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2019-2020年高中魔法英語語法講義 強調 強調是有效地進行思想交流的重要手段之一。人們在交際過程中，為了使自己的思想能為聽者或讀者恰當的理解，必須突出重要的內容，這就需要運用強調的手段。 一、 強調手段 在現(xiàn)代英語中，人們可以通過語音手段、詞匯手段、語法手段來進行強調。 A. 語音手段 在口語中，人們可以根據交流的需要，通過語句重音來對不同的詞語進行強調。例如 She speaks English well 這句話，可以通過語句重音來分別對不同的詞進行強調。 A Shall we ask Jennifer or Robin to host the English evening party B Of course Jennifer. She speaks English well. (重讀She，強調“她”) A Jennifers been living in Australia for two years. B She speaks English well but her writing is not very good. (重讀speaks，強調“說”) A Jennifer speaks French beautifully. B She speaks English well, too. (重讀English，強調“英語”) A Do you think Jennifer is fit for the job B Certainly. She speaks English well. (重讀well，強調“好”) B. 詞匯手段 人們常用一些形容詞、副詞、否定詞等詞匯手段來加強語氣。 1．形容詞very 放在the, this, that 或代詞所有格my, his等后面, 強調后邊所修飾的名詞。 You are the very person I want to chat with. 你就是我要聊天的那個人。 He is the very picture of his father. 他活像他父親。 At that very moment the policemen came. 就在那時警察到了。 2．副詞just 放在the, this, that 或代詞所有格my, his等前面，強調the, this, that，my, his所修飾的名詞。 This is just the book I am looking for. 這就是我在尋找的書。 He is just the right person for the job. 他就是適合做這份工作的人。 3．用whatever, whenever, wherever 等分別加強what, when, where等詞的語氣。 What is left over is yours. 剩下來的是你的。 -- Whatever is left over is yours. 剩下來所有的都是你的。 When did you find time to do it 你什么時候有空做這事？ -- Whenever did you find time to do it 你究竟什么時候有空做這事？ Where are you going 你到哪里去？ -- Wherever are you going 你究竟到哪里去？ Who can that be 那會是誰呢？ n Whoever can that be 那究竟會是誰呢？ n 4．副詞possibly 用于否定句或疑問句情態(tài)動詞can/could后，加強否定或疑問的語氣，有“無論如何, 不管怎樣”的意思。 We cannot do it. 那件事我們不能做。 -- We cannot possibly do it. 那件事我們無論如何也不能做。 He cant forget it. 他不會忘記此事。 -- He cant possibly forget it. 他無論如何也不會忘記此事。 Could he agree 他會同意嗎？ n Could he possibly agree 難道他會同意嗎？ 5．副詞simply 用于加強語氣，表示“真正，的確，非常，簡直，完全”等意思。 It is beautiful. 這很美。 -- It is simply beautiful. 這的確是美。 I cant go such stupid behavior. 我不能接受如此愚蠢的行為。 I simply cant go such stupid behavior. 對這種愚蠢的行為我實在忍受不了。 6．副詞out, up, over 等加強語氣。 ①副詞out 放在介詞短語的前面, 指“較遠”的地方，如郊區(qū)或遠方農村等。 I am living in the country. 我住在鄉(xiāng)下。 -- I am living out in the country. 我住在鄉(xiāng)下。 We will sail to the island. 我們將出海前往該島。 --We will sail out to the island. 我們將出海遠航，前往該島。 ②副詞up 經常與go ,run, walk, e等動詞連用，由遠及近地“從某處來”，“到某處去”。 A stranger came to me and asked the way. 一個陌生人向我走來問路。 -- A stranger came up to me and asked the way. 一個陌生人走到我跟前來問路。 Please bring the things to my office. 請把這些東西拿到我辦公室來。 -- Please bring the things up to my office. 請把這些東西拿到我辦公室來。 ③副詞over經常與go, run, walk, e等動詞連用，強調跨越一段距離。 I will go to his office and have a talk with him. 我要去他辦公室和他談談。 I will go over to his office and have a talk with him. 我要去他辦公室和他談談。 7. 將on earth, in the world, in heaven, under the sun 等短語放在what, when, which, who, where, how等詞的后面，加強語氣。 When did you send the email to him？你什么時候發(fā)的電子郵件給他？ -- When on earth did you send the email to him？你究竟是什么時候發(fā)電子郵件給他的？ What do you mean by saying so 你這么說是什么意思？ -- What in heaven do you mean by saying so？你這么說到底是什么意思？ Where could he be 他可能在哪里？ --Where in the world could he be 他究竟在哪里？ 8．用反身代詞表示強調。 You can go there yourself. 你自己可以去那里。 The president himself will chair the meeting. 總統(tǒng)將親自主持這個會議。 I am a stranger here myself. 我自己在這里也是個陌生人。 9．much, far, by far, still, even, a great deal, a lot放在形容詞或副詞比較級的前面，用來加強語氣。 This building is much larger than that one. 這幢樓房比那幢樓房大得多。 His position is far better than mine. 他的作文比我的作文好多了。 That would be a great deal better. 那就更好了。 注意： by far 要放在最高級或帶the的比較級前，但如果比較級前面無定冠詞，by far放在比較級前后均可。 He is by far the tallest student in the class. 