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一,二,三,四,冠詞作為一種虛詞,在英語(yǔ)中只能和名詞一起使用。英語(yǔ)中的冠詞分為不定冠詞和定冠詞兩類(lèi)。 介詞用來(lái)表示它后面的名詞或代詞(或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類(lèi);短語(yǔ)或從句)與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。在英語(yǔ)中,介詞作用非常重要,離開(kāi)了介詞的中介或連接作用,就無(wú)法表達(dá)某些最基本的思想或概念,比如時(shí)間、空間、方位、手段、狀態(tài)等等;另外,介詞還可以傳達(dá)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的含義。 高考對(duì)冠詞和介詞的考查涉及的錯(cuò)誤常有:冠詞和介詞的錯(cuò)用、漏用和多用等幾個(gè)情況。,二,三,四,一,一、正確使用冠詞 1.弄清定冠詞和不定冠詞的基本用法,學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)句意和語(yǔ)境選擇使用冠詞。解決問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵是把握語(yǔ)境,如果句子中的名詞表示“一個(gè);某人;任何一個(gè)”等,用不定冠詞;如果表示“這個(gè);那個(gè);這些;那些”等,則用定冠詞。 (一)不定冠詞的基本用法 1.泛指一個(gè)。如:There is a football under the table. 2.指人或事物的某一種類(lèi)。如:His father is a driver. 3.指某一個(gè)人或事物,但不具體說(shuō)明。如:My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire. 4.用于某一些表示重量、長(zhǎng)度、時(shí)間等單位的名詞前,表示“每一”。如:We have meals three times a day. 5.表示同樣的。如:They are of an age.(他們是同歲。) 6.表數(shù)量,相當(dāng)于one,但語(yǔ)意較弱。如:There is a pen and two books on the desk.,二,三,四,一,7.使抽象名詞具體化。如:The little girl is a help to her mother.(a help意為“幫手”) 8.固定搭配。如:as a matter of fact,in a hurry,in a word等。 9.“a/an+序數(shù)詞”不表示排序,表“又一,再一”。 如: Can you give me a second chance,please? 10.有些物質(zhì)名詞,如rain,snow,fog,wind,tea,coffee等,其前有形容詞修飾時(shí),形容詞前應(yīng)該加不定冠詞。如: What a heavy rain!Longjing is a wonderful tea. 11.有些不可數(shù)名詞如knowledge,collection,understanding等是由其動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的,后面加of.時(shí),前面常用不定冠詞。如:What happened just now shows that a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference in an emergency.,二,三,四,一,(二)定冠詞的基本用法 1.表示上文提到過(guò)的人或事物。如:I have bought a book.The book is very useful. 2.用于說(shuō)話人與聽(tīng)話人都明確知道的人或事物。如:Close the window,please. 3.用于表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前。如:the sun,the moon,the earth,the world等。 4.用于表示方位的名詞之前。如:the east,the right。 5.用于序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)之前,以及對(duì)兩人或物進(jìn)行比較時(shí)起限制作用的比較級(jí)前。如:the first,the second,the tallest,the most important,the taller of the two boys等。 6.用于形容詞或過(guò)去分詞之前,使其名詞化。如:the young (年輕人),the wounded (傷員)等。 7.用于某些專(zhuān)有名詞之前。如:the United States,the United Nations等。,二,三,四,一,8.用于江河、海洋、海峽、山脈、群島、建筑物等的名詞之前。如:the Changjiang River,the East Lake等。 9.用于復(fù)數(shù)姓氏之前,表示“夫婦”或“全家”。如:The Smiths等。 10.用于西洋樂(lè)器的名詞前。如:play the piano,play the violin等。 11.用于發(fā)明物前。如:The compass was invented in China. 12.用于年代名詞前。如:He lived in the countryside in the 1970s. 13.用于固定詞組中。如:in the morning/afternoon/evening,on the other hand,at the same time等。 14.用于表示計(jì)量單位的名詞前。如:by the dozen,by the hour,by the day,by the yard等。 提示:如果表示單位的名詞為不可數(shù)名詞,之前不用冠詞,如by weight/height等。,二,三,四,一,15.the very(正是那一個(gè)),the same(同樣的),the only(唯一的)。 16.用在“主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+介詞+the+身體部位名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中。如:strike sb.on the head打在某人的頭上,seize sb.by the collar抓住某人的衣領(lǐng),catch sb.by the arm抓住某人的手臂。,二,三,四,一,(三)不定冠詞和定冠詞的轉(zhuǎn)化 1.表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物的名詞,如sun,sky,world,moon等,前面一般用定冠詞,但其前有描繪性的修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),用不定冠詞。試對(duì)比: As is known to all,the earth moves around the sun. What a bright moon! 2.“ a/an+比較級(jí)”表示“(眾多人或事物中)比……更……的一個(gè)”,屬于泛指;“the+比較級(jí)”表示“兩者中較為……的一個(gè)”?！癮 most+形容詞”表示“很……,非?！?。試比較: This one is too small.Can you show me a larger one? Tom is the older of the two boys. Part one is a most difficult part but not the most difficult.,二,三,四,一,3.表示順序時(shí)用“the+序數(shù)詞”;表示“再一,又一”時(shí),用“a/an+序數(shù)詞”。 I have two books.I want to buy a third one. We have finished the first lesson,and now we will learn the second. 4.不定冠詞用于有形容詞修飾的一日三餐、季節(jié)、日期前。有限制性的定語(yǔ)時(shí)(即表示某一年的某個(gè)季節(jié)時(shí)),應(yīng)該用定冠詞。表示“某一個(gè)星期幾”時(shí),用不定冠詞。 The walk is expected to last all day,so bring a packed lunch. He joined the army in the spring of 1988. We had a very hot summer last year. I happened to meet my classmate Jack on a Wednesday.,二,三,四,一,二、零冠詞和固定搭配中的冠詞 1.表示總稱(chēng)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前和表示泛指的不可數(shù)名詞前。如: Children love cartoons.兒童喜歡卡通影片。 Money isn’t everything.金錢(qián)不是一切。 2.表示職位、頭銜、稱(chēng)呼的名詞,在句中作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)時(shí)不加冠詞。如:Mr.Smith,head of the group,will plan for the whole trip. 3.專(zhuān)有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞前常不用冠詞。如:China,Smith等。 4.表示學(xué)科、球類(lèi)、棋類(lèi)、語(yǔ)言名稱(chēng)的名詞前不用冠詞。,二,三,四,一,5.季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)假日前一般不用冠詞。如:on Friday,in summer等。 提示:季節(jié)等被限定性定語(yǔ)修飾時(shí)用定冠詞;星期前加不定冠詞表示“某一個(gè)……”;中國(guó)民間傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日前常加定冠詞。如:in the spring of 1992,a Tuesday in September,the Spring Festival等。 6.一日三餐前通常不用冠詞,但前面有描繪性形容詞時(shí),加不定冠詞。如: What did you have for breakfast? 你早餐吃什么? He had a wonderful supper. 他吃了一頓很棒的晚餐。,二,三,四,一,7.在一些成對(duì)出現(xiàn)的短語(yǔ)中不用冠詞。如:arm in arm(手挽手);hand in hand(手牽手);side by side(肩并肩);day and night(日日夜夜);young and old(老老少少);from door to door(挨門(mén)挨戶(hù));from beginning to end(從頭到尾);from morning till night(從早到晚)等。 8.與by連用表示交通方式的名詞前;以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞連用時(shí)。如:knife and fork,by bus,by plane等。 9.系動(dòng)詞turn(變成)后的單數(shù)名詞作表語(yǔ),用零冠詞。 After graduation from college he turned teacher/became a teacher. 10.“零冠詞+單數(shù)名詞+as/though+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ).”,即讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中。如: Child as/though he is,he knows a lot.(=Although/Though he is a child,.),二,三,四,一,11.no such后的名詞不用冠詞。如: Everything comes with a price;there is no such thing as a free lunch in the world. 一切都是有代價(jià)的,因?yàn)樘煜聸](méi)有免費(fèi)的午餐。 12.固定搭配中的冠詞的用法。冠詞構(gòu)成的習(xí)語(yǔ)搭配也是考查的重要內(nèi)容,而且失分率極高,建議同學(xué)們?cè)谄綍r(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中牢固記憶。 在某些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中,用還是不用冠詞,用哪個(gè)冠詞,意義不同,有時(shí)甚至差別很大,使用時(shí)要特別注意。以下是常見(jiàn)的容易混淆的短語(yǔ): at table 進(jìn)餐 at the table 在桌子旁 in hospital 住院 in the hospital 在醫(yī)院里 by sea 乘船(由海路) by the sea 在海邊,二,三,四,一,out of question 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),一定 out of the question 不可能 in front of 在……(外部的)前面 in the front of 在……(內(nèi)部的)前面 for a moment 一會(huì)兒 for the moment 目前,暫時(shí) be in charge of 負(fù)責(zé)…… be in the charge of 由……負(fù)責(zé),在……掌管之下 in possession of 擁有 in the possession of 為……所有 in sight of 能看見(jiàn) in the sight of 據(jù)……的見(jiàn)解 in place of 代替 in the place of 在……的地方,二,三,四,一,三、正確使用介詞 1.掌握介詞的基本用法和含義,弄清同類(lèi)型介詞的區(qū)分。如表示地點(diǎn)的介詞on,in,at怎樣選用。例如: There is a rainbow in the sky.天上有一道彩虹。 Our office is on the 9th floor.我們的辦公室在九樓。 2.掌握介詞短語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成,要根據(jù)句意選用合適的介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)。 介詞短語(yǔ)是指由介詞后接賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ),如in the room,at the station,on the desk,under the trees,in the distance等。體會(huì)介詞短語(yǔ)的意義和句意的關(guān)系,不要亂用介詞。例如: They came out from under the trees. 他們從樹(shù)下走出來(lái)。 We heard a strange sound in the room. 我們聽(tīng)到屋里有一種奇怪的聲音。,二,三,四,一,3.掌握常見(jiàn)的固定短語(yǔ)以及介詞在這些固定搭配中的應(yīng)用。尤其要注意“介詞+名詞”、“動(dòng)詞+介詞”和“形容詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的搭配。例如: (1)介詞+名詞:on the contrary相反;in turn依次;in one’s opinion根據(jù)某人的看法;on time準(zhǔn)時(shí);out of reach夠不著。 (2)動(dòng)詞+介詞:remind sb.of sth.提醒某人某事;rob sb.of sth.搶劫某人的……;result from由……引起;call at訪問(wèn)(某地)。 特別要注意下列常考的動(dòng)詞和介詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ): 動(dòng)詞go,come,take,make,get,have,set,break,put,look,bring,see+ 介詞through,over,off,in,on,out,up,down (3)形容詞+介詞:be curious about對(duì)……好奇;be proud of因……而自豪;be popular with受到……的歡迎。,二,三,四,一,四、介詞的誤用 介詞的誤用情況很多,特別注意下列情況: 1.不要受漢語(yǔ)思維的影響而錯(cuò)用介詞,如:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.該句中的in容易誤用為from。 2.不要混淆固定搭配而誤用介詞,如:We worked shoulder by shoulder for five years.該句子中的by應(yīng)該是to。 3.不要忽略語(yǔ)境因素而漏用介詞:如:He’s not worth getting angry.(犯不上和他生氣。)該句子中,由于getting angry不具備直接接賓語(yǔ)的能力,因此angry后應(yīng)該加with。 4.分清及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞,不要想當(dāng)然地多用介詞,如:Seeing the door open,the stranger entered into the room.該句子中into多余,因?yàn)閑nter為及物動(dòng)詞。,二,三,四,一,二,三,四,一,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅰ.完成句子(高考真題變式訓(xùn)練) 1.They chose Tom to be captain of the team,because they knew he was smart leader. 2. village where I was born has grown into town. 3.Life is like ocean: only strong-willed can reach the other shore. 4.The paper is due next month,and I am working seven days week,often long into night. 5.I can’t tell you way to the Wilsons’ because we don’t have Wilson here in the village. 6.Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves half an hour. 7.September 30 is the day which you must pay your bill. 8.Our club is open to everyone regardless age,sex or educational background.,the,a,The,a,an,the,a,the,the,a,in,by,of,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,9.Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push-ups too to stay shape. 10.It is unbelievable that Mr Lucas leads a simple life his great wealth.,in,despite,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò) 1.The teacher said the snow is white,but the snow on the road is red.Why? 2.—When can I have my birthday party? —On Saturday nearest to it. 3.I’ve got out of habit of having cooked breakfast. 4.You could see many mountains and rivers in distance. 5.She has to use a wheelchair to get around and it often takes her a little longer to do everyday things,such as getting out of bed,getting dressed and going to the school.,答案:said后的the去掉,答案:Saturday前加the,答案:habit前加the;cooked前加a,答案:distance前加the,答案:school前的the去掉,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,6.Try on this red skirt;you will look great for it. 7.The study also shows that seeing at sad films can make getting over a negative mood an easier job. 8.Being admitted in your university has always been a beautiful dream for me. 9.I’m very interested in the job and I’d like to apply to the position. 10.She is a kind-hearted girl,and always offers to help us our English.,答案:for→in,答案:去掉at,答案:in→to,答案:第二個(gè)to→for,答案:us后加with,