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2019-2020年高考英語 魔法英語語法講義 動(dòng)詞不定式教案 新人教版選修6 動(dòng)詞不定式是動(dòng)詞的一種非謂語形式，在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語。動(dòng)詞不定式具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，它可以有自己的賓語和狀語，從而構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語。它還可以有形式的變化，即一般式、進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)式。同時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式也具有非動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞、形容詞或副詞，可以在句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、表語、定語和狀語。 一、 動(dòng)詞不定式的特征和種類 動(dòng)詞不定式是由不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，在某些情況下to也可省略。 A． 不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。 He appears to be very happy. 他看起來好像很高興。（同時(shí)發(fā)生） To catch the train, wed better hurry to the station by taxi. 為了趕上火車，我們最好趕緊乘出租車去車站。（to catch the train發(fā)生在hurry to the station之后） B．不定式的進(jìn)行式 不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的或與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 It happened to be raining when I got there. 我到達(dá)那里的時(shí)候，天碰巧在下雨。 Im glad to be traveling with you. 我很高興和你一起旅游。 C． 不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。 Im sorry to have lost your key. 我很抱歉把你的鑰匙弄丟了。 I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didnt feel very well. 我本來想昨晚完成工作的，但是我感覺身體不舒服。 It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country. 對(duì)我來說，被邀請(qǐng)來你們國家是一件很榮幸的事情。 D． 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語之前發(fā)生并且一直進(jìn)行著。 He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 據(jù)說他在倫敦一直住了20年。 Im sorry to have been interrupting you. 很抱歉，我一直打擾你。 比較： 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)意義。 He is said to be studying abroad. 據(jù)說他正在國外讀書。（不定式的進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行） He is said to have studied abroad. 據(jù)說他在國外學(xué)習(xí)過。（不定式的完成式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束） E． 不定式的被動(dòng)形式 當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是這個(gè)不定式表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式。不定式的被動(dòng)形式根據(jù)其與謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系，有一般式和完成時(shí)兩種。 1．一般式 to be done These are the books to be given out to the students. 這些是要發(fā)給學(xué)生的書。 He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed. 他要求被派往最需要他的地方。 2．完成式 to have been done The novel is said to have been translated into many languages. 據(jù)說這部小說已被譯成多種語言。 He appeared to have been questioned for many times. 看起來他已經(jīng)被詢問過很多次了。 F. 不定式的否定形式 不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成。 We decided not to go out because of the bad weather. 由于天氣不好，我們決定不出去。 Never to have made any mistake is impossible. 從不犯錯(cuò)是不可能的。 注意：謂語動(dòng)詞的否定和不定式的否定不同的意義 I did not promise to wake him up. 我沒有答應(yīng)叫醒他。 I promised not to wake him up. 我答應(yīng)了不叫醒他。 二、 動(dòng)詞不定式的用法 動(dòng)詞不定式除了不能單獨(dú)作謂語外，幾乎能擔(dān)任句子中所有的句子成分。 A．動(dòng)詞不定式作主語 不定式具有名詞的特征，可在句子中充當(dāng)主語。 1．不定式短語在句首作主語 To know oneself is difficult. 人貴有自知之明。 To say is one thing and to do is another. 說是一回事，做又是另一回事。 To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get. 愛與被愛是一個(gè)人能獲得的最大幸福。 2．用it作形式主語 在很多情況下，人們通常用it作為形式上的主語，而把不定式移到謂語之后，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)顯得平穩(wěn)一些。 