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2019-2020年高中英語語法專題復(fù)習(xí) 專題十四 主謂一致和倒裝教案 一、考點聚焦 1、語法形式上的一致 主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 The number of students in our school is 1,700. Mary and Kelly look alike. 2、意義上一致 （1）主語形式雖為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 The crowd were runing for their lives. 單數(shù)形式代表復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容的詞有people、police、cattle等。 （2）主語形式為復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上卻是單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。The news is very exciting. 形復(fù)意單的單詞有new、works（工廠）、means和以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱physics、poli-tics、economics等。 3、就近原則。即謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語。如果連詞or、either … or、neither … nor、not only … but also等連接的并列主語，如果一個是單數(shù)，一個是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞與靠近它的主語一致。 Either you or I am mad. 4、應(yīng)注意的若干問題 （1）名詞作主語。 ①某些集體名詞如family、team等作主語時，如果作為一個整體看待，謂語用單數(shù)，反之用復(fù)數(shù)。 My family is going out for a trip. The whole family are watching TV. 這類詞常有audience、class club、mittee、pany、crew、crowd、enemy、government、group、party、public、team等。 Population和“a group(crowd)of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”也適用于這種情況，強調(diào)整體用單數(shù)，強調(diào)各個部分用復(fù)數(shù)。 ②某些集體名詞如people、police、cattle、oxen只當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待，謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。 ③單、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)意義決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。 A sheep is over there. Some sheep are over there. ④名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略，這種情況一般只指商店、工場、住宅等；作主語時，動詞一般用單數(shù)。My uncle’s is not for from here. 常見的省略名詞有the baker’s 、the barbar’s、the Zhang’s等。 表示店鋪的名詞一般作集體名詞看待，但用作主語時，謂語動詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)。如： Richardson’s have a lot of old goods to sell. ⑤當(dāng)名詞詞組中心詞為表示度量、距離、金額、時間、書名等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，往往可以根據(jù)意義一致的原則，把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看作一個整體，謂語用單數(shù)。 Thirty years has passed. Five minutes is enough to finish the task. ⑥不定代詞each、every、no所修飾的名詞即使以and或逗號連接成多主語時，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如： Each boy and each girl in my class has a dictionary. ⑦如果主語有more than one … 或many a … 構(gòu)成，盡管從意義上 看是復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容，但它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 More than one student has seen the play. Many a boy has bought that kind of toy. 但是，“more + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + than one”結(jié)構(gòu)之后，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。 ⑧一些由兩個部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語時，謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如glasses、clothes、trousers、shoes、passes、chopsticks、scissors等。 但如果主語用a kind of、a pair of、a series of等加名詞構(gòu)成時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。 A pair of shoes was on the desk. ⑨t(yī)his kind of book = a book of this kind(這種書)，其謂語動詞；短語this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men(口語)（這一類人），但this kind of men的謂語用單數(shù)，men of this kind和these kind of men的謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，all kinds of后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： This kind of men is dangerous. Men of theis kind/sort are dangerous. ⑩復(fù)數(shù)形式的單、復(fù)數(shù)同形名詞作主語時，按意義一致的原則，用作單數(shù)意義時，謂語用單數(shù)，反之，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。這類名詞有means、works、species(種類)、Chinese、Japanese等。當(dāng)它們的前面有 a、such a、this、that修飾時，謂語用單數(shù)；有all、such、these、those修飾時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。 如果名詞詞組中心詞是all、most、half、rest等詞語，所指是復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，反之用單數(shù)。 All of my students work hard. All of the oil is gone. 在主謂倒裝的句子中，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。如： Between the two windows hangs an oil painting. （2）由連接詞連接的名詞作主語。 ①用and或both … and 連接并列主語，謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但如果并列主語指的是同一個人，同一事物或同一概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，這時and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。 Truth and honesty is the best policy. To love and to be loved is the great happiness. Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit. A knife and fork is on the table. ②當(dāng)主語后面跟有as well as、as much as、no less than、along with、with、like、rather than、together with、but、except、besides、including、in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時，采取“就遠原則”。 ③以or、either … or、neigher … nor、not only … but also等連接的詞作主語時，采取“就近原則”。 （3）代詞作主語。 ①名詞型物主代詞連接的動詞，既可以用單數(shù)，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)，這取決于它所代替的是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。 Ours (Our Party) is a great Party. Your shoes are white, mine (= my shoes) are black. ②such、the same起指示代詞作用時，應(yīng)根據(jù)其所指的內(nèi)容來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。 Such is our plan. Such are his last words. ③關(guān)系代詞who、that、which等在定語從句中作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。 ④疑問詞who、what、which作主語時，謂語動詞可根據(jù)說話人所要表達的意思決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。 Who lives next door? It is Xiao Liu. Who lives next door? It is Wang and Li. ⑤不定代詞any、either、neither、none、all、some、more等作主語時，要注意下列情況： （A）單獨作主語時，視其在文中的意義，動詞可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式。