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第6講 非謂語動詞,考點(diǎn)1 非謂語動詞作狀語 【典例】1. (2015江蘇高考)Much time______sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems. A. being spent B. having spent C. spent D. spending 【解析】選C。句意: 很多時間都坐在桌旁, 辦公室職員一般都受到健康問題的困擾。time與spend之間是主謂關(guān)系, 根據(jù)時間關(guān)系推斷他們已經(jīng)伏案工作很久了, 故選C。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語, 表示原因。,2. (2015北京高考)The park was full of people, themselves in the sunshine. A. having enjoyed B. enjoyed C. enjoying D. to enjoy 【解析】選C。句意: 這個公園充滿了人, 在陽光下他們玩得很開心。非謂語動詞的邏輯主語為people, 人們玩得開心為主動行為, 故選現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。,3. (2015福建高考)______more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course. A. Learn B. Learned C. To learn D. To be learning 【解析】選C。句意: 為了了解到更多的中國文化, 杰克決定選擇中國民間音樂作為選修課。這里是動詞不定式形式的非謂語動詞作目的狀語。,4. (2015天津高考)______in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching. A. To absorb B. To be absorbed C. Absorbed D. Absorbing 【解析】選C。句意: 全神貫注于繪畫中, 約翰沒有注意到晚上到了。be absorbed in全神貫注于, 在句中作狀語。,5. (2015重慶高考)______in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star. A. Being raised B. Raising C. Raised D. To raise 【解析】選C。句意: 他在格拉斯哥最窮的地方長大, 要想成為足球明星還有很長很難的路要走。根據(jù)句意可知raise的主語是he, 他在這個地方長大, 兩者之間是被動關(guān)系。,6. (2014江蘇高考)The lecture______, a lively question-and-answer session followed. A. being given B. having given C. to be given D. having been given 【解析】選D。句意: 報告之后是一個活躍的問答環(huán)節(jié)。報告是被做的, 且發(fā)生在問答之前, 故使用having been done的形式。,【解題技巧】 1. 掌握非謂語動詞作狀語的基本用法: (1)動詞不定式作狀語。 She reads China Daily every day in order to(so as to)improve her English. He came late, only to find the door locked.,(2)動詞-ing作狀語。 動詞-ing可以作時間、原因、方式、伴隨、結(jié)果、讓步等狀語, 所表示的動作與句子主語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系, 所表示的動作總是與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生, 其完成式having done表示先于謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的動作。,Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. (原因狀語) Seeing Tom, I couldn’t help thinking of his brother. (時間狀語) Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. (原因狀語) Gathering around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people. (伴隨狀語) More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. (結(jié)果狀語),(3)動詞-ed作狀語。 一般式(done)同動詞的-ing形式的完成被動式(having been done)均與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系, 且先于謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生, 表示時間、原因、方式、伴隨等情況。 Asked what had happened, he lowered his head. (時間狀語) Inspired by what he said, we are determined to study harder. (原因狀語),2. 有關(guān)非謂語動詞的注意事項: (1)常見的作狀語的固定短語。 generally/frankly/roughly speaking一般說來/坦白地說/粗略地說; considering. . . 鑒于/考慮到……; judging by/from. . . 從……來看, 依據(jù)……來判斷; supposing/supposed that. . . 假定……; providing/provided that. . . 假定……; owing to. . . 由于……; talking/speaking of談及……,(2)動詞的-ing形式和過去分詞作狀語時, 其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語保持一致, 且和句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂或動賓關(guān)系, 否則不能使用它們作狀語。 Being blind, how could they see an elephant? Though surprised to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome. When he cleaned the window, his finger was hurt.,(3)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。 