Its rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer. 背對(duì)著老師，拒絕回答問題是不禮貌的。 It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort. 想不下苦功就能學(xué)會(huì)外語是不可能的。 It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time. 浪費(fèi)了這么多時(shí)間，真是遺憾。 注意： 當(dāng)主語和表語都是不定式時(shí)，不能用形式主語代替動(dòng)詞不定式。 To respect others is to be respected. 尊重別人就是尊重自己。 To bee a slave is to give up ones freedom. 做奴隸就等于放棄自由。 B． 動(dòng)詞不定式作表語 不定式作表語可以說明主語的具體內(nèi)容或表示目的。 His wish is to bee an astronaut. 他的愿望是成為一名宇航員。 What he hoped was to be admitted into the university. 他希望能被大學(xué)錄取。 To live is to do something worthwhile. 活著就是要做一些有價(jià)值的事情。 注意： 有些作表語的不定式，在結(jié)構(gòu)上是主動(dòng)的，但在意義上卻是被動(dòng)的。 She is to blame. 她應(yīng)該受到責(zé)備。 The house is to let. 此房出租。 The result is not long to see. 結(jié)果不久就會(huì)看到。 C． 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語 不定式可以充當(dāng)部分及物動(dòng)詞的賓語，也可以充當(dāng)but和except等介詞的賓語以及形容詞的賓語。 1．作動(dòng)詞的賓語 ①不定式可以充當(dāng)部分及物動(dòng)詞的賓語。 Father likes to listen to music in silence. 父親喜歡靜靜地聽音樂。 He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg. 他寧愿餓死也不愿乞討。 I never thought to meet you here. 我沒想到在這里遇見你。 必背： 可接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有： afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起 agree 同意 aim以……為目標(biāo) ask 要求 attempt 嘗試 begin 開始 care喜愛 choose決定 continue 繼續(xù) decide 決定 desire 要求 determine決心 expect 期待 fail不能 forget 忘記 hate不愿 hope 希望 ntend 打算 manage設(shè)法 mean 打算 offer表示愿意 plan 計(jì)劃 prefer 寧愿 pretend 假裝 promise 答應(yīng) refuse 拒絕 remember記起 try努力 want 想要 wish希望 ②在feel, find, make, think, consider等動(dòng)詞后，如果賓語帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，人們常常用it作形式賓語，而把真實(shí)賓語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后。 I found it possible to work out the problem without a puter. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能不用計(jì)算機(jī)而解出這道題目。 She made it a rule to get up at five. 她養(yǎng)成了五點(diǎn)起床的習(xí)慣。 I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. 我覺得被邀請(qǐng)?jiān)跁?huì)上面對(duì)這么多學(xué)生發(fā)言是一件很光榮的事情。 ③在表示“希望、打算”等動(dòng)詞（如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等）的過去式后，可接動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式來表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。 I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so. 我原想來拜訪你的，但沒來成。 I expected to have met him here last night. 我以為昨天晚上能在這里見到他。（但沒做到） We meant to have stayed there a week. 我們?cè)蛩阍谀莾捍粢粋€(gè)星期的。 I wanted to have dropped her a line, but forgot to do so. 我原想寫一封信給她，但忘記了。 提示： 表示“原打算、原以為”還可以用這類動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)來表達(dá)。 I had intended to call on you. 我原想來拜訪你的。 I had expected to meet him here last night. 我原以為昨天晚上能在這里見到他的。 We had meant to stay there a week. 我們?cè)蛩阍谀莾捍粢粋€(gè)星期的。 2．作介詞的賓語 不定式可以作介詞but和except的賓語。 The teacher made no ments except to tell him to work hard. 老師除了叫他努力學(xué)習(xí)外，未做任何評(píng)價(jià)。 He had no choice but to sit there as usual. 他沒有什么選擇，只好像往常一樣坐在那兒。 There is nothing we can do but wait patiently. 我們只能耐心等待。 3．作形容詞的賓語 不定式作形容詞的賓語有兩種句型，一個(gè)是句子的主語是不定式的邏輯主語，另一個(gè)是句子的主語是不定式的邏輯賓語。 ①句子的主語是不定式的邏輯主語。這類形容詞有able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, frightened, happy, impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry, surprised, willing等。 