初中語(yǔ)法-形容詞和副詞
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1、單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,,第二級(jí),,第三級(jí),,第四級(jí),,第五級(jí),,第三講、形容詞和副詞,形容詞和副詞基本用法,1.,形容詞的用法,,,主要用來(lái)修飾名詞或不定代詞,,表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征的詞。,形容詞在句中可用作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ),等。如:,,Be,careful,about what you say.,說(shuō)話要小心。,,The sunset was a,beautiful,sight.,,日落是一種美麗的景象。,,I find it,easy,to get on with him.,,我發(fā)現(xiàn)和他相處很容易。,形容詞和副詞基本用法,,2.,副詞的用法,,,主要
2、用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其他副詞或全句,說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式等概念,的詞。副詞,在句中主要作狀語(yǔ),。如:,,He knew London,very well,.,他對(duì)倫敦很熟悉。,,You need to form the habit of reading,carefully,.,,你需要養(yǎng)成仔細(xì)閱讀的習(xí)慣。,形容詞和副詞基本用法,注意:,here, there, in, out, away, abroad,等少數(shù)副詞也可以作表語(yǔ);,here, there, home, abroad, below,等表示地點(diǎn)或方位的詞及,today, tomorrow, yesterday, back,
3、out,等表示時(shí)間或動(dòng)詞方向詞還可以作定語(yǔ),。如:,,I don’t think she is,here,now.,,我認(rèn)為她現(xiàn)在不在這里。,,Most people,there,are farmers.,,那里多數(shù)人都是農(nóng)民。,,,1.,,單個(gè)形容詞做定語(yǔ),一般放在所修飾的名詞之前,,,但修飾,somebody, someone, something, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing,等復(fù)合不定代詞的形容詞,則必須放在不定代詞之后,。如:,,I would like,something cheaper,.,,我想要點(diǎn)較為便宜的東西。,,D
4、o you know,anyone [anybody] famous,in this field?,你認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的名人嗎,?,形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的位置,,形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的位置,,,2.,表語(yǔ)形容詞作定語(yǔ)要后置,。如:,,He spoke like a man,afraid,.,,他說(shuō)話時(shí)像是很害怕似的。,,He must be the best violinist,alive,.,,他一定是當(dāng)代最好的小提琴手了。,,3.,修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)后置,。如:,,Tell me,something,,interesting,.,給我說(shuō)些有意思的事。,,,Anyone intelligent,can do
5、 it.,,任何有頭腦的人都能做這件事,。,形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的位置,4.,,past, last, next, nearby, following,等做定語(yǔ)時(shí),既可放在所修飾的名詞之前,也可放在所修飾的名詞之后,(,注意詞序的變化,),。如:,,,next Monday / on Monday next,,下周星期一,,,last month / in the month last,,上個(gè)月,,,the following month / in the month following,,,下個(gè)月,,He lives in,a nearby town / a town nearby,.,,他住在附
6、近的一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)。,形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的位置,5.,,形容詞,enough, opposite,等修飾名詞時(shí)可前置或后置,。如:,,We have,enough time [time enough,],,我們有足夠的時(shí)間。,,He lives in the,house opposite [the opposite house,].,,他住在對(duì)面的房子里。,,【,說(shuō)明,】(1),,在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中,enough,通常放在被修飾名詞之前,若置于被修飾名詞之后,則被認(rèn)為帶有古義或文學(xué)味。,形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的位置,,(2),,有的形容詞前置和后置均可,但含義不同。,如:,,What’s your,present f
7、eeling,?,,你現(xiàn)在感覺(jué)如何,? (present=,現(xiàn)在的,),,He was the only,Englishman present,.,,他是唯一在場(chǎng)的英國(guó)人。,(present=,在場(chǎng)的,),,(3),,有些既可用作形容詞又可用作副詞的詞,當(dāng)它用作形容詞時(shí)前置,用作副詞時(shí)后置,。如:,,,upstairs rooms / rooms upstairs,,樓上的房間,形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的位置,,而,有些既可用作形容詞又可用作副詞的詞,它雖可前置和后置,但含義不同,:,,,overseas students,外國(guó)留學(xué)生,,(,指外國(guó)到本國(guó)來(lái)求學(xué)的學(xué)生,等于,students from o
