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2019-2020年高中英語 Unit3 The puter the information age grammar教案(2) 冀教版必修3 一、經(jīng)過前幾個(gè)單元的學(xué)習(xí)，到這個(gè)單元為止，時(shí)態(tài)已經(jīng)學(xué)完。按照要求，學(xué)生需要掌握下列幾個(gè)重要時(shí)態(tài)。 1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 1》概念 其基本意義在于表示發(fā)生在包括講話時(shí)間在內(nèi)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 2》理解：本時(shí)態(tài)主要關(guān)注動(dòng)作的經(jīng)常性，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作表現(xiàn)的事實(shí)，或者是真理，而且和現(xiàn)在有關(guān)。 〈1〉表示客觀真理，科學(xué)事實(shí)，格言，及其它各種不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在狀況。 如： Light travels faster than sound Action speaks louder than words <2> 表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。 如；Our art teacher practises painting twice a day. Tom often regularly drop in on the professor. <3> 表示現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)。 如：He is always ready to help others. Tom seldom rises at six. <4> 有when/ while/ until/ before/ as soon as/if /even if等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間，條件，或讓步壯語從句中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 如：when we get there,well call you. No one can go through with the task on time if it rains. Ill not attend her birthday party even if I am invited. <5> 在新聞標(biāo)題，小說，戲劇，電影，圖片等說明中，也經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 如：The Delegation of China gets a warm wele in Russia. The story is about a family---.The husband es home from his office and tells the wife that he has invited a friend to dinner. 3》標(biāo)志：often/always/usually/seldom./never..對上述壯語提問時(shí)，常用 how often...? 肯定句中，動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。 如: ---How often does he visit the old man? —---Never. 2.一般過去時(shí) 1》概念 本時(shí)態(tài)主要是表示過去的時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)詞作或者是狀態(tài)。 2》理解 強(qiáng)調(diào)過去動(dòng)作的一次性和習(xí)慣性。 <1> 表示過去特定時(shí)間的一次完成的動(dòng)作。 如： The old professor stepped into the classroom, opened the book, and began to read. We went to Beijing and visited Heaven Temple. <2> 用它表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，往往用一定的時(shí)間狀語或表示頻度的狀語。 如：we went to school together when we were boys and so we saw each other every day. There used to a temple in the village. 在日常會(huì)話中，我們也用一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間。這種用法在講話的口氣上表現(xiàn)出婉轉(zhuǎn)，客氣的意味。 如： ---Did you want me ? ----Yes,I hoped you could give me a hand with the painting. 3》警示：除了表示明顯的過去時(shí)間狀語外，還有used to/would等暗示性詞語。 如：when I was in London, often,I would have a cup of coffee after work. 注意：上句中的would 不能用 used to 代替。這兩個(gè)詞雖然都表示"過去常常",但would 常和時(shí)間連用，如 often, every day 等，而used to 不可以。 3。一般將來時(shí) 1》概念 表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 2》理解 對未來事情的預(yù)見性，或者說明意圖，打算。 <1> 用will 或shall +動(dòng)詞的形式表示對未來事情的預(yù)見性，又稱為預(yù)見性將來時(shí)。 如： Tomorrow will be fine . You will feel better after taking the medicine. <2> 用 be going to do表示將來。 用這種形式表示將來主要是說明現(xiàn)在的意圖，打算，即表明眼前最近要去做的事情。又稱之為近期將來。如：Im going to post two letters after class./She is going to have a university degree. 如果這種結(jié)構(gòu)用物做主語，也是一種預(yù)見，可以用will 代替。 如：It is going to rain Watch out!The pill of boxes is going to fall. <3> 用be+going 表示將來 一般說來，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來所用的時(shí)間大都是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，不適用于狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。用這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示按計(jì)劃要去做的事或發(fā)生的事情。 如：were inviting several people to a party. The foreign ministry is ing to the UN this week. The plane is taking off at 5:30 一般來說，be doing / be going to do 兩種結(jié)構(gòu)均可以表示將來，但有些區(qū)別。 比較：I am taking Mary out for dinner tonight . I am going to take Mary out for dinner tonight. 第一句表示計(jì)劃已定不能改變，第二句表示打算未定只是一種想法而已。 <4> 用be+to do 表示將來時(shí)間 這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可以表示按計(jì)劃，隨安排將要去做的事情或?qū)⒁l(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 如；The workers are to produce 5000 cars next year. The Prime Minister is to speak on television tonight. The line is to be open to traffic on October 1. 這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示的將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作一般來說受人們意志控制或支配的?？梢曰Q，但語意上有區(qū)別。如： We are going to play basketball this afternoon.<表示目前的意圖> We are to play basketball this afternoon.<表示計(jì)劃，安排或受人的支配>. 我們可以說：Its going to rain /The young man is going to be fat. 但不能說：It is to rain/The young man is to be fat. <5>用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。 如：Next Christmas falls on a Tuesday The train leaves at 7:30 this evening . The plane takes off at 6:40. ３》警示　除了上述那些之外，也用be about to/be on the point of /be on the middle of/ 表將來。 如：Ｔhe meeting is about to begin. We are on the point of going out ... 但值得注意的是這種形式不和將來的時(shí)間用在一起。我們不可以說they are about to leave this afternoon. ４。進(jìn)行時(shí) １》概念　表示某時(shí)某刻某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 ２》理解　進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作包括現(xiàn)在，過去和將來。 <一> 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 本結(jié)構(gòu)是am/is/are+doing構(gòu)成的形式。