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2019-2020年高中英語 Unit1 Grammar（1）教案 譯林牛津版必修4 Period 6 Grammar and usage Ⅰ Teaching goals Help the Ss to learn how to change direct speech into reported speech. Teaching important points The changes the Ss should pay attention to when they change direct speech into reported speech. Teaching difficult points Pay attention to the changes in sentence structures, personal pronouns, tenses, adverbials of time and place and so on. Teaching methods Explaining and practicing. Teaching aids A projector and some slides. 課前訓(xùn)練 I usually doubt about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago.While any of these statements might be true, they are practically impossible to prove scientifically. Still, 1 was struck by a report which concluded that today’s children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s. In fact, the analysis showed, normal children between 9 and 17 have a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago. Why are America’s kids so stressed? The report cites two main causes: increasing physical isolation (孤獨(dú)) brought on by high divorce rates and less involvement in munity, and a growing perception that the world is a more dangerous place. Given that we can’t turn the clock back, adults can still do plenty to help the next generation to cope. At the top of the list,nurturing (培育) is a better appreciation of the limits of individualism. No child is an island. Strengthening social ties helps build munities and protect individuals against stress. To help kids build stronger connections with others, you can pull the plug on TVs and puters. Your family will thank you later.They will then have more time for face-to-face relationships, and they will get more sleep. Limit the amount of virtual (虛擬的) violence your children are exposed to. It’s not just video games and movies; children see a lot of murder and crime on the local news. Keep your expectations for your children reasonable. Many highly successful people never attended Harvard or Yale. Make exercise part of your daily routine. It will help you deal with your own anxieties and provide a good model for your kids. Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable,but it doesn’t have to ruin your life. 31.What does the author thinks of the conclusion that people in America are unhappier than 50 years ago? A. Surprising B. Confusing C. Illogical D. Questionable 【答案】D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)surprising令人吃驚的；confusing令人困惑的；illogical不合唱里的； questionable可疑的。I usually doubt about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago.作者對于調(diào)查結(jié)果持懷疑的態(tài)度，故選D。 32.What does the author mean by saying “ we can’t turn the clock back(Para. 3)? A. It’s impossible to slow down the pace of the change. B. The social reality children are facing cannot be changed. C. Lessons learned from the past should not be forgotten. D. It’s impossible to forget the past. 【答案】B 【解析】句意理解題。根據(jù)adults can still do plenty to help the next generation to cope.孩子們面臨的社會不能被改變，故選B。 33. According to an analysis, pared with normal children today, children 50 years ago __________. A. were less isolated physically B. were probably less self-centered C. probably suffered less from anxiety D. were considered less individualistic 【答案】C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)today’s children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s今天的孩子比50年前的孩子壓力大，故選C。 34.What is the first and most important thing parents should do to help their children? A. To provide them with a safer environment. B. To lower their expectations for them. C. To get them more involved socially. D. To set a good model for them to follow. 【答案】C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Strengthening social ties helps build munities and protect individuals against stress.父母應(yīng)該讓孩子多參加社會活動，故選C。 35.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? A. Anxiety, though always unavoidable, can be coped with. B. Children’s anxiety has been enormously exaggerated(夸大). C. Children’s anxiety can be removed with more parental care. D. Anxiety, if properly controlled, may help children bee mature. 【答案】C 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable,在父母的關(guān)懷下孩子們的焦慮是可以消除的，故選C。 Teaching procedures and ways Step I Presentation Demonstrate a pair of sentences on the screen and ask the Ss to speak out the differences between them. Sentence l: She said. “China has been using PSAs to educate people. ’’ Sentence 2: She said that China had been using PSAs to educate people. T: Please look at the two sentences. And can you tell the differences between them? S1: There is a quotation mark in Sentence 1, but not any in Sentence 2. T: Quite good. Anything else? Other differences? S2: Sentence 1 tells us what exactly she has said, so there are quotation marks fn the sentence, but Sentence 2 just repeats what she said without using the exact words. T: Exactly. So we call Sentence l a direct speech, while Sentence 2 a reported speech. We use direct speech to report what exactly has been said. If we write the speech down, the words will usually appear in quotation marks. However, we often prefer to use reported speech or indirect speech to report the meaning of what has been said without using the exact words. Demonstrate the two sentences on the Bb. Direct speech: She said, “China has been using PSAs to educate people. ’’ Reported speech: She said China had been using PSAs to educate people. Step 2 Explanation T: We’ve learned what direct speech and reported speech are, but do you know how to change direct speech into reported speech? Now read the instructions and examples in Point 2 and you will find how. After the Ss finish reading. T: So the structure is changed when we change direct speech into reported speech. Are there any other changes when we try to change direct speech into reported speech? OK, let’s read the instructions in Point 3. More explanations are shown below. 