他是班上最高的學生。 It is by far the longer river of the two. 這是兩條河中較長的一條。 This is better by far. 這個要好多了。 10. 用重復某一個單詞來表示強調。 Its very, very unkind of you, isnt it 你非常非常不友善，不是嗎？ We waited and waited, but nothing happened. 我們等來等去，但什么事也沒發(fā)生。 I havent seen him for years and years and years. 我已經好幾年沒見到他了。 11. 用not a single, not a bit, not simply, by no means 等短語來加強否定的語氣。 Shes not in the least angry with me. 她一點也不生我的氣。 I cant speak a single word of Japanese. 我就連一個日語單詞也不會說。 She is by no means diligent. 她根本不勤奮。 比較： not a bit 一點也不(= not at all)；not a little 非常(= very much) He was not a bit tired. 他一點不累。 He was not a little tired. 他非常累。 12. 用none來表示強調。 1 This is none of your business. 這與你絲毫沒有關系。 He is none of my friends. 他決不是我的朋友。 B. 語法手段 1. 通過改變句子結構或顛倒正常語序的手段來進行強調。 Happy are those who are content. 知足常樂。 Never will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中國決不會第一個使用核武器。 Across the river lies a newly-built bridge. 河上有一座新建的橋。 Hero as he is, he still remains modest. 盡管他是英雄，他仍然很謙虛。 2. 用助動詞do, does或did來強調謂語動詞。 Do e early. 一定早點來。 He does know Beijing well. 他的確熟悉北京。 He did tell me about it yesterday. 他昨天的確告訴了我這件事。 3．用修辭疑問句表示強調。 疑問句轉用作加強語氣的陳述句，稱之為修辭性疑問句?？隙ǖ男揶o疑問句其意義相當于強調的否定陳述句；而否定的修辭疑問句其意義則相當于強調的肯定陳述句。 Isnt it a modern school 難道這不是一所現(xiàn)代化的學校嗎？（= It is really a modern school.） Can anyone doubt the truth of his statement 誰能懷疑他陳述的真實性？ (= Surely no one can would doubt it.) Arent you ashamed of yourself 難道你不慚愧嗎？(= You should be ashamed of yourself.) Who doesnt know the sun rises in the east 誰不知道太陽從東方升起？(＝Everyone knows the sun rises in the east.) 一、 it引導的強調結構 “It is + 被強調部分 + that/who + 句子其他部分”是使用最廣的強調句型。除了謂語動詞不能強調外，句子中其它成分，如主語、狀語、賓語或賓語補足語都可以用該句型中加以強調。 A. 用強調結構強調句子成分 1．強調主語 被強調的主語是人時，可用It is/was ... that/who ...，但如果被強調的部分既包括人又包括物，只能用that。 He bought a camera yesterday. -- It was he that/who bought a camera yesterday. 是他昨天買了一架照相機。 The famous writer and his works have aroused great interest among the students. -- It is the famous writer and his works that have aroused great interest among the students. 在學生中引起極大的興趣的正是這位著名作家以及他的作品。 注意： 強調“I”時謂語動詞的變化形式。 It is I who am to blame. It is me who is to blame. 是我該受到責怪。（非正式文體） 2. 強調賓語 She helped me yesterday. --It was me that/whom she helped yesterday. 昨天她幫助的人是我。 They often talk about the school and the teachers. --It is the school and the teachers that they often talk about. 他們經常談論的是學校和老師。 3. 強調賓語補足語 We elected him chairman of the meeting. -- It was chairman of the meeting that we elected him. 我們選他是做會議的主席。 We painted the wall white. It was white that we painted the wall. 我們把墻漆成的是白色。 n 4. 強調狀語 英語中的狀語種類很多,一般都可以用It is/was ... that ...來強調。 ①時間狀語 He left his hometown for Taiwan in his teens. 他十幾歲時就離開家鄉(xiāng)去了臺灣。 -- It was in his teens that he left his hometown for Taiwan. 他是在十幾歲時離開家鄉(xiāng)去臺灣的。 He let out the secret after the guest had gone away. 客人走后, 他說出了秘密。 -- It was after the guest had gone away that he let out the secret. 是在客人走后,他才說出了秘密。 提示 如果強調由not…until till 引導的時間狀語時，要注意否定前移。 He didnt return to his hometown until after liberation. -- It was not until after liberation that he returned to his hometown. 他是解放后才回到他家鄉(xiāng)的。 ②頻率狀語 He es to see me once in a while. -- It is once in a while that he es to see me. 他現(xiàn)在是偶爾來看看我。 ③地點狀語 The car accident happened in this street yesterday. -- It was in this street that the car accident happened yesterday. 昨天就是在這條街上發(fā)生了汽車事故。 ④方式狀語 They took care of their sick mother by turns. -- It was by turns that they took care of their sick mother. 他們輪流來照看生病的母親。 ⑤目的狀語 He got up early to catch the early bus. --It was to catch the early bus that he got up early. 