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一,二,三,四,形容詞和副詞在句子中的作用不可忽視。它們豐富了句子的表現(xiàn)力,豐滿了句子的內(nèi)涵。如果說句子的主語和謂語構成句子的骨架,那么形容詞和副詞就是句子的血肉。形容詞用來修飾名詞或代詞,表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征,在句中作定語、表語、賓語、補語。副詞主要用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、句子等,說明時間、地點、程度、方式等概念。副詞在句中主要作狀語。在語法填空和短文改錯兩個題型中,對該部分的考查主要集中在形容詞和副詞的基本用法、構詞法知識和比較等級等方面。,二,三,四,一,一、句子中的語義相關 對于形容詞來說,無論在句子中作定語還是表語,從句意層次來說,其語義和句子中的名詞或代詞有相關性,用來修飾或說明名詞或代詞的屬性、性狀或狀態(tài)等。副詞則與句子中的動詞或形容詞相關,用來說明動作的時間、地點、程度、方式等情況。在句子中形容詞的位置要圍繞名詞、代詞或系動詞來安放;副詞要圍繞動詞、形容詞等來排列。觀察下列句子中的形容詞和副詞的使用,從語義相關和位置兩方面來深刻理解。 An idea suddenly struck me. 我心中忽然產(chǎn)生了一個念頭。 I have already finished my work. 我已經(jīng)做完了工作。 Look at the picture carefully.仔細看這幅畫。,二,三,四,一,He is seldom late for school.他上學很少遲到。 I think he is a man suitable for the job. 我認為他是適合做這項工作的人。 He must be the best violinist alive. 他一定是當代最好的小提琴手了。 This isn’t anything important. 這并不是什么重要的東西。 Jack is good at playing basketball. 杰克擅長打籃球。,二,三,四,一,二、考查構詞法知識 1.名詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~ (1)部分名詞后面加-y可以變成形容詞(尤其是一些與天氣有關的名詞) 如:rain→rainy,cloud→cloudy,wind→windy,snow→snowy 如果名詞以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,且詞尾只有一個輔音字母,這時應雙寫詞尾的輔音字母再加-y。如:sun→sunny,fun→funny,big→bigger 少數(shù)以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~時,應去掉e再加-y。如:noise→noisy,ice→icy (2)一些抽象名詞在詞尾加-ful可以變?yōu)樾稳菰~ 如:beauty→beautiful,sorrow→sorrowful,二,三,四,一,(3)一些表示國家的名詞可以變詞尾為-ese,-ish或直接加-n構成表示國籍、語言的形容詞。 如:China→Chinese,England→English,America→American,India→Indian (其中注意Canada→Canadian)。 (4)在名詞后加-less構成含有否定意義的形容詞 如:care→careless,use→useless,hope→hopeless,home→homeless (5)在名詞后加-ous 如:fame→famous,danger→dangerous,mystery→mysterious (6)有些名詞后不發(fā)音的e變?yōu)閍l,有些直接加后綴-al變?yōu)樾稳菰~ 如:medicine→medical,music→musical,nature→natural,person→personal,nation→national,education→educational,tradition→traditional,origin→original,二,三,四,一,(7)名詞加后綴-ly 如:friend→friendly,live→lively,love→lovely,month→monthly,week→weekly等。 另外,Europe→European,fool→foolish,wool→woolen,wood→wooden,gold→golden也應該加以注意。,二,三,四,一,2.動詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~ (1)詞尾加-ful 如:use→useful,care→careful,help→helpful,thank→thankful,forget→forgetful,play→playful,wonder→wonderful (2)詞尾加-d或-ed 如:please→pleased,unite→united,excite→excited,surprise→surprised,organize→organized,close→closed,wound→wounded,relax→relaxed,develop→developed,appreciate→appreciated,frustrate→frustrated,interest→interested,annoy→annoyed,use→used,frighten→frightened,crowd→crowded,thrill→thrilled,pollute→polluted (3)有些動詞可將詞尾y變?yōu)閕,加-ed worry→worried,marry→married,fry→fried,terrify→terrified,satisfy→satisfied 以后綴-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞通常用于說明人,不用于說明事物,即使它們所修飾的名詞是事物,那它們指的也是與該事物相關的人。,二,三,四,一,(4)詞尾加-ing。若詞尾為不發(fā)音的e,去e再加-ing 如:interest→interesting,surprise→surprising,excite→exciting,develop→developing,frighten→frightening,frustrate→frustrating,relax→relaxing,live→living,sleep→sleeping 以后綴 -ing 結(jié)尾的形容詞主要用于說明事物,表示事物的性質(zhì)或特征,若用它們說明人,則表示此人具有此性質(zhì)或特征。 (5)詞尾加-able 如:enjoy→enjoyable,suit→suitable,adjust→adjustable,comfort→comfortable,二,三,四,一,3.前綴與形容詞詞義變化 英語中有許多表示否定的前綴,如dis-,in-,im-,il-,ir-,un-,mis-,non-,dis- 等,可以加在形容詞前構成否定意義的形容詞。