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2019-2020年高考英語 魔法英語語法講義 過去分詞教案 新人教版必修5 動詞的-ed形式也是非謂語動詞的一種，它具有動詞的一些特點，同時也具有形容詞、副詞的句法功能，在句中可用作表語、定語、狀語和賓語補足語等。 一、 動詞的-ed形式的特征 A．動詞的-ed形式是由動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成 動詞的-ed形式只有一種形式，即傳統(tǒng)語法中的過去分詞。絕大部分的動詞的-ed形式由動詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成，也有一些動詞的-ed形式是不規(guī)則的。 1． 規(guī)則動詞的-ed形式 limit→limited（限制） pretend→pretended（假裝） escape→escaped（逃脫） provide→provided（提供） refer→referred（提交） drag→dragged（拖） pray→prayed（祈禱） supply→supplied（供應(yīng)） 2．不規(guī)則動詞的-ed形式 cast→cast（投擲） spread→spread（傳播） bite→bitten（咬） forgive→forgiven（原諒） spit→spat（ 吐） wear→worn（穿） fight→fought（搏斗） lose→lost（丟失） 3．少數(shù)動詞的-ed形式作定語時，讀音與一般過去分詞不同 learned a learned professor 一位知識淵博的教授 aged an aged man 老人 beloved his beloved puter 他心愛的計算機 B．動詞的-ed形式的否定形式 動詞的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加動詞的-ed形式構(gòu)成。 Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside. 不允許他進去，他只好在外面等著。 Never invited to his party, she got angry with him. 從未被邀請過去他的聚會，她很生氣。 C．動詞的-ed形式的特征 動詞的-ed形式有被動的意思，有時也可表示完成的動作。 1．動詞的-ed形式表示已完成的動作。 除了作形容詞用的-ed形式外，動詞的-ed形式可帶有完成的意義，有的同時也帶有被動的意義。 Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 由于在農(nóng)村出生并長大，他對生物很感興趣。 One of the glasses was found broken. 有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個杯子破了。 The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 魯迅寫的這些書，受到了許多中國人的喜愛。 2．及物動詞的-ed形式一般表示被動的意思。 Given more time, I could have solved that riddle. 要是有充足的時間，我就能猜出那個謎語。（句子的主語I 和動詞give之間是被動關(guān)系。） When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. 你說英語的時候，一定要讓人懂得你的意思。（動詞make的賓語yourself和賓語補足語understand之間是被動關(guān)系。） The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study. 在軍隊獲得的經(jīng)驗對我們的學(xué)習(xí)很有幫助。 3．不及物動詞的-ed形式只表示完成的意思，并不帶有被動的含義。 an escaped prisoner 逃犯 （= a prisoner who has escaped） a retired worker 退休工人 （= a worker who has retired） a newly arrived guest 新來的客人 （= a guest who has just arrived） We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time.我們應(yīng)該不時地從發(fā)達國家引進先進技術(shù)。 People should pay attention to the changed situation. 人們應(yīng)該注意到變化了的形勢。 二、動詞的-ed形式的用法 動詞的-ed形式在句中主要起形容詞和副詞的作用，可以作定語、表語、狀語和補語。 A．動詞的-ed形式作表語 1．-ed形式在連系動詞后作表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)。 The students are fully prepared. 學(xué)生們已做好了充分的準(zhǔn)備。 When we got there, the shop was closed. 我們到那兒時，商店已經(jīng)關(guān)門了。 She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars. 她對自己在高低杠上的表現(xiàn)感到很滿意。 The land remained unexploited. 這片土地尚未開發(fā)。 Hearing the news, he looked disappointed. 聽到這個消息，他看起來非常失望。 The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year. 山頂上終年積雪覆蓋。 比較： 要把-ed形式作表語和被動語態(tài)區(qū)別開來。作表語的-ed形式表示狀態(tài)，被動語態(tài)中的-ed形式表示被動動作。 All the doors are locked. 所有的門都是鎖著的。（-ed形式作表語，表示狀態(tài)） All the doors were locked by the guard. 所有的門都被衛(wèi)兵鎖上了。（被動語態(tài)，表示動作） Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在這里。（-ed形式作表語，表示狀態(tài) Peter the Great was buried here in 1725. 彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在這里。（被動語態(tài)，表示動作） 2．同一動詞的-ed形式與-ing形式作表語時的區(qū)別。 動詞的-ed形式作表語，主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài)，含有被動的意思，而-ing形式作 表語多表示主語具有的特征，含有主動的意思。 