I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse. 很遺憾，他的情況每況愈下 She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town. 她不滿足在一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)里過默默無聞的生活。 John was happy to be given the job. 約翰得到這份工作很高興。 ②句子的主語是不定式的邏輯賓語。這類形容詞有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。 This problem is easy to solve. 這個(gè)問題很容易解決。 The water is not fit to drink. 這水不適于飲用。 She is hard to get along with. 她這個(gè)人很難相處。 注意：在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，則必須加上結(jié)構(gòu)或含義所需的介詞。 The river is dangerous to swim in. 在這條河里游泳很危險(xiǎn)。 A spring mattress is fortable to sleep on. 席夢(mèng)思床墊睡上去很舒服。 D． 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語 不定式可以在“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”句型中充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語。在這一句型中，賓語是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語。 1．在表示感覺的動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語，并且不定式都不帶to。這類動(dòng)詞有：see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。 I heard them sing yesterday. 昨天我聽見他們唱歌了。 Did you see him go out 你看見他出去了嗎？ I felt something crawl up my leg. 我感到有什么東西爬到我腿上了。 注意：轉(zhuǎn)為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，原不帶to的不定式要變成帶to的不定式。notice和watch沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 We saw the car stop. n The car was seen to stop. 我們看見這輛車停了下來。 n 2．在使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語，不定式不帶to。 這類動(dòng)詞有：make, let, have等。轉(zhuǎn)為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，其后通常都用帶to的不定式（have沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)）。 有些動(dòng)詞跟不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)省去了to，這些動(dòng)詞有： 一感二聽三讓四觀看。 一感：feel 二聽：hear,listen to 三讓：let,have,make 四觀看：observe,see,watch.,look at What would you have me do 你要我做什么？ She made him give up smoking. 她讓他戒了煙。 Let him do whatever he wishes to do. 他想干什么就讓他干吧。 Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 雖然經(jīng)常是他弄哭小妹妹，但今天他卻被小妹妹弄哭了。 3．在表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。這類動(dòng)詞有：consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。這類動(dòng)詞后的不定式通常是“to be+形容詞或名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，think, consider, find后的to be?？墒÷?。 We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我們認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)好老師。 He proved that theory (to be) very important. 他證明那個(gè)理論是很重要的。 I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次見到她的時(shí)候就認(rèn)為她人很好，很誠實(shí)。 4．在表示情感狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。這類動(dòng)詞有：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。 Id prefer you to leave him alone. 我希望你不要打擾他。 I dont want there to be any trouble. 我不想有任何麻煩。 5．動(dòng)詞advise, allow, ask, beg, mand, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等后面，多接不定式短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語。 We dont allow such things to happen again. 我們不容許這種事情再發(fā)生。 Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke. 大多數(shù)父母都同意禁止自己的孩子抽煙。 She asked me to answer the phone in her absence. 她請(qǐng)我在她不在的時(shí)候接電話。 Please remind me to leave her this note. 請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐伊艚o她這張紙條。 She requested him to go with her. 她邀請(qǐng)他一同去。 