主句主語與從句主語不一致, 則用獨(dú)立主格作狀語。其構(gòu)成是名詞/代詞+非謂語動詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語等。 Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some having a life span of around 20 years(=and some have a life span of around 20 years).,考點(diǎn)2 非謂語動詞作定語 【典例】1. (2014浙江高考)Annie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse______to guard her. A. to appoint B. appointing C. appointed D. having appointed 【解析】選C。句意: 殘疾人安妮薩蒙在學(xué)校的那段日子一直由委派保護(hù)她的一個護(hù)士陪同。其中a nurse與動詞appoint之間是被動關(guān)系, 故用過去分詞作定語。,2. (2014北京高考)Last night, there were millions of people______the opening ceremony live on TV. A. watch B. to watch C. watched D. watching 【解析】選D。句意: 昨晚, 幾百萬人通過電視觀看了開幕式現(xiàn)場直播。分析句子可知“________the opening ceremony live on TV”作millions of people的定語, people和watch之間是主動關(guān)系, 且動作正在發(fā)生, 因此選擇現(xiàn)在分詞。,3. (2014北京高考)There are still many problems______before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. A. solving B. solved C. being solved D. to be solved 【解析】選D。句意: 在我們準(zhǔn)備好長久待在月球上之前還有很多問題需要解決。分析句子可知所填部分作problems的定語, problem和solve之間是被動關(guān)系, 排除A項; 再根據(jù)句意可知這些問題還沒有解決, 因此動作還未發(fā)生, 排除B、C。,4. (2014大綱版全國卷)Today there are more airplanes______more people than ever before in the skies. A. carry B. carrying C. carried D. to be carrying 【解析】選B。句意: 現(xiàn)在, 比起以往, 在空中能載更多人的飛機(jī)增多了。________more people than ever before in the skies作定語修飾airplanes, carry和airplanes之間是主動關(guān)系, 所以用動詞-ing形式。,【解題技巧】 1. 掌握非謂語動詞作定語的基本用法。,Do you know the number of people coming to the party? The question being discussed was presented by the headmaster. Mrs White showed her students some old maps borrowed from the library. I have a lot of readings to complete before the end of this term.,2. 非謂語動詞作定語的注意事項。 (1)有些-ing形式已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化成形容詞, 常作定語用來修飾物, 表示“令人……”。常用的此類詞有: exciting, amusing, amazing, astonishing, shocking, puzzling, confusing, disappointing, discouraging, pleasing, striking, boring, tiring, touching, moving, interesting, satisfying, terrifying, frightening等。 (2)現(xiàn)在分詞完成式一般不作定語, 若要表達(dá)完成意義最好用定語從句。例如: 一般不說: The girl having won the race is my deskmate. 而常這樣說: The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.,(3)及物動詞的過去分詞既表被動又表完成, 一些不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語時在意義上只表完成不表被動。例如: newly-arrived goods新到的貨; fallen leaves落葉; faded flowers凋謝的花。 (4)不定式與其所修飾的詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系, 而該不定式為不及物動詞時, 其后須加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~, 構(gòu)成及物動詞短語。例如: I am looking for a room to live in. (5)不定式作定語且所修飾的名詞是time, place或way時, 不定式后的介詞一般要省去。例如: He had no money and no place to live.,考點(diǎn)3 非謂語動詞作賓語 【典例】1. (2015陜西高考)After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, Anne Benedict went on ______ all the people who had helped in her career. A. to thank B. thanking C. having thanked D. to have thanked 【解析】選A。句意: 在獲得奧斯卡最佳女配角后, Anne Benedict繼續(xù)感謝所有在她事業(yè)上幫助過她的人。go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)做不同的事情, 不定式作賓語。,2. (2014陜西高考)It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like______for a swim? A. to go B. going C. go D. having gone 【解析】選B。句意: 今天非常熱。你想去游泳嗎? feel like doing sth. 想做某事, 故選B。