8、verseas),,,students overseas,出國(guó)留學(xué)生,,(,指本國(guó)到外國(guó)去求學(xué)的學(xué)生,等于,students who are overseas),等級(jí)形容詞和非等級(jí)形容詞的用法特點(diǎn),,一、等級(jí)形容詞的用法與特點(diǎn),,所謂等級(jí)形容詞即指其義可劃分不同等級(jí)的形容詞,(,英語(yǔ)中絕大多數(shù)形容詞屬于此類,),。等級(jí)形容詞主要特點(diǎn)是可以受程度副詞的修飾,(,如,very big, rather cold,等,),,并且絕大多數(shù)可用于比較級(jí)和最高級(jí),(,如,better, best, larger, largest,等,),。等級(jí)形容詞根據(jù)其意義特點(diǎn)可分為程度形容詞和限度形容詞:,,等級(jí)形容詞
9、和非等級(jí)形容詞的用法特點(diǎn),1.,程度形容詞,,,即指含義上有程度差別、可以劃分等級(jí)的形容詞。要表示程度形容詞的不同等級(jí),(,程度,),,我們可以用程度副詞來(lái)表示,歸納起來(lái),這些說(shuō)明等級(jí)形容詞等級(jí),(,或程度,),的副詞可分為以下三類:,,(1),,指等級(jí)的上端,用,very, quite, too, enough, extremely,等,。,,The weather was,too cold,.,天氣太冷了。,,It was an,extremely difficult,task.,,那是一項(xiàng)極困難的任務(wù)。,,(2),,指等級(jí)的中端,用,quite, rather, fairly, pret
10、ty,等。,,It’s,quite expensive,.,它十分貴。,,I’m,rather hungry.,我很餓了。,等級(jí)形容詞和非等級(jí)形容詞的用法特點(diǎn),注意:,在英國(guó)英語(yǔ)和美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,,quite,表示程度時(shí)的意思有所不同,:,在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,,quite,的語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng),可以表示,very,的含義,用以說(shuō)明等級(jí)形容詞的上端含義,;,而在英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,,quite,的含義則相對(duì)要弱些,相當(dāng)于,fairly,的意義,主要用來(lái)說(shuō)明等級(jí)形容詞的中端含義,。若一個(gè)美國(guó)人說(shuō),The new shirt was quite nice,,他可能對(duì)此非常滿意,而一個(gè)英國(guó)人說(shuō),The new shirt was
11、 quite nice,,可能只是說(shuō)它不算太差,還過(guò)得去。,等級(jí)形容詞和非等級(jí)形容詞的用法特點(diǎn),(3),,指等級(jí)的低端,用,a bit, a little, slightly,等。,,He’s feeling,a bit [a little] better,.,他感覺(jué)好些了。,,He felt,slightly ill,.,他感覺(jué)有點(diǎn)不舒服。,,注:,在肯定句中,,a bit,和,a little,大致同義,但在否定句,兩者意思區(qū)別很大,:,,I’m,not a bit,tired.,我,一點(diǎn)也不,累。,(not a bit =,一點(diǎn)也不,),,I’m not a little tired.,
12、我很累。,(,not a little =,非常,),等級(jí)形容詞和非等級(jí)形容詞的用法特點(diǎn),,2,.限度形容詞,,即,指其含義已經(jīng)包括絕對(duì)意義或極限意義的形容詞,,如:,perfect,完美的,,impossible,不可能的,,full,滿的,,empty,空的,,unique,唯一的,,enough,足夠的,,flawless,完美的,,right,正確的,,wrong,錯(cuò)誤的,,sure,確信的,,certain,確信的,,different,不同的,等。,限度形容詞通常不用于比較級(jí)和最高級(jí),要加強(qiáng)限度形容詞的意義,可使用以下副詞,:,等級(jí)形容詞和非等級(jí)形容詞的用法特點(diǎn),,(1),表示極限
13、意義,用,quite(,完全,),,,completely(,完全,),,,absolutely(,絕對(duì),),,,altogether (,完全,),,,entirely(,完全,),,,totally(,完全,),等。如:,,You are,completely wrong.,你完全錯(cuò)了。,,It’s,absolutely impossible,.,這是完全不可能的。,,The theatre was not,quite full,.,劇院尚未全滿。,,That’s a,totally different,matter.,,那完全是另一回事,。,等級(jí)形容詞和非等級(jí)形容詞的用法特點(diǎn),注意:,q
14、uite,既可與程度形容詞連用,也可與限度形容詞連用。但在兩種用法中,,quite,的意思不同:與程度形容詞連用時(shí),它的意思是“相當(dāng)”,如,quite good,相當(dāng)好,,quite cheap,相當(dāng)便宜,,quite cold,相當(dāng)冷;與限度形容詞連用時(shí),它的意思是“完全”、“絕對(duì)”,如,quite impossible,完全不可能。,,(2),,表示接近極限的意義,用,almost(,幾乎,),,,nearly(,差不多,),等,。如:,,It’s,almost [nearly] empty,.,那幾乎是空的。,等級(jí)形容詞和非等級(jí)形容詞的用法特點(diǎn),,3.,程度形容詞和限度形容詞的聯(lián)系,,,
15、關(guān)于程度形容詞和限度形容詞的劃分并不是絕對(duì)的,有的形容詞在不同的語(yǔ)境中可既可表示程度,也可表示限度,。如:,,Watch you don’t spill that glass. It’s,very full,.,,注意不要把杯子倒溢了,已經(jīng)很滿了。,,(full,表程度,用,very,修飾,),,There are no more seats — the theatre’s,completely full,.,再?zèng)]座位了,劇院已完全坐滿了。,,(full,表限度,用,completely,修飾,),等級(jí)形容詞和非等級(jí)形容詞的用法特點(diǎn),,二、非等級(jí)形容詞的用法與特點(diǎn),,,所謂非等級(jí)形容詞即指其義
16、不可劃分等級(jí)的形容詞,如,atomic(,原子的,),就是非等級(jí)形容詞,,因?yàn)槟呈挛镆淳褪窃拥?(atomic),,要么就是非原子的,(not atomic),,其間沒(méi)有等級(jí)可分。,英語(yǔ)中只有一小部分形容詞屬于非等級(jí)形容詞,。,,1.,非等級(jí)形容詞的主要特點(diǎn),,,通常不與程度副詞連用,而且通常也不用于比較級(jí)和最高級(jí),,如可說(shuō),atomic physics(,原子物理學(xué),),,但不能說(shuō),very atomic physics,,也不能說(shuō),more atomic physics,等。,等級(jí)形容詞和非等級(jí)形容詞的用法特點(diǎn),,2.,英語(yǔ)中的類別形容詞,(,即表示所修飾名詞類別的形容詞,),通常都是