注意：hope, demand, suggest等動(dòng)詞后面不能接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。 【誤】I hope you to give me a hand. 【正】I hope you can give me a hand. 我希望你能幫我一把。 【正】I wish you to give me a hand. 我希望你能幫我一把。 【誤】He demanded me to be present at the meeting. 【正】He demanded that we should be present at the meeting. 他要求我們出席會(huì)議。 【正】He required us to be present at the meeting. 他要求我們出席會(huì)議。 【誤】Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone. 【正】 Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone. 李先生建議她不要獨(dú)自去那里。 6．動(dòng)詞不定式也可作一些短語動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。 Im waiting for James to arrive. 我正等著詹姆斯的到來。 Hes arranged for a car to pick them up at the station. 他已安排了一輛汽車去車站接他們。 The UN has called on both sides to observe the ceasefire. 聯(lián)合國號(hào)召交戰(zhàn)雙方遵守?；饏f(xié)定。 必背： 這些帶介詞的短語動(dòng)詞有： call on 號(hào)召 arrange for 安排 ong for 盼望 wait for 等待 depend on 依靠 rely on 指望 E． 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語 不定式作定語通常放在其修飾的名詞或代詞之后，和被修飾的名詞或代詞之間是主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系和修飾關(guān)系。 1．主謂關(guān)系 The future to greet us will be bright. 我們的未來會(huì)十分美好的。 He is always the first person to e and the last one to leave. 他總是第一個(gè)來最后一個(gè)離開。 The next train to arrive was from New York. 下一列到站的火車是從紐約開來的。 2．動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write. 星期天，他總是有許多信要寫 The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve. 老師給我們留了許多道題要解答。 He can find no one to make friends with. 他找不到可交朋友的人。 注意：由于動(dòng)詞不定式與其修飾的詞之間往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，因此，如果該不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。 She has a child to take care of. 她有一個(gè)孩子要照看。 There is nothing to worry about. 沒什么可擔(dān)心的。 He has no friend to depend on. 他沒有可依靠的朋友。 Ive got a lot of things to see to this morning. 今天上午我有許多事情要處理。 3．同位關(guān)系 He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly. 他沒有遵守諾言定期給他父母親寫信。 We students should have the courage to face any difficulty. 我們學(xué)生應(yīng)該有勇氣面對(duì)任何困難。 I have no wish to quarrel with you. 我不想和你吵架。 4．修飾關(guān)系 Now it is time to begin our class. 現(xiàn)在是上課的時(shí)間了。 I need somewhere to take a nap. 我需要一個(gè)地方打個(gè)盹。 Is that the way to open the can 那就是打開罐頭的方法嗎？ F． 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語 不定式作狀語可以表示行為的目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。 1．表示目的 Im saving up to buy a puter. 我在存錢買電腦。 To save the child, he laid down his life. 為了救那個(gè)孩子，他獻(xiàn)出了生命。 注意：有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出這種目的，也可以用in order (not) to do,和so as (not) to do結(jié)構(gòu)（so as to do不可以置于句首）。 He shouted and waved in order to be noticed. 為了吸引注意，他又嚷嚷又揮手。 Ill write down his telephone number so as not to forget it. 我要把他的電話號(hào)碼記下來，以防忘記。 2．表示結(jié)果 He got to the station only to find the train had gone. 他趕到車站，發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開走了。 What have I said to make you so angry 我說了什么話使你氣成這樣？ After the meeting, they parted, never to see each other again. 散會(huì)后，他們分手了，從此再也沒有見面。 必背：不定式表示結(jié)果常見于下列句型。 1） so ... as to do Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle 把你的自行車借給我好嗎？ 2） such ... as to do We are not such fools as to believe him. 我們還沒蠢到竟會(huì)相信他。 3） enough to do He didnt run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不夠快, 沒趕上火車。 