,3. (2014北京高考)The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without______. A. recognizing B. being recognized C. having recognized D. having been recognized 【解析】選B。句意: 那位電影明星戴著墨鏡, 因此他可以去購物而不會被認(rèn)出。without是介詞, 后接動名詞作賓語, he和recognize之間是被動關(guān)系, 因此選擇動名詞的被動形式。,4. (2013江蘇高考)Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and ______ to ruins, the city took on a new look. A. reducing B. reduced C. being reduced D. having reduced 【解析】選C。句意: 在遭受大規(guī)模的地震成為廢墟之后不久, 那個城市就呈現(xiàn)出了嶄新的面貌。and為并列連詞, 連接after后的兩個賓語suffering from. . . 和being reduced to. . . 。be reduced to(doing)sth. 使淪為, 固定結(jié)構(gòu), 故選C。,【解題技巧】 1. 有些動詞后接作賓語的非謂語動詞時只能是動詞-ing形式, 常見的這類動詞有: admit, acknowledge, advise, appreciate, avoid, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, escape, fancy, finish, forgive, involve, give up, imagine, mention, mind, miss, pardon, practise, require, resist, suggest等。 2. 大部分“動詞+介詞/副詞”短語動詞, 只能后接動詞-ing作賓語。這些動詞短語有: think of, give up, aim at, put off, insist on, be good at, do well in, keep on, leave off, be tired(afraid, capable, fond)of, set about等。,3. 以下為to作介詞的短語: be used to, object to, devote oneself to, stick to, respond to, look forward to, see to, submit to, adapt to, apply to, accede to, get to, prefer to, adjust to, owe to等。 4. 某些及物動詞后只能接不定式作賓語, 其中最常用的動詞有wish, hope, decide, refuse, promise, pretend, manage, plan, fail, choose等。,5. 有些動詞既可以跟動詞-ing形式作賓語, 也可以跟to不定式作賓語, 但在語義上卻有很大的差別。例如: (1)mean to do打算/想做某事 mean doing意味著/意思是做某事 (2)forget to do忘記要去做某事 forget doing忘記曾做過某事 (3)go on to do接著去做另一件事 go on doing繼續(xù)做同一件事 (4)remember to do記得要去做某事 remember doing記得曾做過某事,(5)stop to do停下來去做某事 stop doing停止做某事 (6)try to do努力做某事 try doing試一試做某事 (7)regret to do對將要做的事表示遺憾 regret doing對做過的事表示遺憾,6. like/love/hate/ prefer +to do表示具體行為; +doing sth. 表示抽象、傾向概念。如果這些動詞前有should一詞, 其后賓語常跟不定式。 I should like to see him tomorrow. 7. need, want, require, deserve +動名詞表被動意義(相當(dāng)于不定式的被動語態(tài))。 Your hair wants cutting. =Your hair wants to be cut.,考點(diǎn)4 非謂語動詞作補(bǔ)足語 【典例】1. (2015浙江高考)Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it______live is quite another. A. perform B. performing C. to perform D. being performed 【解析】選D。句意: 在家聽音樂是一回事, 去聽現(xiàn)場演奏又是另一回事。空格處缺少的是賓語補(bǔ)足語, 賓語it與perform之間是被動關(guān)系, 故應(yīng)該用被動形式, 所以選D, being performed表示正在進(jìn)行的被動動作。,2. (2015陜西高考)Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother ______ good care of at home. A. taking B. taken C. take D. be taken 【解析】選B。句意: 在非洲醫(yī)療援助兩年回來后, Dr. Lee很高興看見媽媽被照顧得很好。his mother和take care of是被動關(guān)系, 用過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。,3. (2014四川高考)The manager was satisfied to see many new products ______ after great effort. A. having developed B. to develop C. developed D. develop 【解析】選C。句意: 看到經(jīng)過一番努力之后許多新產(chǎn)品被開發(fā)出來, 經(jīng)理感到很滿意。此處為see sth. done結(jié)構(gòu), 賓語many new products與動詞develop之間為動賓關(guān)系, 故用過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。,4. (2014江西高考)He is thought ______ foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job. A. to act B. to have acted C. acting D. having acted 【解析】選B。句意: 人們認(rèn)為他以前行為愚蠢?，F(xiàn)在丟了工作只能怨他自己了。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)以及選項可知是考查sb. /sth. be thought to do sth. 