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1、單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),*,函數(shù)的零點(diǎn),濰坊濱海中學(xué) 袁延花,請(qǐng)你先想一個(gè)問(wèn)題。,已知二次函數(shù),y,=,x,2,x,6,,試問(wèn),x,取哪些值時(shí),,y,=0,?,求使,y,=0,的,x,值,也就是,求二次方程,x,2,x,6=0,的所有根,.,解此方程得,x,1,=,2,,,x,2,=3,。,這就是說(shuō),當(dāng),x,=,2,或,x,=3,時(shí),這個(gè)函數(shù)的函數(shù)值,y,=0,。,畫出這個(gè)函數(shù)的,簡(jiǎn)圖,從圖象上可以,看出,它與,x,軸相交于,兩點(diǎn),(,2,,,0),、,(3,,,0),。,這兩點(diǎn)把,x,軸分成三個(gè)區(qū)間,(,,,2),、,(,2,,,3
2、),、,(3,,,+),。,當(dāng),x,(,,,2),時(shí),,y,0,;當(dāng),x,(,2,,,3),時(shí),,y,0.,二次方程,x,2,x,6=0,的根,2,,,3,常稱作函數(shù),y,=,x,2,x,6,的零點(diǎn)。在坐標(biāo)系中表示,圖象與,x,軸的公共點(diǎn),是,(,2,,,0),、,(3,,,0),。,零點(diǎn)的定義,:,一般地,如果函數(shù),y,=,f,(,x,),在實(shí)數(shù),處的值等于,0,,即,f,(,)=0,,則,叫做這個(gè)函數(shù)的零點(diǎn)。在坐標(biāo)系中表示圖象與,x,軸的公共點(diǎn)是,(,,,0),。,我們知道,對(duì)于,二次函數(shù),y,=,ax,2,+,bx,+,c,:,當(dāng),=,b,2,4,ac,0,時(shí),方程,ax,2,+,bx,
3、+,c,=0,有兩個(gè)不相等的實(shí)數(shù)根,這時(shí)說(shuō)二次函數(shù),y,=,ax,2,+,bx,+,c,有,兩個(gè)零點(diǎn),;,當(dāng),=,b,2,4,ac,=0,時(shí),方程,ax,2,+,bx,+,c,=0,有兩個(gè)相等的實(shí)數(shù)根,這時(shí)說(shuō)二次函數(shù),y,=,ax,2,+,bx,+,c,有一個(gè),二重的零點(diǎn),或說(shuō)有,二階零點(diǎn),;,當(dāng),=,b,2,4,ac,0,時(shí),方程,ax,2,+,bx,+,c,=0,沒(méi)有實(shí)數(shù)根,這時(shí)說(shuō)二次函數(shù),y,=,ax,2,+,bx,+,c,沒(méi)有零點(diǎn),;,考慮函數(shù),是否有零點(diǎn),是研究函數(shù)性質(zhì)和精確地畫出函數(shù)圖象的重要一步。,例如求出,二次函數(shù)的零點(diǎn),及其圖象的,頂點(diǎn)坐標(biāo),,就能確定二次函數(shù)的一些,主要性質(zhì)
4、,,并能,粗略地畫出函數(shù)的簡(jiǎn)圖,。,另外,我們還能,從二次函數(shù)的圖象看到二次函數(shù)零點(diǎn),的性質(zhì):,(,1,)當(dāng)函數(shù)圖象通過(guò)零點(diǎn),且穿過(guò),x,軸時(shí),,,函數(shù)值變號(hào),。如上例,函數(shù),y,=,x,2,x,6,的圖象在零點(diǎn),2,的左邊時(shí),函數(shù)值取正號(hào),當(dāng)它通過(guò)第一個(gè)零點(diǎn),2,時(shí),函數(shù)值由正變?yōu)樨?fù),再通過(guò)第二個(gè)零點(diǎn),3,時(shí),函數(shù)值又由負(fù)變正。,(,2,)兩個(gè)零點(diǎn)把,x,軸分成三個(gè)區(qū)間:,(,,,2),、,(,2,,,3),、,(3,,,+),,,在每個(gè)區(qū)間上,所有函數(shù)值,保持同號(hào),。,例,1.,求函數(shù),y,=,x,3,2,x,2,x,+2,的零點(diǎn),并畫出它的圖象。,解:因?yàn)?x,3,2,x,2,x,+2=