4） only to do He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石頭砸自己的腳。 5） too ... to do His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 她的視力太差了，不能看這么小的字。 注意：too...to...結(jié)構(gòu)中的形容詞如果是eager, pleased, happy, ready等，動(dòng)詞不定式不表示結(jié)果，也沒有否定的意思。 The boy was too eager to get a geography book. 那個(gè)男孩非常急切地想要得到一本地理書。 He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考試結(jié)果。 3．表示原因 I was a fool not to listen to you at that time. 我當(dāng)時(shí)不聽你的話，真是傻瓜。 She wept to find him in such a difficult situation. 看到他處于這么困難的情形，她哭了。 4．表示條件 A man would be blind not to see that. 一個(gè)人如果看不到這點(diǎn)，那他就是瞎子。 How can you catch the train to start so late 這么晚才動(dòng)身，你怎么能趕上火車？ 第五章 動(dòng)詞不定式（二） 三、 動(dòng)詞不定式的幾種常見結(jié)構(gòu) A． 不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語（即不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者）通常是句子的主語或賓語。如果不定式的邏輯主語不是句子的主語，此時(shí)一般用“for + 名詞（代詞）+ 不定式”來構(gòu)成不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可以做主語、賓語、表語、狀語、定語。 This box is too heavy for the little boy to carry. 這個(gè)箱子讓這個(gè)小男孩來搬太重了。 Thats for you to decide. 那個(gè)由你來決定。 He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一邊讓我通過。 I have some books for you to read. 我有幾本書送給你讀 。 B．be + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu) “be + 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常有以下兩種情況： 1．表示命令和指示 The room is to be locked. 這房間要上鎖。 You are not to stand here. 你不能站在這里。 2．表示計(jì)劃或安排 We are to begin the work next month. 我們安排下一個(gè)月開始這項(xiàng)工作。 Whats to be done next 下一步該怎么辦？ C．疑問詞 + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu) 疑問詞who, what, which, when, where, how, why后加動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語，它在句中可作主語、賓語和表語。 I dont know whether to go to the meeting or not. 我不知道要不要去開會(huì)。 The problem was how to get rid of the waste thrown by the passengers. 問題是如何處理乘客們丟棄的垃圾。 When to visit the Palace Museum has not been decided yet. 何時(shí)參觀故宮博物院還沒有決定。 D．withwithout + 名詞 + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu) “withwithout + 名詞 + 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中通常起狀語的作用。 With so much work to do, I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you. 有這么多工作要做，我不能和你去看電影了。 With him to stay in the house, I feel quite safe. 有他住在家里，我感到十分安全。 Without anything to eat, he died of hunger. 由于沒有東西吃，他餓死了。 E．It is + 形容詞 + forof sb + to do 結(jié)構(gòu) 在“It is +形容詞+ of sb +不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，形容詞往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。在“It is +形容詞+for sb +不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，形容詞通常表示事物的性質(zhì)，如important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。 Its kind of you to think so much of us. 難為你這么為我們著想。(= You are kind to think so much of us.) How careless it is of him to break such a valuable vase! 他真不小心，把如此貴重的花瓶打破了。 It is easy for me to see through his trick. 我很容易看穿他的鬼把戲。(=For me to see through his trick is easy.) It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits. 他很難改掉自己的壞習(xí)慣。 比較： It is good lf you to help me with my English. 你真好，幫助我學(xué)英語。（強(qiáng)調(diào)you 的特征＝Y(jié)ou are good to help me.） It is good for you to give up smoking. 戒煙對(duì)你有好處。（強(qiáng)調(diào)的是give up smoking 這一行為＝Fof you to give up smoking is good.） F．