是為了趕早班車，他才起得很早的。 ⑥原因狀語 They could not cross the river because the water had risen. -- It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river. 正是由于水漲了，他們沒有渡過河去。 提示： 在強調結構It is/was ...that ...中，要用because來引導原因狀語從句，不用since或as。（見第11章 狀語從句） ⑦其他狀語 The tailor made a suit to my own measure. -- It was to my own measure that the tailor made a suit. 裁縫是按我自己的尺寸做了一套衣服。 ⑧with without 復合結構 “with without+名詞代詞+其他成分”這種結構，也可以放在It is/was ... that 中，成為被強調的部分。 He was waiting for his son at the gate, with an umbrella in his hand. -- It was with an umbrella in his hand that he was waiting for his son at the gate. 他是手里拿著一把傘在門口等待著他的兒子。 She felt very nervous, with the teacher standing beside her. n It was with the teacher standing beside her that she felt very nervous. 是有老師站在她旁邊，她才感到很緊張的。 B．強調句與定語從句、狀語從句等其他句型的區(qū)別 有時強調句在形式上和定語從句、狀語從句很相似。我們除了從意思上進行區(qū)分外，還能根據強調句結構特點來進行判斷，如能去掉It was ...that ... 后，句子仍然通順，就是強調句。 It was at the railway station that we first met 16 years ago. 是在火車站我們16年前第一次相逢。（強調句，強調地點狀語at the railway station） It was the railway station where we first met 16 years ago. 這是我們16年前第一次相逢的火車站。（定語從句，where 是關系副詞，在定語從句中做地點狀語） It was in this street that the car accident happened the other day. 前幾天發(fā)生汽車事故的就是在這條街上。（強調句，強調地點狀語in this street） It was this street where the car accident happened the other day. 這是前幾天汽車事故的那條街。（定語從句，where 是關系副詞在定語從句中做地點狀語） It was at midnight that he got home yesterday. 他昨天是半夜到家的。（強調句，強調時間狀語at midnight） It was midnight when he got home yesterday. 昨天他到家時已是半夜。（when引導的是時間狀語從句，it 是代詞，指時間） C. 強調句的一般疑問句和特殊疑問句 1. 強調句的一般疑問句基本句型是：Is/Was + it + that +句子其他成分？ Did he see you in the office just now？ -- Was it in the office that he saw you just now？他見你的地方是在辦公室嗎？ Does he often go to the library Is it to the library that he often goes 他經常去的地方是圖書館嗎？ 2. 強調句的特殊疑問句的基本句型是：特殊疑問詞+ is/was + it + that + 句子其他成分 When did you first go to the Great Wall？ -- When was it that you first went to the Great Wall？你究竟什么時候第一次去長城的？ Where did you go last night -- Who was it that told you about it 究竟是誰告訴你這件事的？ Why did you keep silent at the meeting？ n Why was it that you kept silent at the meeting？你究竟為什么在會上保持緘默？ 3. 含有情態(tài)動詞強調句的疑問句結構： ① 一般疑問句基本句型是：情態(tài)動詞或助動詞+it+be+被強調的部分+that+句子其他成分？ Could he be killed at home 他是在家被殺的嗎？ --Could it be at home that he was killed 他被殺的地方會是在家里嗎？ Might she leave her keys in the office 也許她把鑰匙丟在辦公室了 --Might ti be in the office that she left her keys？ 也許她把鑰匙丟在辦公室了 ②特殊疑問句基本句型是：特殊疑問詞+情態(tài)動詞或助動詞+it+be+that+主語+句子其他成分 Where might the accident happen？ -- Where might it be that the accident happened？可能是在什么地方發(fā)生這個事故的？ Who can it be in the office now？ -- Who can it be that is in the office now？現(xiàn)在還在辦公室里的會是誰呢？ 二、 what引導的強調結構 用“what從句 + be + 被強調成分”或“被強調成分 + be + what從句”表示強調。 John wants a good rest. 約翰想要好好休息一下。 --What John wants is a good rest. 約翰想要的是好好休息一下。 或： A good rest is what John wants. 好好休息一下正是約翰想要的事。（比較少見） Id like you to work on Exercise Two on Page 38. 我要你們做38頁上的練習二。 -- What Id like you to work on is Exercise Two on Page 38. 我要你們做的作業(yè)是38頁上的練習二。 I need two books. 我要兩本書。 -- What I need are two books. 我要的是兩本書。（注意謂語動詞的數） 注意： 在這種強調句型中，除了what外，人們很少使用其他連詞。 避免說：Where you should play football is the play ground, not the classroom. 最好說：The place where you should play football is the playground, not the classroom. 你們踢足球的地方是操場，而不是教室。 避免說：When I read English aloud is early morning. 最好說：The time I read English aloud is early morning. 我是在清晨朗讀英語。 避免說：Why she was absent from class was that she was feeling unwell. 最好說：The reason why she was absent from class was that she was feeling unwell. 她缺課的原因是她身體不好。