句式, 并且是與現(xiàn)在(now)進(jìn)行的對比, 是以前的情況, 應(yīng)該是發(fā)生在句子謂語動詞之前。故用to have done的形式。,5. (2013北京高考)When we saw the road______with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home. A. block B. to block C. blocking D. blocked 【解析】選D。句意: 當(dāng)我們看到道路被雪阻斷了時, 我們決定在家度假。road和block之間是被動關(guān)系, 故用block的過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。,6. (2013陜西高考)Let those in need________that we will go all out to help them. A. to understand B. understand C. understanding D. understood 【解析】選B。句意: 讓那些需要幫助的人明白, 我們會竭盡全力去幫助他們。let意思是“使, 讓”, 用法是“l(fā)et sb. do sth. ”, in need是those的后置定語, 故選B。,【解題技巧】 1. 非謂語動詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的基本用法。 (1)動詞的-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語常放在賓語后面, 表示一個正在進(jìn)行的主動性的動作, 強(qiáng)調(diào)一個過程或一種狀態(tài)。 He saw smoke rising from behind the house. (2)及物動詞的過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語, 與賓語有邏輯上的被動關(guān)系, 且表示完成。 She found the door broken in when she came back. (3)不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語表一個完成的動作或表一個很短時間內(nèi)看到、聽到或感覺到的具體動作。 I saw him open the window.,2. 非謂語動詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的特殊情況。 (1)“五看二聽一感覺”的感官動詞(see, watch, observe, notice, look at; hear, listen to, feel)后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語常見的三種非謂語動詞形式(do/doing/done), doing表主動或正在進(jìn)行, done表被動或完成, do表主動或完成(被動句中to還原)。 (2)熱點(diǎn)動詞let, make, have, get, leave, keep, find等后接非謂語動詞形式作補(bǔ)語。 (3)固定短語如advise/allow/encourage/request/permit/forbid sb. to do sth. 等。,(4)with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語動詞形式。 with+賓語+ With the children following him, he had to go back to the park. I sat in my room for a few minutes with my eyes fixed on the ceiling. With no one to talk to, John felt very miserable.,v. -ing形式(表主動) v. -ed形式(表被動) 不定式(表將要發(fā)生),,(5)下列結(jié)構(gòu)中用不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語, 它們是: sb. /sth. be said/believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought to do/to have done/to be done/ to have been done。 Mo Yan is considered to be one of the greatest writers.,考點(diǎn)5 非謂語動詞作主語、表語或其他 【典例】1. (2015安徽高考)______the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make. A. Ignore B. Ignoring C. Ignored D. Having ignored 【解析】選B。句意: 忽視這兩項研究結(jié)果的差異將會是你犯的最嚴(yán)重錯誤之一。句子缺少主語, ignore邏輯主語是you, 即兩者是主謂關(guān)系, 故用動詞-ing形式作主語。,2. (2014福建高考)For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying______. A. connected B. connecting C. to connect D. to be connected 【解析】選A。句意: 對那些遠(yuǎn)離家庭成員的人來說, 個人電腦和電話對保持聯(lián)系來說是重要的。stay是系動詞, 人和聯(lián)系之間是被動關(guān)系, 故用過去分詞作表語。,3. (2014湖南高考)______your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions. A. Understanding B. To be understood C. Being understood D. Having understood 【解析】選A。句意: 了解你自己交流的需求和方式與學(xué)會表達(dá)你的喜愛和情感一樣重要。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu), 設(shè)空處為句子的主語部分, 且題干所述表泛指意義的行為, 故應(yīng)用v. -ing形式的一般式作主語。,4. (2014山東高考)It’s standard practice for a company like this one ______ a security officer. A. employed B. being employed C. to employ D. employs 【解析】選C。句意: 像這樣的公司常規(guī)做法是要雇用一位安全人員。此處句型為: It is standard practice for. . . to do sth. , 故此處需選用動詞不定式作真正的主語, 故選C。