分裂不定式 動(dòng)詞不定式to do通常是不拆開的，但偶爾也可在不定式符號(hào)to和動(dòng)詞原形之間插入一個(gè)副詞，構(gòu)成分裂不定式。 He was too ill to pletely carry out that program. 他病得太重，不能完成那個(gè)項(xiàng)目。 He has made up his mind to once more try this method. 他已經(jīng)下定決心再試試這個(gè)方法。 G．用作獨(dú)立成分的不定式 有一些不定式短語可以作狀語修飾整個(gè)句子，也可被稱為插入語。 To be honest, we are not sure to find the girl in the forest. 說老實(shí)話，我們不能確保在森林里能找到那個(gè)女孩。 To be frank, I dont agree with what you said. 坦率地說，我不同意你說的話。 必背：用作獨(dú)立成分的不定式 to tell you the truth 說老實(shí)話 to be frank 坦率地說 to begin with 首先 to be brief 簡言之 to make a long story short 長話短說 to be exact 精確地說 to say nothing of 姑且不說 to conclude 總而言之 to be sure 誠然，固然 to do him justice 說句對(duì)他公道的話 so to speak 可以這么說 H．用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)含義的不定式 動(dòng)詞不定式在句中究竟用主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，有時(shí)比較復(fù)雜，主要有下面幾種情況： 1．不定式做后置定語，和被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，但又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)。 Do you have anything to say on this question 針對(duì)這個(gè)問題你有什么要說的嗎？ He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一個(gè)與其合作起來令人感到愉快的人。 2．不定式作形容詞的賓語，和句子主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)。 The book is difficult to understand. 這本書很難理解。 The chair is fortable to sit on. 這把椅子坐起來很舒服。 3．There be結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)說話人考慮必須有人去完成某件事時(shí)。 There is nothing to worry about. 沒什么可擔(dān)心的。 There is nothing to fear. 沒有什么可害怕的。 比較： There is a lot of work to do. 有許多事情要做。（表示某人必須做這工作） There is a lot of work to be done. 有許多事情要做。（強(qiáng)調(diào)有許多事情必須做） She has two letters to type. 她有兩封信要打。（自己打） She has two letters to be typed. 她有兩封信要打。（別人打） I．表示虛擬語氣的不定式完成式。 I hoped to have met him at the railway station, but he didnt turn up. 我本希望在火車站接到他，但他未露面。 We would love to have gone to the match, but the tickets were all sold out. 我們?cè)肴タ催@場比賽的，但票已售完了。 The plane was to have taken off at 9, but something went wrong. 飛機(jī)原計(jì)劃九點(diǎn)起飛，但出現(xiàn)了一些故障。 J．用于感嘆句。 不定式可用于感嘆句，含有驚異、不滿、惋惜或贊美等感情色彩。 To think that he should do this! 想想，他竟然干出這等事?。ū硎倔@訝） Oh, God, to see her dance ! 哦，天哪，看看她的舞蹈?。ū硎举澝溃? To think that all the money has been wasted. 想想，所有的錢都被浪費(fèi)掉了?。ū硎静粷M） 四、 關(guān)于不定式符號(hào)的幾個(gè)問題 A．不帶to的不定式 1．在口語中，動(dòng)詞原形e和 go后可接不帶to的不定式。 Go tell her. 去告訴她吧。 e have a glass. 來喝一杯。 2．在why引起的一些問句中，疑問詞直接跟動(dòng)詞原形或not+動(dòng)詞原形。 Why make so much noise 為什么發(fā)出這么大的噪音？ Why not join us 為什么不加入我們？ 3．在had better, had best, would rather, would rather...than, would sooner, would sooner...than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but等結(jié)構(gòu)后直接跟動(dòng)詞原形或not +動(dòng)詞原形。 Youd better listen to your teachers opinion. 你最好聽一聽老師的意見。 We had best call for the doctor at once. 我們最好馬上就請(qǐng)醫(yī)生來。 She cant do anything but ask silly questions. 她一直在問一些愚蠢的問題。 Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 他寧愿騎自行車，也不愿擠公共汽車。 He cannot but move to another street, because his building has to be pulled down soon. 他不得不搬到另一條街上去，因?yàn)樗〉拇髽呛芸炀鸵煌频埂? We cannot help but admire his courage. 我們情不自禁地欽佩他的勇氣。 4．如不定式前有行為動(dòng)詞do，那么在表語從句中的不定式和介詞except或but之后的不定式可不帶to。 The only thing I could do was go home. 我能做的唯一一件事就是回家。 They could do nothing but wait for the doctor to e. 他們只能等待醫(yī)生的到來。 5．在兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式并列使用時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，后面的不定式符號(hào)to可省略。 