這種時(shí)態(tài)表示的動(dòng)作主要與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間有關(guān)系。有如下的用法。 　　<1> 表示此刻正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作　常伴有時(shí)間狀語。如：now/at present/ at the moment At present, the staff are holding a meeting. Where are they having the basketball match ? <2> 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 　 I usually get up at seven, but Im getting up at six every day this week to prepare my lessons. Selecting a mobile phone is difficult. The technology is changing . <3> 如果和表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用，不表示動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行，而表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)性，在語意上帶有感情色彩。如： 　 You are continually finding fault with me.<表不滿》 He is always thinking of how he could do for the people《表贊揚(yáng)〉 The old man is constantly plaining of his watch being slow.〈發(fā)牢騷〉 〈二〉過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 本結(jié)構(gòu)是was/were+doing 構(gòu)成的形式。它表示的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作主要和過去的時(shí)間有聯(lián)系，所以往往和表示過去的時(shí)間連用。 　〈１〉表示過去某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如： 　?。議at were you doing at ten last night? When I got up this morning, it was raining outside. <2>　表示過去某階段中正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如： 　 At that time, he was working in a PLA unit. In those years he was having a happy life. <3> 在敘述故事的背景時(shí)，為了使故事的語言更加生動(dòng)，讓讀者有身臨其境的效果，多用進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：One morning the three sisters were together in the drawing room.Mary was sewing, Alice was playing the piano, and Jane was doing nothing, then suddenly the door opened... 正如現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)一樣，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用，也能表示某種情感色彩。 ３》警示　進(jìn)行時(shí)還常用在語境中，表示語氣的委婉。如： ---What are you going to do? ---Im hoping to invite you to dinner. 5.完成時(shí)。 １》概念　本時(shí)態(tài)是表示某動(dòng)作或某過程在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)處于完成的狀態(tài)。 ２》理解　完成時(shí)包括現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。構(gòu)成分別為have done/had done. <一>現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。動(dòng)作在過去發(fā)生，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成，或者是繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。 　<１> 已經(jīng)完成的用法。其表明某動(dòng)作或過程發(fā)生在說話前某個(gè)不明確的過去時(shí)刻，到目前一完成，并對目前造成影響。如：He has not been to shanghai/Have you finished reading the story ? 本用法常和不確定時(shí)間狀語連用。如：already/yet/before/recently/lately/just...等 I have seen him before we havent been there lately 也可以和表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語用在一起。如：ever/never/once---等。 I have never been to Hongkong. Have you ever visited the Great Wall ? <2> 未完成的用法。本用法表示某動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)開始于過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而且還要繼續(xù)下去，在某種情況下也可能剛剛結(jié)束。常和 since/for/時(shí)間狀語連用。如： He has been in the army for 3 years. He has lived in the building since he came here. 3》警示：如果不過since 引導(dǎo)的從句中的動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的，一般認(rèn)為，語意上也表明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的結(jié)束。如： 　　 I havent heard from him since he lived there. 從他離開那兒以來，我一直未收到他的消息。 He has written to me frequently since I was ill. 　　 從我病愈以來，他常給我寫信。 如果since引導(dǎo)的從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，那么表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)就不表示完結(jié)。如： 　　 I havent heard from him since he has lived there . 從我住在那里以來，我一直未收到他的來信。 He has written to me frequently since I have been ill. 　　 從我生病以來，他常給我寫信。 <二>過去完成時(shí)。本時(shí)態(tài)表示的是動(dòng)作在過去的過去發(fā)生。它也分為“已完成用法”和“未完成用法”。 1>已完成用法。表示，當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生或結(jié)束時(shí)，在它之前的另一動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。這種用法既用于動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，也用于狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如： 　?。議en we arrived the cinema,the tickets have been sold out. Tom flew home,but his father had already died. 　?。蓋as told that the old man had been away for a week. 2>未完成用法。表明某個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻之前一直延續(xù)到過去這個(gè)時(shí)間，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去。它也使用于動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。而且常和 By +過去時(shí)間 或從句　連用。如： By 12,he had studied for 4 hours. By we got there,they had ended the meeting. We had worked together for a long time before we came to this college . 3>警示：在by + 過去時(shí)間或從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果主句動(dòng)詞是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，用過去完成時(shí)，如果是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，用一般過去時(shí)。比較： 　 By the end of last year,he was 12. By the end of last year,he had learned 300 English words. 另外，在---hardly---when/ ---no sooner---than---的句中，主句用過去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。而且，如果hardly./no sooner 提前，主句需要部分倒裝。如：　 I had hardly recoganized him when I saw him. Hardly had I recoganized him when I saw him.