,5. (2013重慶高考)The engine just won’t start. Something seems ______ wrong with it. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 【解析】選B。句意: 發(fā)動機(jī)無法啟動?？雌饋硭隽诵﹩栴}。sb. /sth. seems加不定式, 為固定句式, 常指“似乎發(fā)生了什么”。而此處故障已經(jīng)發(fā)生了, 故使用seem to have done, 選B。,6. (2013浙江高考)______how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure. A. Hearing B. Hear C. Having heard D. To be hearing 【解析】選A。句意: 聽到別人對你剛讀過的書的反應(yīng)會增添一份喜悅。該句的謂語動詞為creates, you have just read是修飾book的定語從句, 空格處需要的是句子的主語, 該動作又是一個主動的動作, 所以該主語應(yīng)該用動名詞短語充當(dāng), 故選A。,【解題技巧】 1. 非謂語動詞中能作主語的有動名詞和不定式。 (1)動名詞作主語表示一般的、抽象的習(xí)慣性動作, 不定式作主語表示具體的、一次性的或尚未做的動作。 (2)it作形式主語, 代替真正作主語的動詞不定式或動名詞。常見句型有: It is/was no use/good + doing sth. ; It is/was not any use/good + doing sth. ; It is/was of little use/good + doing sth. ; It is/was useless doing; It’s a waste of time doing等。,2. 非謂語動詞中能作表語的有現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動名詞和不定式。注意現(xiàn)在分詞作表語意為“令人感到……的”, 而過去分詞作表語意為“本身感到……的”。 3. 固定句式do/have/其他動詞+sth. +but(to)do sth. 要遵循前有實義動詞do, but后則無to, 反之則有to的原則。 He did nothing but save the child without hesitation.,【誤區(qū)糾偏】 易錯點(diǎn)1 非謂語動詞作主/賓語混用 ①You know______is my favourite sport and I like ______ every day. ②(變式)It’s chilly, so I don’t like ______ today, I would like______ tomorrow. A. to swim B. swimming C. swim D. Having swum,【點(diǎn)撥】 (1)動詞-ing表示抽象、習(xí)慣性的動作; 動詞不定式表示具體、偶然、將來的動作。 (2)題①根據(jù)語境“游泳是我最喜愛的運(yùn)動, 我喜歡每天游泳”, “游泳”指抽象、習(xí)慣性的動作, 故兩個空都選B; 題②“今天我不想游泳”是指一次具體的動作, 故第一空選A; would like to do“喜歡、想做某事”, 故第二個空也選A, 表示將來的動作。,易錯點(diǎn)2 混淆動詞不定式主、被動式作定語的區(qū)別 ①—Do you have some clothes______, Mary? —Oh, thank you, mum. I can manage it myself. ②(變式)—Do you have some clothes______, Mary? If not, let’s go shopping. —Good idea, mum. A. wash B. to wash C. washed D. to be washed,【點(diǎn)撥】 (1)動詞不定式主動式與被修飾的詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系, 即動詞不定式的邏輯主語就是句子的主語; 而動詞不定式的被動式的邏輯主語不是句子的主語。 (2)根據(jù)以上原則, 題①選D, “瑪麗, 你有需要我給你洗的衣服嗎? (wash動作發(fā)出者不是主語you而是媽媽)”“哦, 謝謝您, 媽媽, 我自己能洗”; 題②選B, “瑪麗, 你要洗衣服嗎? (wash動作發(fā)出者就是句子主語you)如果不, 我們?nèi)ベ徫锇??！薄昂弥饕? 媽媽”。,易錯點(diǎn)3 非謂語動詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語誤用 ①They all left, leaving me______all the work. ②(變式)They all left, leaving all the work______by me. ③(變式)We all left, leaving all the work______. A. doing B. to do C. undone D. to be done,【點(diǎn)撥】 (1)動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動作未做, 主動關(guān)系; 不定式被動式表示被動關(guān)系; 動詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語表示正在或一直在進(jìn)行的動作; 動詞過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語表示被動, 具體到leave, 就是leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事/leave sth. to be done留下某事要做/leave sb. doing sth. 讓某人一直做某事/leave sth. undone留下某事未做。 (2)題①選B, 題②選D, 題③選C。,易錯點(diǎn)4 動詞不定式和動詞-ing作結(jié)果狀語的混用 ①I looked into the window, ____a girl was reading inside. ②(變式)I looked into the window, only______a thief was stealing inside. ③(變式)I looked into the window______what was going on inside. A. find B. to find C. finding D. found,【點(diǎn)撥】 (1)動詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語常表示出乎意料的不好的結(jié)果(常和only連用); 動詞-ing形式作結(jié)果狀語表示自然而然的結(jié)果。 (2)題①表示自然而然的結(jié)果, 故選C; 題②表示出乎意料的不好的結(jié)果, 故選B; 題③選B, “我向窗子里看了看想知道里面發(fā)生了什么”, 動詞不定式作目的狀語。,