The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry. 這小姑娘不知道是哭好還是笑好。 Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 200 p.m. 你能不能幫我打電話給他，叫他下午兩點(diǎn)來開會(huì)？ 6．在help之后，既可用帶to的不定式也可用不帶to的不定式。 Can I help (to) carry the box for you 我?guī)湍惆嵯渥?，好嗎? 7．在一些固定搭配中用不帶to的不定式。 He let go the rope. 他松開了繩子。 I hear say there will be an earthquake soon. 我聽說不久就要有一次地震。 She made believe she was innocent. 她假裝清白。 8．在感官動(dòng)詞see, hear, watch, feel, notice以及使役動(dòng)詞make, let, have等后作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。 She watched the children cross the street. 她看著孩子們穿過了馬路。 They made the boy apologize to his friend for being so rude. 他們讓那男孩因他的粗魯而向他的朋友道歉。 Dont forget to have him e earlier. 別忘了讓他早點(diǎn)兒來。 B．不定式符號(hào)的單獨(dú)使用 為了避免重復(fù)上文中出現(xiàn)過的動(dòng)詞，可以用不定式符號(hào)to來代替上文中出現(xiàn)過的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。 1．在助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等。 She must go but you dont have to. 她必須走，但你沒有必要。 ---Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor 你認(rèn)為我應(yīng)該去看醫(yī)生嗎？ ---Yes, I think you ought to. 是的，我想你應(yīng)該去。 2．在want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等動(dòng)詞之后。 You may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的話，你可以和他們一起去。 ---Did you go to see the Great Wall 你游覽長城了嗎？ ---I wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本來想去的，但我太忙了。 3．在做賓語補(bǔ)足語的ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等動(dòng)詞之后。 Dont do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你父親叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。 ---May I use your car 我可以用你的汽車嗎？ ---No, I forbid you to. 不，我禁止你使用。 4．在對(duì)話的答語中的happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等形容詞之后。 ---Will you lend me a hand 你能幫我一個(gè)忙嗎？ ---Im willing to, but I cant now. 我很愿意，但現(xiàn)在不行。 ---Would you please e to my birthday party tomorrow 明天下午來參加我的生日聚會(huì)好嗎？ ---Ill be glad to. 我很樂意。 提示： 如果動(dòng)詞不定式是to be或to have，則一般不省。 --- Did you finish the work 你的工作完成了嗎？ --- No, but I hoped to have. 沒有，但我希望已經(jīng)完成了。 C．介詞to和不定式符號(hào)to to既可以是不定式符號(hào)，后接動(dòng)詞原形；to也可以是介詞，后接名詞或動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。英語中有很多常用短語帶有to，我們要正確判斷to是不定式符號(hào)還是介詞，千萬不可混淆。 1． 不定式符號(hào)to He made it a rule to read English aloud for half an hour every morning. 他堅(jiān)持每天早晨朗讀半小時(shí)英語。 These young lads are longing to go to watch the football match. 這幾個(gè)小伙子極想去看足球賽。 必背：常見的帶不定式符號(hào)to的短語 be supposed to do應(yīng)該做某事 be determined to do 決心要做某事 fail to do 未能做某事 go all out to do 全力以赴做某事 have the nerve to do 有膽量做某事 have a great mind to do 很想做某事 make a point to do 堅(jiān)持做某事 make up ones mind to do 決定做某事 take the trouble to do 不辭辛苦地做某事 prepare oneself to do 有思想準(zhǔn)備做某事 2． 介詞to If you stick to the truth, you will have nothing to fear. 如果你堅(jiān)持真理，就沒有什么可害怕的。 You must get used to getting up early. 你必須習(xí)慣早起。 Isnt it time you got down to marking those papers 難道還沒到你定下心來閱卷的時(shí)間嗎？ 必背：常見的帶介詞to的短語 be used to 習(xí)慣 be equal to 勝任 be given to 沉溺于 be opposed to 反對(duì) be related to與……有關(guān) devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于 get down to 著手做 give rise to 引起 lead to 導(dǎo)致 look forward to 盼望 object to 反對(duì) pay attention to 注意 put ones mind to 全神貫注于 stick to 堅(jiān)持