5、,x,2,(,x,2),(,x,2),=(,x,2)(,x,+1)(,x,1).,所以函數(shù)的零點(diǎn)為,1,,,1,,,2.,3,個(gè)零點(diǎn)把,x,軸分成,4,個(gè)區(qū)間:,(,,,1),、,(,1,,,1),、,(1,,,2),、,(2,,,+),。,在這四個(gè)區(qū)間內(nèi),取,x,的一些值,以及零點(diǎn),列出這個(gè)函數(shù)的對(duì)應(yīng)值表:,x,1.5,1,0.5,0,0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,y,4.38,0,1.88,2,1.13,0,0.63,0,2.63,在直角坐標(biāo)系內(nèi)描點(diǎn)連線,這個(gè)函數(shù)的圖象如圖所示。,例,2,求函數(shù),f,(,x,)=,x,3,x,的零點(diǎn),并畫出它的圖象。,解:,x,3,x,=,x,(,x,+
6、1)(,x,1),,令,f,(,x,)=0,,即,x,(,x,+1)(,x,1)=0,,,解得,x,1,=0,,,x,2,=,1,,,x,3,=1,,所以函數(shù),y,=,f,(,x,),的零點(diǎn)有三個(gè),為,1,,,0,,,1,,,這三個(gè)點(diǎn)把,x,軸分成四個(gè)區(qū)間,,(,,,1),、,(,1,,,0),、,(0,,,1),、,(1,,,+),,在這四個(gè)區(qū)間中取一些,x,的值,列出函數(shù)的對(duì)應(yīng)值表:,x,1.5,1,0.5,0,0.5,1,1.5,y,1.875,0,0.375,0,0.375,0,1.875,在直角坐標(biāo)系中描點(diǎn)作圖得到圖象。,f,(,x,)=,x,3,x,例,3,若方程,7,x,2,(,
7、k,+13),x,+,k,2,k,2=0,的兩實(shí)根分別在區(qū)間,(0,,,1),,,(1,,,2),內(nèi),則(),(,A,)(,B,),k,4,(,C,),1,k,1,或,3,k,4,(,D,),2,k,1,或,3,k,4,解:函數(shù),f,(,x,)=7,x,2,(,k,+13),x,+,k,2,k,2,的圖象是開口向上的拋物線,兩個(gè)零點(diǎn)分別在,(0,,,1),,,(1,,,2),內(nèi),所以由圖象可知,函數(shù),y,=,f,(,x,),滿足,,即 ,,解得,,所以,2,k,1,或,3,k,4,,選,D,。,例,4,已知,m,R,,函數(shù),f,(,x,)=,m,(,x,2,1)+,x,a,恒有零點(diǎn),求實(shí)數(shù),a
8、,的取值范圍。,解:(,1,)當(dāng),m,=0,時(shí),,f,(,x,)=,x,a,=0,解得,x,=,a,恒有解,此時(shí),a,R,;,(,2,)當(dāng),m,0,時(shí),,f,(,x,)=0,,即,mx,2,+,x,m,a,=0,恒有解,,1,=1+4,m,2,+4,am,0,恒成立,,令,g,(,m,)=4,m,2,+4,am,+1,,,g,(,m,)0,恒成立,,2,=16,a,2,160,,解得,1,a,1,。,綜上所述知,當(dāng),m,=0,時(shí),,a,R,;,m,0,時(shí),,1,a,1,。,例,5,方程,x,2,+(,m,2),x,+5,m,=0,的兩根都大于,2,,求實(shí)數(shù),a,的取值范圍。,解:令,f,(,x,)=,x,2,+(,m,2),x,+5,m,,要使,f,(,x,)=0,的兩根都大于,2,,則應(yīng)滿足,解得,所以,即,5,m,4.,