They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他們聽到那可怕的聲音很害怕。 At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved. 看到這么動人的情景，所有在場的人都感動了。 提示： 上述動詞的-ed形式，有的（如pleased, tired, excited, disappointed等）已經(jīng)變成形容詞，可以被very, too等副詞修飾。有的（如amused, puzzled, relaxed等）還不能被very, too修飾，只能被much修飾。 These problems are very puzzling. 這些問題很令人迷惑。 We are much puzzled by his failure to reply. 他不給我們回信使我們百思不得其解。 His speech was very moving. 他的演講非常感人。 All the people present were moved to tears. 在場的所有人都被感動得流淚了。 B．動詞的-ed形式作賓語補足語 當(dāng)作賓語補足語的動詞和前面的賓語之間是被動關(guān)系時，一般應(yīng)用動詞的-ed形式作賓語的補足語。 1．在感覺動詞see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find后作賓語補足語。 I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night. 昨晚我聽了第九交響樂的演奏。 We found all the rivers seriously polluted. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的河流都被嚴(yán)重污染了。 Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop. 昨天我在商店里注意到一個小女孩偷東西被抓住了。 He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind. 他感覺到衣領(lǐng)被人從后面拉了一下。 2．在使役動詞get, have, make, leave, keep等后作賓語補足語。 ①動詞的-ed形式作get的賓語補足語。 Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多麗絲在醫(yī)院把壞牙拔了。 Ill just get these dishes washed and then Ill e. 我得先把盤子洗了，然后就來。 比較： 動詞get后也可接動詞不定式或動詞的-ing形式作賓語補足語，和賓語是主動關(guān)系。 I couldn誸 get the car to start this morning. 今早我無法把汽車發(fā)動起來。 He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他讓姐姐幫他洗衣服。 It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him! 讓他說話不難，難的是說開了止不住他。 Can you really get that old clock going again 你真的能讓那輛舊鐘再走起來嗎？ ②動詞的-ed形式作make的賓語補足語。 He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓門為了使別人聽清他的講話。 You should make your views known to the public. 你應(yīng)該讓公眾知道你的觀點。 注意： 動詞make后的賓語補足語可用不帶to的動詞不定式或動詞的-ed形式，但不可用動詞的-ing形式。 【誤】Can you make the students understanding the text 【正】Can you make the students understand the text 你能讓學(xué)生理解這篇課文嗎？ 【正】Can you make the text understood by the students 你能讓學(xué)生理解這篇課文嗎？ ③動詞的-ed形式作keep或leave的賓語補足語。 They all went home, leaving all the work undone. 所有的工作都沒完成，他們就回家了。 The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night. 偵探和他的助手把自己整夜反鎖在房間里。 3．動詞的-ed形式也可用在with（without）結(jié)構(gòu)中，作介詞的賓語補足語。 With everything well arranged, he left the office. 一切都安排妥善之后，他離開了辦公室。 She has e back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books. 她已經(jīng)回來了，背包里塞滿了有趣的圖書。 Without any grain left in the house, the little girl had to go begging. 家里沒有糧食，小女孩只好出去討飯。 Without any more time given, we couldnt finish the task in three weeks. 如果不再給我們?nèi)魏螘r間的話，我們?nèi)瞧谥畠?nèi)完成不了任務(wù)。 4．某些動詞后（如want, need, prefer, would like等），作賓語補足語的不定式被動形式省略“to be”，就成了-ed形式作賓語補足語。 I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately. 我希望這事立即得到解決。 Id prefer this book translated by my sister. 我情愿讓我妹妹來翻譯這本書。 We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday. 我們需要這項工作周六之前完成。 The peasants dont want good farmland (to be) built on. 農(nóng)民們不想讓好好的農(nóng)田被用來建造房子。 C．動詞的-ed形式作定語 動詞的-ed形式作定語修飾名詞分為前置和后置兩類。 1．前置定語 單個的動詞的-ed形式作定語一般放在被修飾的名詞之前，作前置定語。 A watched pot never boils. 心急鍋不開。 All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. 所有的壞門窗都修好了。 