如: un-:untrue,unimportant,unhealthy,unkind,unnecessary,undoubted,unfinished in-:informal,incorrect,invisible,inaccurate im-:(加在字母m,b,p之前)impossible,impolite il-:(加在以l開頭的單詞的前邊)illegal,illiterate,illogical ir-:(放在以r開頭的單詞前面)irregular,irresistible,irrelevant non-:non-existent,non-essential,non-electrical,二,三,四,一,4.形容詞變副詞通常是加-ly,其變化有規(guī)律可循: (1)一般情況下直接加-ly。如: quick→quickly,polite→politely,sad→sadly,immediate→immediately,recent→recently (2)絕大多數(shù)輔音字母加e結(jié)尾的形容詞直接加-ly。少數(shù)以e結(jié)尾的形容詞,要去掉e再加-ly。如:true→truly,due→duly,wide→widely,polite→politely (3)以y結(jié)尾的,且讀音為/I/的,先將y改成i,再加-ly,如: happy→happily,heavy→heavily,angry→angrily,busy→busily 但是如果讀音為/aI/,直接加-ly,如:dry→dryly;sly→slyly;shy→shyly (4)以ic 結(jié)尾的詞,加-ally。如: economic→economically,basic→basically,scientific→scientifically,automatic→automatically,energetic→energetically 但是public→publicly 例外。,二,三,四,一,(5)以輔音字母加le結(jié)尾時,去e加-y。如: simple→simply,considerable→considerably,terrible→terribly,gentle→gently,possible→possibly,probable→probably,incredible→incredibly 形容詞詞尾為元音字母加le時,變副詞需加 -ly,如:sole→solely。但是whole→wholly例外。 (6)以ll結(jié)尾時,只加-y。如:dull→dully;shrill→shrilly (7)有些單詞本身是副詞,加上-ly后同樣是副詞。一般無-ly的副詞表示具體的含義,而有-ly的副詞表示抽象的含義。如: close意思是“近”;closely 意思是“仔細地”。 late意思是“晚”;lately 意思是“最近”。 deep意思是“深”,表示空間深度;deeply時常表示感情上的深度,“深深地”。,二,三,四,一,high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當于much。 wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是“廣泛地;在許多地方”。 free的意思是“免費”;freely 的意思是“無限制地”。 friendly,motherly,lovely,likely,daily,weekly等詞是形容詞而非副詞。,二,三,四,一,三、考查比較等級 1.形容詞和副詞的比較級與最高級 同級比較用“as+原級+as”,兩者比較用“比較級+than”,三者或以上比較用“最高級+in/of.”。如: Speaking of all the songs he has written,I think this is probably his best-known one. 提到他寫的所有歌曲,我認為這是他最有名的一首。 Alan is a careful driver,but he drives the least carefully of my friends. 艾倫是一個細心的司機,但他卻是我的朋友中開車最粗心的。 Little Mary plays the piano as beautifully as her sister. 小瑪麗與她姐姐彈鋼琴一樣好。 注意:與比較等級有關的還有幾個特殊用法需要引起我們的注意。,二,三,四,一,(1)“the+比較級.,the + 比較級.”表示“越……,越……”,前面的句子相當于條件狀語從句,一般不用將來時。如: The more you use a dictionary,the more useful you will find it to you. 你越使用字典,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)它對你越有用。 The higher you climb the mountain,the less air you can breathe. 你爬山爬得越高,你吸到的空氣越少。 (2)“the+比較級+of the(兩者)”表示“兩者中比較,更……的”。如: Which is the better of the two books? The younger of the brothers is much clever. (3)“a+最高級”不表示“最……”,而表示“非常”。如: This is a most difficult lesson in this book. She is a most mysterious person.,二,三,四,一,(4)否定副詞never與比較級連用有時可表示最高級的意義。如: I have never met a kinder man. 我從來沒遇見過這么仁厚的人。 (5)not more.than 不如…… no more.than 和……一樣不(否定兩者) not less.than 不如……不(即指不如 less 后形容詞的反面) no less.than 和……一樣(肯定兩者) no more than表示“僅僅”“只有”“只不過”,強調(diào)程度低或數(shù)量少。如: You are more careful than he is.你比他仔細。 You are not more careful than he is.你不如他仔細。 You are no more careful than he is.你和他一樣不仔細。 You are less careful than he is. 你不如他仔細(你比他粗心)。,二,三,四,一,You are not less careful than he is. 你比他仔細(你不如他粗心)。 You are no less careful than he is. 你和他一樣仔細。 He is no more than an ordinary English teacher. 他只不過是個普通的英文老師。 He has no more than three shirts. 他只有3件襯衫。 (6)“more+形容詞或副詞+than.”表示對同一人或物在不同方面進行取舍,意為“與其說……倒不如……”。如: He is more hungry than tired. 與其說他累了,倒不如說他餓了。,二,三,四,一,做“語法填空”題時應該注意:當括號中所給詞是形容詞或副詞,且空格處需要的仍是形容詞或副詞時,要根據(jù)語境,理解句意,若該詞意思不變,邏輯上講得通,就很可能填該詞的比較級(或最高級)。如: The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love.Nothing could be (sweet). 答案:sweeter,,二,三,四,一,2.倍數(shù)比較的句型 (1)A+be+倍數(shù)+as+計量形容詞原級+as+B。如: This tree is three times as tall as that one. 