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow.（賓語從句） Whether you will go or not，I will. ⑷兩者均可以和or搭配，構成“if/whether…or…（或……或……，是……是……）”結構。如：He asked me if/whether I was going out or staying at home. 2、不同點：⑴只能用whether的情況： ①引導主語從句（it作形式主語時除外）、表語從句和同位語從句時，只用whether，不用if。如：Whether it is true isnt clear. The question is whether he will speak at the meeting. I am in doubt whether I should agree to the plan. ②賓語從句提前時，只用whether，不用if。如： Whether the news is true or not，I dont care. ③介詞后面的賓語從句只用whether，不用if。如： Im thinking of whether we should go to see the film. ④discuss后面的賓語從句只用whether，不用if。如： We discussed whether we would have a sports meeting next week. ⑤whether后面可以直接接or not，而if不能。如： Im not sure whether or not his answer is right. ⑥whether后面可以直接接不定式，而if不能。如： We havent decided whether to walk there or not. ⑵只能用if的情況：①引導表示否定概念的賓語從句時，只能用if，不能用whether。如：He asked me if I didnt e to school yesterday. ②引導狀語從句時，if通常引導條件狀語從句（從句中常用一般現在時態(tài)表示將來，有時可以根據需要用現在完成時態(tài)表示將來。），而whether則通常引導讓步狀語從句。如：The students will go to the park if it is fine tomorrow. /Please give the book to me if you have finished it. Whether you will go or not，I will. ③if可以構成even if，as if，if not等固定結構，但whether不能。 如：I will send for you even if you dont e. He talks as if he has known it. If（you do）not（go back where you e from），I will hit you some day. 5、連接代詞或連接副詞引導賓語從句的情況： 連接代詞或連接副詞后的賓語從句用陳述句語序，注意當what，who在特殊疑問句中作主語時，該特殊疑問句本身就是陳述句語序，所以不需要調整語序。如：He asked the girl what was wrong with her. I want to know who broke the window. 6、if/when引導狀語從句（if引導條件狀語從句，when引導時間狀語從句），常常用一般現在時態(tài)表示將來（也可以根據需要用現在完成時態(tài)來表示將來）；但當if/when引導賓語從句時，不能用一般現在時態(tài)表示將來。如： I will go to the park if it is fine tomorrow. Please give the book to me when you have finished it.（if/when引導狀語從句） I wonder if you will e here. He wants to know when the meeting will begin.（if/when引導賓語從句） 7、表語形容詞后面接賓語從句的情況（有些語法書上把這種從句稱為修飾形容詞的狀語從句）： 如：I am sure（that）you can answer the question. I am sorry（that）I didnt finish it in time. I am not sure whether/if they will e on time. 8、think，believe，suppose，imagine，guess（認為、猜想）引導賓語從句的情況： （1）否定轉移： 否定轉移的條件是：當主句主語為一人稱、主句謂語動詞是think，believe，suppose，imagine，guess等，并且要否定賓語從句時，才進行否定的轉移。 如：I dont think the book is worth reading. （2）變反意疑問句： 存在這種否定轉移現象的句子在作否定轉移時，具有以下特點：在帶有賓語從句的主句中，如果主語是第一人稱以外的人稱時，反意疑問句應針對于主句的主語和謂語動詞而定；但如果主句的主語是第一人稱時，反意疑問句的主語和時態(tài)要與賓語從句保持一致，并注意否定轉移。如：You think he can finish his work，dont you？ I dont think you are a doctor，are you？ （3）雙重疑問句： 當think，believe，suppose，imagine，guess（認為、猜想）等作主句謂語時，常常會出現一種以疑問詞開頭的雙重疑問句（有些語法書上稱為插入語）。如：What do you think he is？ How much time do you suppose I must spend on it？ 9、wonder，doubt，be sure，certain之后的賓語從句的連接詞情況： （1）wonder的情況： 當wonder意為“對......感到驚奇”時，用that引導賓語從句；當wonder意為“想知道，不知道”時，用what，who，whose，which，when，where，why，how，whether/if等連接代詞或連接副詞引導賓語從句。如：Do you wonder that nobody would e？ He wondered how I had been so angry. （2）doubt的情況： 當doubt用于否定句或疑問句時，用that引導賓語從句；當doubt用于肯定句時，用whether/if引導賓語從句。如：I dont doubt that he will pass the exam. Do you doubt that he is a scientist？ I doubt whether/if he should be trusted. （3）be sure/be certain的情況： 當be sure/be certain用于肯定句或疑問句時，用that引導賓語從句；當它們用于否定句中時，用whether/if，what，who，whose，where，when，how等引導賓語從句。如：I am sure/certain that he is right. Are sure/certain that he is right？ I am not sure/certain why she said those words. 注意be sure和be certain的用法基本相同，只是be certain還可以用語形式主語這一結構。如：It is certain that he will agree. 直接引語變間接引語 一、定義：直接轉述別人的話叫“直接引語”。用自己的話轉述別人的話叫“間接引語”。（直接引語一般前后加引號，間接引語不用引號。） 