When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 我們到達的時候，每人被發(fā)給了一份印制好的試卷。 提示： 如要表示強調(diào)，單個動詞-ed形式也可作后置定語。 Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。 2．后置定語 作后置定語的-ed形式一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分，在語法上相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。 We have read many novels written by this author. 我們讀過這個作家寫的許多小說。（= that are written by this author） Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. 被邀請到招待會上的貴賓有一半都是外國大使。（= who had been invited to the reception） The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 這次會議獲得很大的成功，共有一千名學(xué)生出席了。(= which was attended by one thousand students) A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge. 一個律師裝扮的女人走了進來，并作為法官就座。(= who was dressed like a lawyer) 3．動詞的-ed形式作定語和-ing形式作定語的區(qū)別 動詞的-ed形式作定語表示動作已完成或和被動，而-ing形式作定語表示動作正在進行或和主動。 the risen sun 升起了的太陽 the rising sun 正在升起的太陽 boiled water 開水 boiling water 正沸騰的水 developed countries 發(fā)達國家 developing countries 發(fā)展中國家 fallen leaves 落葉 falling leaves 正在飄落的葉子 changed condition 改變了的情況 changing condition 變化著的情況 D．動詞的-ed形式作狀語 動詞的-ed形式作狀語和-ing形式作狀語一樣，也可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、 方式或伴隨情況等。 1．表示時間 動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示時間，相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句。 Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. 從塔上往下看，城市顯得很美麗。（= When the city is seen from the tower...） Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 帶我們參觀了實驗室之后，又帶我們參觀了圖書館。（= After we had been shown the lab...） pletely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. 經(jīng)過醫(yī)生徹底檢查以后，他立刻回到了學(xué)校。(= After he was pletely examined...) 提示： 有時動詞的-ed形式前可加連詞when或while來強調(diào)時間概念。 When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame. 當(dāng)被問到為什么上課又遲到時，她羞愧地低下了頭。 Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. 一恢復(fù)健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。 Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦給這鐘上了發(fā)條，它就會走半個月，并且走得很準(zhǔn)。 2. 表示原因 動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句。 Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldnt help crying. 孩子們被英雄事跡感動，情不自禁地哭了起來。（= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...） Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. 因為寫得快，她的信很難閱讀。（=As it was written in haste ...） Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. 我們因為新發(fā)現(xiàn)而激動萬分，決定出去慶祝一下。(Because we were excited by...) 注意： 為了使-ed形式表示的條件、動詞讓步意義更加明顯，我們可以加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞。 Even if invited,I wontgo. 即使受到邀請，我也不去。 Though beaten by the opposite team,they did not lose heart. 雖然被對手打敗，便他們并沒有喪失信心。 Unless invited,he will not e back to the pany. 除非被邀請，不然他不會回到公司來的。 3. 表示條件 動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句。 Heated, water changes into steam. 加熱，水就能變成蒸汽。（= If water is heated...） Given more time, he would be able to do better. 假如多給一些時間，他會干得更出色。（= If he was given more time ...） pared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. 與其他教授相比，她是一個優(yōu)秀的演說家。 4. 表示讓步 動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個thoughalthough引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。 Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡，他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個強盜。（= Although they were exhausted by the running ...） Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. 盡管被許多人嘲笑，他還是繼續(xù)他的研究。（= Even if he was laughed by many people ...） Questioned many times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder. 盡管一天被盤問了多次，安德魯仍然對那件謀殺案保持沉默。 提示： 有時動詞的-ed形式作狀語和動詞的-ing形式的被動式作狀語，并沒有多大的區(qū)別，可以互換。 Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然發(fā)熱不能來上學(xué)。 = Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然發(fā)熱不能來上學(xué)。 Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因為是在農(nóng)村長大的，他感到很難適應(yīng)城市生活。 = Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因為是在農(nóng)村長大的，他感到很難適應(yīng)城市生活。 5．表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補充說明。 動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補充說明時，通常位于句子的后面，相當(dāng)于一個并列分句。 The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. 老師站在那兒，被學(xué)生圍住了。（= and he was surrounded by the students） He went into the office, followed by some children. 他走進辦公室，后面跟著一些孩子。(= and he was followed by some children) They turned around and stood in the middle of the room, pletely astonished. 他們轉(zhuǎn)過身來，站在房間中央，完全驚呆了。 She accepted the gift, deeply moved. 她接受了禮物，深深地感動了。 注意： 動詞的-ed形式在句中不能用作主語或賓語。 【誤】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour. 【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour. 被邀請出席國宴是極大的榮耀。 【誤】I cannot stand laughed at. 【正】I cannot stand being laughed at. 我不能容忍被人嘲笑。 二、 動詞的-ed形式的邏輯主語 A．動詞的-ed形式在句中作狀語和表語時，它的邏輯主語一般來說就是句子的主語，-ed形式和主語之間是被動關(guān)系。 Locked up, he had no way to escape. 他被鎖了起來，沒有辦法逃跑了。 Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 他陷入了沉思，幾乎撞到了前面的汽車。 She became discouraged at the news. 聽到這個消息，她泄氣了。 Though it was 1000 a.m., the door of the shop remained locked. 盡管已經(jīng)是上午10點了，商店的門仍然鎖著。 B．當(dāng)動詞的-ed形式在句中作定語時，它的邏輯主語是被它修飾的名詞，它和名詞之間是被動關(guān)系。 The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 第一批編寫出來作為英語教材的課本是16世紀(jì)出版的。 The puter center, opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school. 去年開辦的計算機中心深受這所學(xué)校的學(xué)生喜愛。 A lighted candle lit up the cellar. 一支點燃的蠟燭照亮了地下室。 C．當(dāng)動詞的-ed形式在句中作賓語補語或主語補語時，它的邏輯主語是句子的主語或賓語，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系。 Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain. 薇薇恩把手指卡在自行車鏈條里了。（trapped的邏輯主語是句子的賓語fingers） The valuable vase was found stolen. 那個珍貴的花瓶發(fā)現(xiàn)被盜了。（stolen的邏輯主語是句子的主語vase） We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in. 我們回到家發(fā)現(xiàn)整幢房子被翻得亂七八糟, 很明顯小偷闖進來了。 D．動詞的-ed形式有時可有其獨立的邏輯主語，常用作狀語（詳見“第8章 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”）。 Everything done, we went home. 一切事情都做完了，我們就回家了。 All our money run out, Henry had to find another job. 錢都用完了，亨利不得不再找一份工作。 He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. 他躺在草地上，頭枕著雙手。 All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. 考慮到所有的情況，原來計劃好的旅行不得不取消。 E．動詞的-ed形式作獨立成分。 動詞的-ed形式的一些固定詞組也可在句中作獨立成分，不受邏輯主語的限制。 Put frankly, I dont agree with what he said. 坦白地說，我不同意他所說的。 Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. 考慮到他一般的身體狀況，手術(shù)后的恢復(fù)可能需要一段時間。