這棵樹是那棵樹的三倍高。 (2)A+be+倍數(shù)+計量形容詞比較級+than+B。如: The Yangtze River is almost twice longer than the Pearl River. 長江差不多比珠江長兩倍。 (3)A+be+倍數(shù)+the+size/height/length/width,etc.+of+B。如: The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one. 新擴建的廣場是未擴建時的四倍大。 (4).times+what+從句。如: The production is now three times what it was ten years ago. 現(xiàn)在的產(chǎn)量是十年前的三倍。,二,三,四,一,四、考查連接性副詞 連接副詞可用于連接句子或從句。常見分類如下: 1.表示增補:besides,further,then,similarly,likewise,moreover 2.表示等同:similarly,equally 3.表示對比:rather,oppositely 4.表示概括:altogether,generally 5.表示列舉:first(ly),second(ly),finally 6.表示讓步:however,still,yet,nevertheless,though,anyway 7.表示結(jié)果:therefore,consequently,accordingly,thus 8.表示著重:mainly,mostly,particularly,especially,二,三,四,一,連接副詞的性質(zhì)類似于并列連詞,使用時其前通常用分號或句號;若其前用逗號,則通常帶有并列連詞(如and)。如: We all tried our best;however,we lost the game./We all tried our best.However,we lost the game. 我們都已盡了最大的努力,不過我們還是輸了。,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅰ.完成句子(高考真題變式訓練) 1.Raymond’s parents wanted him to have (good) possible education. 2.With online shopping increasingly popular,the Internet is seen as a(n) (efficiency) way of reaching target customers. 3.It’s our hope that we will play a greater role in the market place and, ,supply more jobs. 4.Henry was away from home for quite a bit and saw his family. 5.—What did you do last weekend? —Oh,nothing . 6.Thanks for your directions to the house;we wouldn’t have found it . 7.The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves and not follow others (blind).,the best,efficient,therefore,seldom,much,otherwise,blindly,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,8.Those poor and needy teenagers were excited to find a shop at the corner where they could buy (afford) priced bike. 9.There are a small number of people involved,possibly as as twenty. 10.Everything seemed to be going (smooth) for the first two days after I moved to New York.,affordably,few,smoothly,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅱ.單句改錯 1.The sun was very big and red.How exciting we were! 2.I’m very interesting in the job and I’d like to apply for the position. 3.She has to use a wheelchair to get around and it often takes her a little longer to do everyday things,such as getting out of bed,getting dressing and going to school. 4.Meanwhile,I do hope the whole society can realize the important of food safety and begin taking action together to make sure food is safe.,答案:exciting→excited,答案:interesting→interested,答案:dressing→dressed,答案:important→importance,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,5.Yes,even students with average intelligence can be top students without addition work. 6.When sitting in the classroom she looks just like all her classmates and after class her life is obvious different. 7.I got extreme interested in foreign cultures or customs. 8.I’m 18 years old and have a good command of English,especial in terms of speaking and listening.,答案:addition→additional,答案:obvious→obviously,答案:extreme→extremely,答案:especial→especially,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,9.I dream constantly that I,along with my classmates,will study happy with the help of the respectable professors. 10.Similar,people prefer movies that reflect their mood.,答案:happy→happily,答案:S imilar→Similarly,