二、變法： 1、直接引語變間接引語時，絕大部分情況就是將直接引語變成賓語從句，因此它與賓語從句的變法差不多，也要注意引導詞、語序和時態(tài)的變化： ⑴引導詞：直接引語為陳述句用that引導，主句謂語動詞多用say，tell等；為疑問句用if/whether（選擇疑問句用whether…or…/…or not）引導，為特殊疑問句用特殊疑問詞引導，主句謂語動詞多用ask，wonder等，為感嘆句用what / how或that引導，為祈使句多用ask/tell/order/warn/beg/mand sb（not）to do結構。 ⑵語序：引導詞后面一律用陳述句語序。 ⑶時態(tài)：當主句為現在或將來的各種時態(tài)、為祈使句、為含有情態(tài)動詞的句子時，直接引語可以根據需要確定時態(tài)；當主句為過去的各種時態(tài)時，直接引語不能根據需要使用時態(tài)，應該變成相應的過去時態(tài)。如： She said，“What a lovely day it is！”---She said what a lovely day it was./She said that it was a lovely day. She said，“I will e here this evening.---She said that she would go there that evening. He said，“Are you interested in English？”---He asked（me）if I was interested in English. “What can I do for you？”he asked me.---He asked（me）what he could do for me. （注意：當直接引語為問句并且主句的謂語是say/said.變間接引語時應變成ask/asked） 2、當直接引語為祈使句，變間接引語時，應根據句子意思將祈使句變成ask/tell/order/warn/advise等詞的賓語補足語，構成“ask/tell/order/warn/advise sb.（not）to do sth”結構（如果祈使句是否定句，應在不定式的前面加上not）。如： “Please close the door，”she said to me.---She told me to close the door. “Dont smoke in the room，”he said to me.---He told me not to smoke in the room. （注意：當直接引語為祈使句并且主句的謂語是say/said to sb..變間接引語時應變成tell/told sb.） 3、直接引語變間接引語時，還要注意動詞、時間狀語、地點狀語、人稱代詞和指示代詞的變化。即：動時地人示（凍死的人士）。 ⑴動詞的變化：當直接引語中有e，變間接引語時應變成go。如： She said，“I will e here this evening.---She said that she would go there that evening. ⑵時間狀語的變化：當直接引語中有now，today，yesterday，tomorrow，next week，ago，變間接引語時應分別變成then，that day，the day before，the next/following day，the next week，before。如： He said，“I went there yesterday.”---He said that he had gone there the day before. ⑶地點狀語的變化：當直接引語中有here，變間接引語時應變成there。如： She said，“My sister was here one moment ago.”---She said that her sister had been there one week before. ⑷人稱代詞的變化：根據實際情況進行相應的變化。如： Jim said，“I will go there tomorrow.”---Jim said that he would go there the next/following day. ⑸指示代詞的變化：當直接引語中有this，these.變間接引語時分別應變成that，those。如：He said，“These books are mine.”---He said that those books were his. （注意：如果轉述的時間和地點沒有發(fā)生變化時，here不必變成there；動詞e不必變成go；yesterday，tomorrow等狀語也不必改變。） 4、直接引語變間接引語時態(tài)不變的情況： ⑴當直接引語為客觀真理或經常性的動作時，間接引語仍保持一般現在時態(tài)。如： She said，“The earth is round.”---She said that the earth is round. ⑵當直接引語中有確切的過去時間狀語時，間接引語仍保持一般過去時態(tài)。如： He said ，“I was born in 1978.“---He said that he was born in 1978. 附：直接引語變間接引語詳表 直接引語 間接引語 一般現在時態(tài) 一般過去時態(tài) 現在進行時態(tài) 過去進行時態(tài) 現在完成時態(tài) 過去完成時態(tài) 一般過去時態(tài) 過去完成時態(tài) 過去完成時態(tài) 過去完成時態(tài) 一般將來時態(tài) 過去將來時態(tài) can could may might must had to，must shall should will would 名稱 直接引語 間接引語 指示代詞 this that these those 時間狀語 now then today that day this morning that morning tonight that night tomorrow the next/following day yesterday the day before last night the night before yesterday afternoon the afternoon before the day before yesterday two days before next month the next/following month 地點狀語 here there 方向性動詞 bring take e go （三）表語從句的用法（表語從句一般位于主句中的連系動詞之后）： 1、that引導表語從句的情況（that引導表語從句在句中無詞義，也不從當句子成分，注意that不可以省略）： 如：The truth is that I have never been there. What I know is that he cant do it. 2、whether引導表語從句的情況（注意此時不可以用if代替）： 如：The question is whether he is able to do it alone. 3、as if/as though引導表語從句的情況： as if/as though常用在系動詞look，seem，feel等之后，引導表語從句時，從句可以用陳述和虛擬兩種語氣，若所表達的意思是真實的，就用陳述語氣；若表達與客觀事實相反的假設，就用虛擬語氣。如：It looks as if it would rain. It looks as if our team is going to win. 注意as一般不引導表語從句，但也有例外。如：They were not as they seemed to be. 4、由連接代詞和連接副詞引導的表語從句（注意此時where，why，how分別譯為“地方、原因、這樣”）。如：The problem is who can get there. That is how he managed to overe the difficulties. That is why she was absent yesterday. Your radio is where you left it. 5、reason, cause作主語時，后面的表語從句表示原因時要用that，一般不用because或why；而當用it，this，that作主語時，后面的表語從句可以用because或why引導。注意句型：The reason why…is that…. 如：The reason was that he fell ill. It/This/That was because he fell ill. It/This/That was why he fell ill. The reason why he was late for class is that he got up late. （四）同位語從句的用法： that引導同位語從句時不能省略。 1、同位語從句是指句子進一步說明其前面的名詞的具體內容的從句，這些名詞常見的有thought，idea，fact，news，suggestion，plan，belief，doubt，fear等，引導同位語從句的連詞有that，whether或連接副詞when（什么時候），where（什么地方），why（怎樣），how等。如：The idea that the earth is round is not a new one. I have no idea when he will be back. 2、定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別：（1）定語從句的先行詞在定語從句中要作成分，而同位語從句的先行詞在同位語從句中不作成分。 （2）定語從句的先行詞可以是人，也可以是物，而同位語從句的先行詞一般是表示抽象概念的名詞（fact，idea，belief，information，news，message，question，answer，reply，thought，hope，doubt等）。 （3）定語從句的引導詞要受先行詞的限制（與先行詞保持一致），而同位語從句的引導詞不受先行詞的限制，只根據從句表達的意思選擇。如： We all know the fact that is explained in the paper.（定語從句） We all know the fact that the earth moves around the sun.（同位語從句） （五）其它用法： 1、what與that引導名詞性從句的區(qū)別： 兩者都能引導名詞性從句，但what有含義并且要在名詞性從句中充當句子成分(what=something that)，而that沒有含義并且不在名詞性從句中充當任何成分。同時what引導的主語從句，其后面是系動詞+表語結構時，系動詞依據表語決定。如： What he told us at the meeting was true. That he spoke at the meeting was true. What he has are books. That he cant see anything isnt true. 2、whoever，whomever，whosever，whatever，whichever，whenever, wherever, however等引導名詞性從句時，相當于anyone who，anyone whom，anyone whose，anything that，anyone/anything that, the place that, the time that, the reason that引導的定語從句。引導讓步狀語從句時，相當于no matter who，no matter whom, no matter whose，no matter what, no matter which, no matter when, no matter where, no matter how引導的讓步狀語從句。 如：Whoever breaks the law should be punished.=Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. Whoever breaks the law，he should be punished.=No matter who breaks the law，he should be punished. 3、名詞性從句里面可能用虛擬語氣的情況。（略，見虛擬語氣部分） 4、that不可省略的情況： ①that引導主語從句置于句首時不可省略。如： That he is a teacher is true. That she was chosen made us happy. ②當一個句子有兩個或多個并列的賓語從句時，引導第二個和以后幾個賓語從句的that不可省略；同時，that引導的從句與其他引導詞引導的從句作并列賓語時，that也不能省去。如：She said（that）her mother had gone abroad and that she would e back in a week. Every one could see what was happening and that Tom was really shocked. ③that賓語從句和主句之間被短語、詞組與謂語動詞分隔開時，不可以省略。如： They told us once again that this would never happen. Everyone could see，I believe that Mike was terrified. I don’t doubt, in any case, that our school team will win the match. ④that引導的賓語從句后置而由it作形式賓語時，that不可省略。如： I found it impossible that he could finish the work in an hour. ⑤that引導的賓語從句緊接在間接賓語后時，that不可省略。如： Our teacher tells us that he is a Chinese and that he will work hard for the people. ⑥that引導的賓語從句提前時，that不可省略。如： That Bob was really frightened, I can’t believe. That he never did such a thing I simply didnt believe. ⑦that從句作介詞except, but, in等的賓語時，that不可省略。如： He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless. ⑧that引導表語從句和同位語從句時不可省略。 The trouble is that he is always late for class. The suggestion that all of us should obey the rule is right. 5、注意比較兩個句子的意思： I don’t know what is the matter. 我不知道怎么啦/發(fā)生了什么事？ I don’t know what the matter is. 我不知道這個事情/麻煩是什么？ 6、主謂一致： 一個主語從句作主語時，謂語動詞用單數，如果由and連接兩個或兩個以上的主語從句作主語時，謂語動詞用復數；由兩個或多個連接詞引導一個主語從句，謂語動詞用單數。如： When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet. When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet. When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.