17、非等級(jí)形容詞,,daily,每日的,monthly,每月的,yearly,每年的,north,北方的,south,南方的,east,東方的,northern,向北的,southern,向南的,,western,向南的,Chinese,中國(guó)的,,British,英國(guó)的,electric,電動(dòng)的,,male,男性的,female,女性的,,medical,醫(yī)學(xué)的,physical,物理的,等級(jí)形容詞和非等級(jí)形容詞的用法特點(diǎn),,3.,等級(jí)形容詞和非等級(jí)形容詞的聯(lián)系,,等級(jí)形容詞和非等級(jí)形容詞的劃分也并不是絕對(duì),有時(shí),同一個(gè)形容詞在不同的語(yǔ)境既可以是等級(jí)形容詞,也可以是非等級(jí)形容詞,如表示國(guó)名派生出來(lái)
18、的表示國(guó)籍的形容詞,(,如,Chinese, French, American, British,等,),,它們通常是非等級(jí)形容詞,但當(dāng)它們表示一個(gè)人的行為舉止時(shí),也可以用作等級(jí)形容詞,,如:,,He is,very French,.,他的舉止很像法國(guó)人。,,He is,more English,than the English.,,他比英國(guó)人更像英國(guó)人。,the+,形容詞的四種類型及語(yǔ)法特征,,一、該結(jié)構(gòu)的四種類型,,,1.the +,形容詞,——,表示某一類型的人,,He set up a school for,the deaf and the dumb,.,他創(chuàng)建了一所聾啞學(xué)校。,,Th
19、ose of us who are sighted don’t understand the problems of,the blind,.,,我們這些有視力的人不理解盲人的困難。,the+,形容詞的四種類型及語(yǔ)法特征,,,這類結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)的有:,,the rich,富人,the poor,窮人,,the blind,盲人,the sick,病人,,the old,老人,the young,年輕人,,the dumb,啞巴,the deaf,聾子,,the dead,死者,the weak,弱者,,the strong,強(qiáng)者,the wealthy,富人,,the jobless,失業(yè)者,the+
20、,形容詞的四種類型及語(yǔ)法特征,,,2.the +,分詞形容詞,——,表示某一類型的,人,,Times are hard for,the unemployed,.,失業(yè)者的日子很難熬。,,Many of,the wounded,died on their way to hospital.,許多傷員死在去醫(yī)院的途中了。,,這類結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)的有:,,the wounded,傷員,the injured,傷員,,the killed,被殺者,the employed,被雇用者,,the unemployed,失業(yè)者,the accused,被告,,the learned,有學(xué)問(wèn)的人,the aged,老年
21、人,,the missing,失蹤的人,the living,活著的人,the+,形容詞的四種類型及語(yǔ)法特征,,,3.,the +,國(guó)籍形容詞,——,表示全體國(guó)民,,,The Chinese,are a friendly people.,中華民族是一個(gè)友善的民族。,,,The French,are famous for their cooking.,法國(guó)人以善烹調(diào)著稱。,,,The British,are very proud of their sense of humor.,英國(guó)人為自己的幽默感到自豪。,,這類結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)的有:,,the British,英國(guó)人,the English,英國(guó)人,
22、the French,法國(guó)人,,the Chinese,中國(guó)人,the Japanese,日本人,the+,形容詞的四種類型及語(yǔ)法特征,,4.,the +,形容詞,——,表示抽象概念,,One must learn to take,the bad,and,the good,.,人必須學(xué)會(huì)好壞都能承受。,,He wants to make,the impossible,possible.,他想把不可能的事成為可能。,,這類結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)的有:,,the true,真,the good,善,the beautiful,美,,the right,是,the wrong,非,the false,偽,,the
23、 impossible,不可能做到的事,the unknown,,未知的事物,the+,形容詞的四種類型及語(yǔ)法特征,,二、該結(jié)構(gòu)的四個(gè)語(yǔ)法特性,,1.,復(fù)數(shù)性,,,“,the+,形容詞”表示一類具有某種特征或特性的人時(shí),通常表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,若用作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)要用復(fù)數(shù),。如:,,,The rich,get richer and,the poor,get poorer.,,富者愈富,貧者愈貧。,,,The injured,were carried away on stretchers.,,用擔(dān)架把受傷的人抬走了。,,,the+,形容詞的四種類型及語(yǔ)法特征,,,2.,單數(shù)性,,,“,the+,形容詞”若
24、表示抽象概念,則表示單數(shù)意義,用作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)要用單數(shù)。,如:,,He doesn’t know,the right,from,the wrong,.,,他不辨是非。,,,The unknown,is always something to be feared.,,未知的東西總是一種令人害怕的東西。,,,The beautiful,is not always,the good,, and,the good,is not always the true.,,美未必是善,善未必是真。,the+,形容詞的四種類型及語(yǔ)法特征,,3.,單復(fù)性,,,有個(gè)別的“,the+,形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)既表示單數(shù)意義,也表示