直接引語和間接引語 一、直接引語和間接引語的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系 直接引語就是直接引用別人的原話, 并在原話前后加引號；間接引語就是用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話, 多數(shù)以賓語從句的形式構(gòu)成, 不加引號而多用連詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。 二、直接引語變間接引語 直接引語變間接引語有人稱和物主代詞的變化、時(shí)態(tài)的變化、指示代詞的變化以及時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語的變化。 1. 人稱的變化: 主語為第一人稱時(shí), 轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚g接引語之后, 人稱要作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。 如: She said, “I am tired.” → She said that she was tired. The headmaster said to us: “You must study hard now.” →The headmaster told us that we had to study hard then. 2. 時(shí)態(tài)的變化: 直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí), 間接引語的時(shí)態(tài)要與主句的時(shí)態(tài)一致。其規(guī)律是: 直接引語 間接引語 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過去時(shí) 一般過去時(shí) 過去完成時(shí) 一般將來時(shí) 過去將來時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí) 將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 將來完成時(shí) 過去將來完成時(shí) She said. ‘‘I am your mother’s friend. ”→She said that she was my mother’s friend. The teacher said, “We shall have finished the whole textbook by the end of this term.” →The teacher said that they would have finished the whole textbook by the end of that term. 注意: A. 直接引語為客觀真理時(shí), 間接引語時(shí)態(tài)不變, 仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 如: The teacher said, “All the planets move round the sun.” →The teacher said that all the planets move round the sun. B. 直接引語為一般過去時(shí)并且與具體的過去時(shí)間狀語連用時(shí), 間接引語仍為一般過去時(shí)。 如: She said, “1 went to England in xx. ” →She said that she went to England in xx. C. 主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來時(shí)的時(shí)候, 間接引語的時(shí)態(tài)不變。 He says. “I bought you something nice yesterday.” →He says that he bought me something nice yesterday. D. 如果在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述, e不必改成go, here也不必改成there；如果在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述, yesterday, tomorrow等時(shí)間狀語也不必改變。 E. 直接引語是感嘆句時(shí)，間接引語用what或 how 引導(dǎo)，也可以用that引導(dǎo)。 She said,“What a lovely day it is!” →She said what a lovely day it was./ She said that it was a lovely day. T: Ok. I’ll give you more examples to help you understand the instructions. Give the Ss more sentences She said, “I am listening to the weather report. ’’ →She said that she was listening to the weather report. He said. “I have finished my homework.” →He said that he had finished his homework. He said, “1 will do the experiment at three in the afternoon.” →He said that he would do the experiment at three in the afternoon. “Light travels at great speed,” he said. →He said that light travels at great speed. The teacher said, “The world is made up of matter.” →The teacher said that the world is made up of matter. 3. 指示代詞以及時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語的變化是: 直接引語 間接引語 指示代詞 this that these those 時(shí)間狀語 now then today that day tonight that night this week (year, term) that week (year, term) yesterday the day before last week (year, term) the week (year, term) before two years ago two years before tomorrow the next (following)day next week (year, term) the next week (year, term) 地點(diǎn)狀語 here there 動詞 e go bring take e.g. She said. “These exercises are easy.”→She said that those exercises were easy. The secretary said, “I haven’t received the letter today.” →The secretary said that she hadn’t received the letter that day. He said. “Now it is your turn.” →He said that then it was my turn. He said. “I shall e back next week.”→He said he would e back the next week. She said. “1 will e here this afternoon.”→She said that she would go there that afternoon. Step 3 Practice Let the Ss plete the memo on Page 9. This exercise will help the Ss review and practice the rules of changing direct speech into reported speech. T: After so many explanations, let’s do some practice. plete the memo according to the advertisement. Pay attention to the tenses, personal pronouns and adverbial of time and place. First read the advertisement and get familiar with it. After the Ss finish the exercise, check the answers. Answers on P9: 1. was 2. would be 3. had read 4. that 5. would 6. had bought 7. that 8. would 9. those 10. her Step 4 Consolidation Give the Ss more exercises to help them practice using direct speech and indirect speech. T: I’ll give you some exercises to check how well you’ve learned the usage of direct speech and reported speech. Look at the screen, please. Some of them are reported speech, try to change them into direct speech. Show the Ss some sentences on the screen. Change the following sentences into direct speech or reported speech. 1. “I will never forget the interesting lesson,” said Paul. 2. Steve told Joe that he liked singing. 3. “I’m very glad to visit your factory,” said the visitor. 4. The woman told us that she did not like American movies very much. 5. The teacher told the students that they were going to have a meeting at three. 6. “Mum has gone to the market,” the daughter said to the father. 7. She said, “1 will try to finish reading the book by the end of the week. ’’ 8. She said to me, “You have to improve your spoken English.’’ Give the Ss several minutes to finish the exercise. The teacher move around to see how they are going along. After several minutes, check the answers with the Ss. Step 5 Summary and Homework T: In this period we have learned how to change direct speech into reported speech, and we must pay attention to the major changes in the sentence structures, personal pronouns, tenses, adverbials of time and place and other cases. After class, please go over the instructions in Grammar and usage and keep them in mind. Record after teaching: