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1、Grammar 情 態(tài) 動(dòng) 詞 的 語(yǔ) 法 特 征1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ), 除ought和have外, 后面只能接不帶to的不定式。 2) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng), 數(shù)的變化, 但有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞, 如can、will也有一般式和過(guò)去式的變化。3) 不少情況下, 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在式形式和過(guò)去式形式都可用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間、過(guò)去時(shí)間和將來(lái)時(shí)間。 只作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的 can / could, may / might, ought to, must可情態(tài)可實(shí)義的 need, dare 可情態(tài)可助動(dòng)詞的 shall / should, will / would相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的 have to, used to 1)
2、 can的主要用法是: A. 表示體力或腦力的能力: eg. The girl can dance very well. B. 表示說(shuō)話的推測(cè)事物的可能性等( 否定、疑問(wèn)) e.g. Can the news be true? He cant be in the classroom now , for the light is out. C. 在口語(yǔ)中, can可以表示請(qǐng)求或允許: eg. Can I sit here? can 和could: 2) could的主要用法是: A. could 是can的過(guò)去式, 表示與過(guò)去有關(guān)的能力和推測(cè): e.g. We all knew that the
3、 young man couldnt be a doctor. B. could可以代替can表示請(qǐng)求, 但語(yǔ)氣較can客氣、委婉: e.g. Could you lend me your dictionary? Could I use your bike? 3) can和could接動(dòng)詞的完成形式。 could have done:表示本可能做某事卻沒(méi)做。(有惋惜、遺憾或委婉批評(píng)之意,也可以表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的推測(cè)) e.g. a. You could have done better, but you didnt try your best. b. This glass is cracked.
4、 Someone could have dropped it cant/couldnt have done: 用于否定句時(shí)表否定推斷,推測(cè)肯定沒(méi)做;用于疑問(wèn)句時(shí)意為“難道真的做了嗎”,表示懷疑。 e.g. They cant have gone out because the light is still on. Can he have done such a foolish thing? cant have done 的語(yǔ)氣比 couldnt have done 要強(qiáng)一些 以could或would提問(wèn)時(shí),不能再以could或would作答,而應(yīng)該用can或will。如:Could I bor
5、row your dictionary?Yes, of course you can. may 和might : may 常用來(lái)表示: A. 表示請(qǐng)求、允許; 比can較為正式: e.g. May I come in ? You may go now. B. 表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè): “也許” “可能”: 通常只用于肯定句和否定句中。 e.g. -I believe the man is from England. -But I may be wrong. The guest may arrive this afternoon. 在肯定句中,may表示現(xiàn)實(shí)的可能性,多表示主觀的推測(cè),can表示理論上
6、的可能性。如: The road may be blocked. 這條路可能堵車(chē)了。 The road can be blocked. 這條路可能會(huì)堵車(chē)。 在疑問(wèn)句中,表示可能性用can。 如:Where can he be? 他會(huì)在哪呢? C. 表示祝愿;但語(yǔ)氣較正式: e.g. May you succeed! May you have a good journey! might 的用法有: might表示現(xiàn)在的請(qǐng)求時(shí), 語(yǔ)氣比may委婉, 一般用于疑問(wèn)句(包括間接疑問(wèn)句), 不可用于肯定句或者否定句。 如: Might I have a word with you? 我可以和你說(shuō)句話嗎?
7、 除了在間接引語(yǔ)中,might 一般不表示過(guò)去的可能或者許可。如要表示過(guò)去的可能可以用could, 表示過(guò)去的許可可以用was (were) allowed to might表示現(xiàn)在的可能,其可能性要比may 小。如: e.g. She might go home tomorrow. 說(shuō)不定他明天會(huì)回家。 will和would:will是助動(dòng)詞或是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞? will用于構(gòu)成將來(lái)時(shí)是助動(dòng)詞。用于表示“意志”“決心”“請(qǐng)求”是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 e.g.She will give him anything he wants. Do what you will.1. 表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性、傾向性等,意為“經(jīng)
8、常,慣于,總是”。 e.g. Mary will read for hours at a time. 2. 在疑問(wèn)句中用于第二人稱(chēng),提出請(qǐng)求或詢(xún)問(wèn)。 e.g. If you want help, let me know, will you? 如果你需要幫助, 讓我知道, 好嗎? 3.表示命令或允諾。 e.g. They will get enough money from me. You will do as I told you. 3. would比will客氣委婉。 e.g.: Would you help us, please? 請(qǐng)您幫助我們,好嗎? Id go there with y
9、ou. 我要和你一塊到那兒去。 would you likeId like to (表請(qǐng)求)(表意愿) would表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣,后接動(dòng)詞原形,意為“總是,總會(huì)” e.g. He would sit near the fire for hours on winter evenings. e.g. When I was a child, I would go swimming with other children in summer. shall和should: 1. shall用于構(gòu)成將來(lái)時(shí)是助動(dòng)詞。 shall用于征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn),表示 “決心” 是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 e.g.: Perhaps I
10、 shall pay a visit to England this winter. 可能今年冬天我會(huì)去英國(guó)觀光。 (構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí), 助動(dòng)詞) Shall we go by train, Mom? 媽媽?zhuān)覀兂嘶疖?chē)去好嗎? Shall they wait here or outside? (用于征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn),情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) I shall go at once. 我必須立即去。 (表 “決心”,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) shall可以用于第一、三人稱(chēng)的疑問(wèn)句,表示征求意見(jiàn)或許可;還可用于第二、三人稱(chēng)的陳述句中,表示允諾、警告、命令或威脅等。如:You shall be punished if you bre
11、ak the rule.You shall fail if you dont work harder.He shall have the book when I finish reading. 2. should表示義務(wù)、建議、勸告,意為 “應(yīng)該”。 “should+ have+過(guò)去分詞” 表示本應(yīng)該在過(guò)去做但沒(méi)有做。 eg: You should keep your promise. 你應(yīng)該遵守諾言。 She should have passed the exam. 她應(yīng)該通過(guò)考試的。 must和 have to1.must用于一般問(wèn)句中,肯定回答用must否定式用 neednt或dont
12、have to,做 “不必”, mustnt表示“禁止,不允許” MustIfinishallassignmentsatatime?Yes,youmust.No,youneednt. I dont like this TV set. We must buy a new one. There was no more bus. They had to walk home.2.表示“必須”這個(gè)意思時(shí),must 和have to 稍有區(qū)別。must著重說(shuō)明主觀看法,have to 強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要。另外,have to 能用于更多時(shí)態(tài)。 Youmustbethenewteacher.Hemustbejok
13、ing.Thereisnobodyhere.Theymusthaveallgonehome.3.must表示對(duì)某人某事的猜測(cè), 作“準(zhǔn)是”, “一定” , 一般用于肯定句中。對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情作肯定判斷用must have done Hemustcomeandworryherwithquestion,justwhenshewasbusycookingthedinner.4. must表示“偏要, 硬要”, 指做令人不快的事情 can / could, may / might, should和must都可表示肯定的推測(cè)。 must表示比較肯定的語(yǔ)氣; can / could表示客觀可能性; sho
14、uld表示確定或可能有的未來(lái)或期待; may表示推測(cè)時(shí),其語(yǔ)氣不肯定;might語(yǔ)氣更弱,表示某事實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性。如: I think the old woman must be a nice person.The rescue team should arrive by 5 oclock this afternoon.Advertisements can be quite dangerous.The newcomer may be dismissed by the company. could, might, would, should都可表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。如:I wonder if you could let me use your cell phone. Might I know your telephone number?