25、復(fù)數(shù)意義,若用作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)需視情況而定,。如:,the good,指“好人”時(shí)表復(fù)數(shù)意義,指“善”時(shí)表單數(shù)意義;,the accused,指一名被告時(shí)表單數(shù)意義,指多名被告時(shí)表復(fù)數(shù)意義,。比較:,,,the+,形容詞的四種類型及語(yǔ)法特征,,,4.,習(xí)慣性,,(1),有的表達(dá)帶有一定的習(xí)慣性,如“病人”習(xí)慣說(shuō)成,the sick,,而不說(shuō),the ill,。,,(2),這類結(jié)構(gòu)習(xí)慣上不用于,-’s,所有格形式,若語(yǔ)義需要,可考慮用,of,所有格,。如:,,正:,He is interested in,the problems of the poor,.,他對(duì)窮人的問(wèn)題感興趣。,
26、,誤:,He is interested in the poor’s problems,.,the+,形容詞的四種類型及語(yǔ)法特征,,,三、省略冠詞的三種特例,,,“,the +,形容詞”這類結(jié)構(gòu)中的定冠詞通常不能省略,但是以下幾種情況是例外,:,,1.,受數(shù)量詞語(yǔ)修飾時(shí)省略定冠詞,,,即其中的形容詞受到表示數(shù)量的詞以及,many, more,等修飾時(shí),定冠詞通常省略,。如:,,,Many sick,are well cared for in hospitals.,,許多病人在醫(yī)院受到良好的照顧。,,There are,more unemployed,than ever before.,,現(xiàn)在失
27、業(yè)的人比以往任何時(shí)候都多。,,the+,形容詞的四種類型及語(yǔ)法特征,,,2.,用于對(duì)稱結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)省略定冠詞,,,即用,and,或,or,連接成對(duì)稱結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),通常省略定冠詞,。如:,,There are opportunities for both,rich and poor,.,窮人和富人都有機(jī)會(huì)。,,,Good and bad,alike admired the baseball heroes.,,不分好人和壞人,大家都?xì)J佩那些棒球英雄。,the+,形容詞的四種類型及語(yǔ)法特征,,,3.,個(gè)別結(jié)構(gòu)習(xí)慣上可省略冠詞,,在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中,,有個(gè)別的“,the+,形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在單獨(dú)使用時(shí)也可省略冠詞,。如:,
28、,The number of,unemployed,is rising all the time.,失業(yè)人數(shù)在不斷上升。,習(xí)慣上只用作定語(yǔ)的形容詞,,這里說(shuō)的定語(yǔ)指的是位于名詞前作定語(yǔ),(,即前置定語(yǔ),),,而不是位于名詞后作定語(yǔ),(,即不用作后置定語(yǔ),),,如,main,是定語(yǔ)形容詞,可以說(shuō),main things,,但不能說(shuō),something main,,因?yàn)?后置定語(yǔ)從本質(zhì)上說(shuō)相當(dāng)于表語(yǔ),,即,something main,從本質(zhì)上說(shuō)相當(dāng)于,something that is main,。下面是幾類典型的定語(yǔ)形容詞:,習(xí)慣上只用作定語(yǔ)的形容詞,一、,表示相對(duì)關(guān)系的形容詞,,former
29、,以前的,從前的,latter,后期的,后半的,,inner,內(nèi)部的,里面的,outer,外部的,外面的,,upper,上部的,上游的,lower,下部的,下游的,,elder,年歲較大的,eldest,最年長(zhǎng)的,,indoor,室內(nèi)的,屋內(nèi)的,outdoor,室外的,屋外的,,inside,里面的,內(nèi)側(cè)的,outside,外面的,外側(cè)的,,upstairs,樓上的,downstairs,樓下的,,【,注,】,inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs,等既可用作形容詞也可用作副詞。用于形容詞時(shí),只用于名詞前作定語(yǔ);若用作副詞,則可用與名詞后作狀語(yǔ),),。,,習(xí)
30、慣上只用作定語(yǔ)的形容詞,二、,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)意義的形容詞,,Mere,僅僅的,very,極端的,,Outright,完全的,thorough,十足的,,Plain,完全的,complete,徹底的,,Pure,完全的,perfect,全然的,,【,注,】,若用于其他意義,有的可用作表語(yǔ),如,plain,表示“明白的”、“普通的”等均可用作表語(yǔ);,perfect,表示“完美的”、“完備的”、“準(zhǔn)確的”等,也可用作表語(yǔ)。,,習(xí)慣上只用作定語(yǔ)的形容詞,三、,表示度量的復(fù)合形容詞,,,three-year-old,3,歲大的,120-page,120,頁(yè)的,,,five-year,5,年的,,,若用作表語(yǔ)或
31、后置定語(yǔ),則不用連字符,:,,She has,a five-year-old son,.,,她有一個(gè),5,歲的兒子。,,Her son is,five years old,.,她的兒子五歲。,,She has a son,five years old.,,她有一個(gè),5,歲的孩子。,習(xí)慣上只用作定語(yǔ)的形容詞,,四、某些與時(shí)間有關(guān)的形容詞,,daily,每日的,everyday,每日的,,monthly,每月的,present,現(xiàn)在的,,Last,剛過(guò)去的,existing,現(xiàn)在的,,【,注,】,若用于其他意義,有的也可以用作表語(yǔ),如,present,表示“出席”、“在場(chǎng)”時(shí),只用作表語(yǔ)。,習(xí)慣上
32、只用作表語(yǔ)的形容詞,,表語(yǔ)形容詞即指只用作表語(yǔ)的形容詞,這類形容詞通常用于連系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ),不能用于名詞前作定語(yǔ),,當(dāng)然若是語(yǔ)境需要,它們可用于名詞后作后置定語(yǔ)或用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),因?yàn)閺哪撤N意義上說(shuō),后置定語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)在本質(zhì)上相當(dāng)于表語(yǔ),如:,,a girl,afraid,of dogs = a girl who is afraid of dogs,怕狗的女孩,,I found her,afraid of dogs,. = I found that she was afraid of dogs.,我發(fā)現(xiàn)她怕狗,,習(xí)慣上只用作表語(yǔ)的形容詞,,下面是幾類典型的表語(yǔ)形容詞:,,,一、某些以,a-,開(kāi)
33、頭的形容詞,,afraid,害怕的,alike,相同的,,alive,活著的,alone,單獨(dú)的,,ashamed,羞愧的,asleep,睡著的,,awake,醒著的,aware,意識(shí)到的,,,這類形容詞有些不能用,very,修飾,若要加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,可改用其他方式:,,誤:,very asleep, very awake, very alone, etc,,正:,fast [sound] asleep, wide [fully] awake, all alone,,習(xí)慣上只用作表語(yǔ)的形容詞,,有些可用,very much,修飾:,very much afraid (alike, ashamed,
34、awake, alive, alone),,,在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中,有個(gè)別的也可用,very,修飾:,very afraid, very ashamed,,另外,若表語(yǔ)形容詞本身帶有修飾語(yǔ),則也可用于名詞前作定語(yǔ):,,the fast asleep children,熟睡的孩子,,a really alive student,真正活躍的學(xué)生,習(xí)慣上只用作表語(yǔ)的形容詞,二、,某些表示健康的形容詞,,fine,健康的,ill,有病的,,poorly,健康欠佳的,well,身體健康的,,【,注,】,以上詞語(yǔ)若不是表示以上意思,則可用作定語(yǔ):,fine weather,好天氣,,ill news,壞消息,習(xí)慣
35、上只用作表語(yǔ)的形容詞,,三、某些描述感覺(jué)或心情的形容詞,,glad,高興的,pleased,高興的,,sorry,難過(guò)的,upset,心煩意亂的,,content,滿意的,,【,注,】,若用于其他意思,則可用作定語(yǔ),如,glad,表示“,(,感到,),高興的”時(shí),只用作表語(yǔ);若表示“令人高興的”,則只用作定語(yǔ),(glad news,好消息,),。,,習(xí)慣上只用作表語(yǔ)的形容詞,,(4),其他表語(yǔ)形容詞:,,certain,確信的,一定的,sure,確信的,一定的,,due,到期的,應(yīng)得的,fond,喜歡的,溫柔的,,ready,準(zhǔn)備好的,愿意的,unable,不能,…,的,,【,注,】,若用于其
36、他意義,有的也可用作定語(yǔ),如,certain,表示“可靠的”時(shí),可用作定語(yǔ):,certain evidence,可靠的證據(jù),;,表示“某”時(shí),只能用作定語(yǔ):,a certain person,某人,,英語(yǔ)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成方法,一、用分詞等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞,,1.,用過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成,。如:,,a candle-lit table,一張點(diǎn)著蠟燭的桌子,,a horse-drawn cart,一 輛馬車,,a self-employed author,非專業(yè)作家,,a tree-lined avenue,三股車道的大路,,2.,用現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成,。如:,,long-suffering parents,長(zhǎng)
37、期受苦的父母,,a time-consuming job,費(fèi)時(shí)的工作,英語(yǔ)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成方法,3.,用看上去像分詞而實(shí)際上是由“名詞加,-ed”,合成的詞構(gòu)成。如:,,cross-eyed,內(nèi)斜視的,,hard-hearted,無(wú)情的,,open-minded,頭腦開(kāi)通的,,quick-witted,機(jī)敏的,,slow-footed,腳步慢的,英語(yǔ)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成方法,二、表示度量等的復(fù)合形容詞,,,基數(shù)詞可與名詞,(,一般用單數(shù),),構(gòu)成復(fù)合形容詞表示時(shí)間、度量等,。如:,,1.,年齡,,a three-year-old building,一座有,3,年之久的建筑物,,a twenty-y
38、ear-old man,一位,20,歲的男子,,2.,面積,/,體積,/,容積,,a sixty-acre farm,一個(gè)占有,60,英畝的農(nóng)場(chǎng),,a two-litre car,汽缸容量為,2,公升的小汽車,,a five-litre can,一個(gè)五公升的桶,英語(yǔ)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成方法,,3.,持續(xù)時(shí)間,,a four-hour meeting,歷時(shí),4,小時(shí)的會(huì)議,,a two-day conference,為期兩天的會(huì)議,,4.,長(zhǎng)度,/,深度,/,高度,,a twelve-inch ruler,一把,12,英寸的尺子,,a four-foot ladder,一個(gè)四英尺長(zhǎng)的梯子,,a te
39、n-story building,一座,10,層高的樓,英語(yǔ)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成方法,5.,價(jià)格,,a $ 50 dress,一件值,50,美元的衣服,,a,£,90 000 house,一幢價(jià)值,9,萬(wàn)英磅的房子,,6.,時(shí)間,/,距離,,a five-day course,一個(gè)五天的療程,,ten two-hour lessons,十次兩小時(shí)的課,,a five-second pause,一次五秒鐘的停頓,,a three-hour journey,一次,3,小時(shí)的旅程,,a three-mile walk,三英里的一段步行,,a five-day week,一周五個(gè)工作日,英語(yǔ)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)
40、成方法,7.,重量,,a six-pound chicken,一只六磅重的雞,,a five-kilo bag of flour,一個(gè),5,公斤的面粉袋,,注:,序數(shù)詞也可以用于復(fù)合形容詞,,如:,,a first-rate film,一部一流的電影,,a second-hand car,一輛二手汽車,,a third-floor flat,一套在四層樓的公寓,英語(yǔ)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成方法,三、用前綴和后綴構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞,,復(fù)合形容詞可由各種前綴和后綴構(gòu)成,,如:,,1. badly-,,badly-paid workers,低工資的工人,,a badly-lighted room,光線不好的房
41、間,,2. good-,,good-humoured,情緒很好的,,good-tempered,脾氣很好的,,good-natured,天性善良的,英語(yǔ)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成方法,3. hard-,,hard-faced,板著面孔的,,hard-headed,冷靜的,理智的,,4. heart-,,heart-breaking,讓人心碎的,,heartfelt,由衷的,,heart-to-heart,推心置腹的,,heart-warming,令人高興的,英語(yǔ)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成方法,5. light-,,light-fingered,愛(ài)小偷小摸的,,light-headed,頭暈,,light-hear
42、ted,心情輕松的,,6. long-,,long-lived,長(zhǎng)壽的,,long-running,持續(xù)很久的,,7. low-,,low-cut,領(lǐng)口開(kāi)得很低的,英語(yǔ)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成方法,8. newly-,,newly married,新婚的,newly-built,新建的,,9. well-,,well-founded,有根據(jù)的,,well-informed,消息靈通的,,well-intentioned,用心良苦的,,well-meant,好心,,well-read,學(xué)識(shí)淵博的,英語(yǔ)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成方法,其他如:,,tax-free,免稅的,,loose-fitting,寬松的,,Wa
43、terproof,不透水的,,fire-resistant,耐火的,,car-sick,暈車的,,tight-lipped,嘴緊的,,vacuum-sealed,真空封閉的,,airtight,密閉的,靜態(tài)形容詞與動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞,,,靜態(tài)形容詞是指描述人或事物所固有或持久性質(zhì)的形容詞,動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞則是表示暫時(shí)狀態(tài)的形容詞。英語(yǔ)中的形容詞絕大部分是靜態(tài)的,只有少數(shù)是動(dòng)態(tài)的,。這兩種形容詞的區(qū)別是:,,一、,靜態(tài)形容詞不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),而動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞可以,。如:,,誤:,He is being beautiful.,,(beautiful,為靜態(tài)形容詞,),,正:,He is being nervous.
44、,他顯得很緊張。,靜態(tài)形容詞與動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞,,,二、,靜態(tài)形容詞不能用于主要?jiǎng)釉~為,be,的祈使句,而動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞可以,。如:,,誤:,Be tall. / Don’t be short. (tall,和,short,為靜態(tài)形容詞,),,正:,Be polite. / Don’t be rude.,有禮貌點(diǎn)。,/,不得無(wú)禮。,,三、,靜態(tài)形容詞不能用于,What he did was to be,這類句型后作表語(yǔ),而動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞可以,。如:,,誤:,What he did was to be tall. (tall,為靜態(tài)形容詞,),,正:,What he did was to be careful
45、.,,他所事的是就是要認(rèn)真。,靜態(tài)形容詞與動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞,,,四、靜態(tài)形容詞大多用于,It’s +,adj.,+ for …,結(jié)構(gòu),而動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞則大多可用于,It’s +,adj.,+ of sb …,結(jié)構(gòu)。,如:,,It was,difficult,for him to finish it in time.,,要他按時(shí)完成它有困難。,,It was,clever of,him to finish it in time.,,他很聰明,按時(shí)完成了它。,靜態(tài)形容詞與動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞,,五、,一些主動(dòng)性較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)境中可用動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞,但不用靜態(tài)形容詞。,如:,,誤:,You must be beautiful.,
46、(must,若表肯定推測(cè),此句則正確,),,正:,You must be careful.,你必須仔細(xì)。,,注:,通常可用于動(dòng)態(tài)的形容詞主要有,:,,brave,勇敢的,calm,冷靜的,careful,仔細(xì)的,,careless,粗心的,cheerful,高興的,clever,聰明的,,cruel,殘酷的,foolish,愚蠢的,friendly,友好的,,impatient,不耐煩,kind,友好的,naughty,淘氣的,,nervous,緊張的,noisy,吵鬧的,patient,有耐心的,,quiet,安靜的,serious,嚴(yán)肅的,shy,害羞的,,stupid,愚蠢的
47、 等等,。,as…as,結(jié)構(gòu)的幾點(diǎn)用法說(shuō)明,,1.,基本用法,,,該結(jié)構(gòu)的基本意思是“與,……,一樣”,其中接形容詞或副詞的原級(jí),在否定句中,第一個(gè),as,也可換成,so,。,如:,,He,doesn't,study,as [so] hard as,his brother.,他學(xué)習(xí)不如他弟弟努力。,,2.,涉及數(shù)量或程度的用法,,,若涉及數(shù)量或程度,可用“,as much+,不可數(shù)名詞,+as”,和“,as many+,可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),+as”,。如:,,He doesn’t pay,as much tax as,we do / as us.,,他沒(méi)我們交的稅款多。,,There
48、are not,as many restaurants,as there were.,,現(xiàn)在餐館沒(méi)有過(guò)去多了。,,as…as,結(jié)構(gòu)的幾點(diǎn)用法說(shuō)明,3.,有關(guān)詞序的一點(diǎn)說(shuō)明,,,其間接形容詞時(shí),有時(shí)該形容詞還可修飾另一名詞,但這個(gè)名詞應(yīng)帶有不定冠詞,(,注意詞序,),。如:,,I have,as good a voice as,you.,,我的聲音和你一樣好。,,as…as,結(jié)構(gòu)的幾點(diǎn)用法說(shuō)明,,4.,該結(jié)構(gòu)的修飾語(yǔ),,,根據(jù)情況可用,(not) nearly, almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite, half, one-ten, twic
49、e, three times, 30 per cent,等修飾,并且這些修飾語(yǔ)必須置于第一個(gè),as,之前,而不能置于其后,。如:,,This room is,twice as large as,that one.,這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的兩個(gè)大。,,You’re not,half as clever as,you think you are.,,你遠(yuǎn)不是自己想像的那么聰明。,,It took,three times as long as,I had expected.,,這件事比我預(yù)料的多花了兩倍的時(shí)間,,as good as,的用法,,as good as,用于字面義,表示“與,……,一樣好”,
50、若用作習(xí)語(yǔ),則表示“幾乎”“無(wú)異于”“實(shí)際上”。,如:,,Is he as good as her at chess?,,他下棋也像她下得一樣好嗎,?,,He,as good as,said I'm a liar.,,他無(wú)異于說(shuō)我撒謊。,,The matter is,as good as,settled.,,這事等于解決了。,,,as good as,的用法,,另外,還有以下習(xí)慣搭配,其翻譯不能隨便從字面來(lái)理解:,,(as) good as a play,非常有趣,,(as) good as gold,表現(xiàn)很好的,,(as) good as new,完好如新,,as good as one’s
51、 word,守信,,as good as pie,很好的,可愛(ài)的,討人喜歡,,談?wù)?alive,的用法,,,1.,關(guān)于比較等級(jí)的使用,,,表示“活著的”、“在世的”,其反義詞是,dead (,死的,),;沒(méi)有比較等級(jí)的變化。但表示“有活力的”、“活潑的”等義時(shí),可以有比較等級(jí)的變化,且通常要加,more, most,構(gòu)成。,如:,,My grandfather is,more alive,than a lot of young people.,,我爺爺比許多年輕人還有生氣。,,談?wù)?alive,的用法,,,2.,關(guān)于用作定語(yǔ),,通常不放在名詞前作定語(yǔ),但可作作表語(yǔ)或后置定語(yǔ),。,,He mus
52、t be still,alive,.,她一定還活著。,,He’s the happiest man,alive,.,他在世界上最幸福的人。,,Although he is old, he is,very much alive,.,,雖然他很老了,但還很有生氣。,,注意:但是若本身帶有修飾語(yǔ),則可以用作前置定語(yǔ),:,,a really alive,student,一個(gè)十分活躍的學(xué)生,,a really alive town,一個(gè)十分熱鬧市鎮(zhèn),談?wù)?alive,的用法,,,,除用作表語(yǔ)和有時(shí)用作定語(yǔ)外,,alive,有時(shí)還用作狀語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ),。如:,,He was buried,alive,.,他被活
53、埋了。,,The spy was caught,alive,.,特務(wù)被活捉了。,,I’m afraid he can’t come back,alive,.,,恐怕他不能活著回來(lái),,談?wù)?alive,的用法,,,3.,關(guān)于修飾語(yǔ)的使用,,,一般不用,very,修飾,但可用,much, very much, all,等修飾,。如:,,He is (very),much alive.,他非?;钴S。,,The city was,all alive,when we arrived.,,我們到達(dá)時(shí),城里非常熱鬧。,,但是當(dāng),alive (to),表示“意識(shí)到”,(=aware of),時(shí),可用,very
54、,修飾,。如:,,He is,very alive to,the danger.,,他完全意識(shí)到了這危險(xiǎn)。,,談?wù)?alive,的用法,,,4.,用于搭配,be alive with,,該習(xí)語(yǔ)意為“充滿”、“到處是”。,如:,,The woods are alive with birds.,,樹林中到處是鳥。,,The street was alive with people.,,街上擠滿了人。,,The sky was alive with stars.,滿天星斗。,談?wù)?alive,的用法,,,5. alive, living, live,的區(qū)別,,三者均可表示“活著”,但用法有區(qū)別:,,
55、(1),alive,通常不放在名詞前作定語(yǔ),(,可用作表語(yǔ)或后置定語(yǔ),),,但是本身有修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),可用作前置定語(yǔ)等,;,主要用于人或動(dòng)物。,,(2),living,可用作表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ),可用于人或物,。如:,,Both plants and animals are,living things,.,,動(dòng)植物都是生物。,,My first English teacher is still,living,?,,我的英語(yǔ)啟蒙老師還健在。,,English is,a living language,.,英語(yǔ)是一門活生生的語(yǔ)言。,談?wù)?alive,的用法,,,,從含義上看,alive,與,living,都可表示
56、“活著”,含義很接近,只要句法適合,兩者有時(shí)可互換。,如:,,the greatest scientist alive = the greatest living scientist,,依然健在的當(dāng)代最偉大的科學(xué)家,,Are your grandparents still alive [living]?,,你祖父母還健在嗎,?,,談?wù)?alive,的用法,,,若要嚴(yán)格區(qū)分,兩者仍有差別。如:,,,living,側(cè)重指“健在”或“尚在人間”,而,alive,則側(cè)重指生與死的“界限”:,,In the car accident the mother was killed, but her two-
57、year-old son was found alive.,在這次車禍中,母親死了,但是她兩歲的兒子卻還活著。,,(,3)live,只用作定語(yǔ),(,前置,),,主要用于動(dòng)物、植物等,(,一般不用于人,),。,如:,,He bought some,live fish,.,他買了幾條活魚。,,Only a few,live trees,were left after the fire.,,火災(zāi)之后只剩下幾棵樹還活著。,-ed,形容詞與,-ing,形容詞的用法區(qū)別,1.,以后綴,-ed,結(jié)尾的形容詞,(,如,ashamed, delighted, excited, frightened, inter
58、ested, moved, pleased, surprised, worried,等,),通常用于說(shuō)明人,不用于說(shuō)明事物,即使它們所修飾的名詞是事物,那它們指的也是與該事物相關(guān)的人,。如:,,He had a pleased smile on his face.,,他臉上露出了滿意的微笑。,,He told me the news in a very excited voice.,他告訴了我這個(gè)消息,聲音很激動(dòng)。,,第一句中的,a pleased smile,意為“滿意的微笑”,它指的是某人因感到滿意發(fā)出的微笑;第二句中的,excited voice,指的是“激動(dòng)的聲音”,即指的是帶有這種聲
59、音的某人感到激動(dòng)。,,-ed,形容詞與,-ing,形容詞的用法區(qū)別,2.,以后綴,-ing,結(jié)尾的形容詞,(,如,delighting, exciting, frightening, interesting, moving, surprising, worrying,等,),主要用于說(shuō)明事物,表示事物的性質(zhì)或特征,若用它們說(shuō)明人,則表示此人具有此性質(zhì)或特征。,如,,The story is very interesting.,,這個(gè)故事很有趣。,,The man is very interesting.,這個(gè)人很有趣。,Comprehensive Exercises,1. Norway is
60、one of ________European countries with a large land area than Britain, Ireland or Italy.,,as big B. the biggest,,C. so big D. the bigger,,2. I can’t pay ________as he asked for.,,a as high price B. as a high price,,C. as high price D. as hi
61、gh a price,,3. —Are you satisfied with Jack’s job?,,—Not in the least. It couldn’t be ________.,,so bad B. any worse,,C. much better D. the best,Comprehensive Exercises,4. During the ________, he enjoyed a good primary education.,,first few happy years abroad,,B. first happy
62、 few years abroad,,C. happy first few abroad years,,D. first abroad few happy years,,5.Don’t worry about me. I’ll forget it ________.,,for long B. sooner,,C. any longer D. in time,Comprehensive Exercises,6. —Would you like some wine?,,—I don’t drink wine as a rule, but I
63、don’t mind a glass ________.,,at any time B. once in a while,,C. more or less D. all the time,,7. The guests are ________friends of the film star.,,A. mostly B. almost,,C. at most D. most of all,,Comprehensive Exercises,8 . He will pass two
64、 milestones ________, that is, he will receive his master’s degree and find a challenging job.,,long ago B. not long ago,,C. before long D. long before,,9. —What a pity! I’ve not got a ticket for the football match.,,—Don’t worry. It’ll be broadcast ________.,,A. liv
65、e B. lively C. alive D. living,Comprehensive Exercises,,10. —What’s wrong?—Nothing serious. I’m just ________busy.,,A. much B. more,,C. too much D. far too,,11. The little boy isn’t getting on well in maths and worse still, he is even unwilling to go to school. With her son ________, she feels very ________.,,disappointing,;,worrying,,,B. disappointing,;,worried,,C. disappointed,;,worried,,D.,,disappointed,;,worrying,Self-distrust is the cause of most of our failures,!,The End!,
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