Now all has been changed. All are present.（B）其后接of時，若of的賓語為不可數(shù)名詞，動詞用單數(shù)形式；若of的賓語為復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞時，動詞可以是單數(shù)，也可以是復(fù)數(shù)；在正式文體中，單數(shù)形式的動詞更常用。Do (es) any of you know about the accident? None of us has (have) seen the film. （4）分數(shù)、量詞作主語。 ①“分數(shù)或百分數(shù) +　名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時，其謂語動詞要與短語中of后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致，這是因為短語中后面的名詞是中心詞，而短語中前面的量詞是修飾語。如： Lots of damage was caused by flood. A number of students have gone to the countryside. A large quantity of people is needed here. Quantities of food (nuts) were still on the table. ②a great deal of、a large amount of修飾不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)；large amounts of修飾不可數(shù)名詞，其短語作主語時，謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。 ③表示數(shù)量的one and a half后，名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但是其短語作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 One and a half apples is left on the table. ④half of、(a)part of修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及不可數(shù)名詞時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 (5)名詞化的形容詞作主語。 如果主語由“the + 形容詞（或分詞）”結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任時，謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)。這類詞有the rich、the poor、the brave、the injured、the living、the wounded等。如表抽象的也可以用單數(shù)，如the unknown、the beautiful等。 （6）從句作主語。 ①由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)，但所指的具體內(nèi)容是復(fù)數(shù)意義時，謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 What we need is more money. What we need are more people/teachers. ②在“one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + who/that/which”引導(dǎo)的從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞who/that/which的先行詞是靠近它的復(fù)數(shù)名詞而不是one，因此從句中的謂語動詞也應(yīng)該是復(fù)數(shù)形式。如one前有the only則用單數(shù)形式。 This is one of the most interesting stories that have been told by my father. She was the only one of the girls who was late for class today. （7）不定式、名動詞（短語）作主語用單數(shù)形式；There be句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于be后的第一個詞的數(shù)。 There is a book, two pens on the desk. There are two pens, a book on the desk. 5、倒裝句的要點復(fù)習(xí) （1）在以there、here、now、then、such引導(dǎo)的，引起人們注意的招呼句要倒裝。 There goes the bell. Here es the bus. （2）表示動態(tài)的狀語，置于句首時，句子要倒裝。 Off went the horse. In came the boss. From the speaker es the doctor’s voice. （3）表示地點的詞語置于句首或強調(diào)地點概念時。 South of the town lie two steel factories. Between the two buildings stands a tall tree. 注意：句子的主語為人稱代詞時，句子不倒裝。 Here it is. Away they went. （4）否定詞never、seldom、hardly、scarcely、barely、rarely、little、not、nowhere、by no means、at no time、neither、nor等放在句首時，句子常倒裝。如： By no means shall we give up. Never have I been to the USA. Seldom does she get up late in the morning. （5）在not only … but also … no sooner … than …、hardly … when …、scarcely … when …、not until …、so … that …、such … that …句型中，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝，但要注意：neither … nor … 連接的句子前后兩個分句都要倒裝。 Not only is she smart but also she is beautiful. Such great progress did he make that he was praised. So heavy is the box that I can’t carry it. Neither has he a pencil, nor has he a pen. （6）Only + 狀語或狀語從句 +其他（only在句首時要倒裝）。 Only then did I realize the importance of learning English. （7）so、neither、nor放在句首時，表示前面的情況也適用于另一個人或物時，用部分倒裝。 （8）表語或狀語或動詞原形 + as/though + 主語 + 其他時，句子要倒裝。（在讓步狀語從句中） （9）虛擬語氣中用倒裝代替if。 Were I you, I would go there at once. Had you e yesterday, you could have helped us. （10）在一些表示祝愿的句子中。 Long live China! 二、精典名題導(dǎo)解 選擇填空 1.—Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _________to go to university. —So do I. (上海 xx) A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped 解析：答案為B。本題考查主謂一致中的意義一致原則，不定代詞either、neither、each、one、the other、another以及所有的復(fù)合不定代詞作主語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)意義一致的原則采用單數(shù)形式，排除A。選項C是非謂語動詞的一種，不能單獨作謂語，亦應(yīng)排除。根據(jù)答語中的時態(tài)又可排除選項D。 2. The number of people invited _________ fifty, but a number of them __________ absent for different reasons.（NMET 1996） A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were 解析：答案為C。本題考查the number of和a number of 的區(qū)別。“the number of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞/代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的中心詞是number,“a number of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞/代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的中心詞是of后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞，故謂語動詞分別用單、復(fù)數(shù)。解題關(guān)鍵在于仔細區(qū)分哪個是真正的主語。 3.—David has made great progress recently. —_______, and __________.(上海 1997) A. So he has; so you have B. So he has; so have you C. So has he; so have you D. So has he; so you have 解析：答案為B。 本題考查倒裝知識?！癝o + 主語 + 助動詞”表“確實如此”，“So + 助動詞 + 主語”表“也一樣。” 4.—I would never ever e to this restaurant again. The food is terrible! — . A. Nor am I B. Neither would I C. Same with me D. So do I 解析：答案為B。本題主要考倒裝，以so/nor/neither開頭的倒裝句子，在時態(tài)、語態(tài)、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞等謂語形式上，要盡可能與上文一致，故選B，排除A、D。如說“It’s the same with me”也可，但不能省略“the”。 5. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, visiting a museum when the earthquake struck. A. was B. were C. had been D. would be 解析：答案為A。本題考查主謂一致及時態(tài)知識，句子的主語是the teacher, 后面跟with結(jié)構(gòu)表補充說明，謂語應(yīng)該與最前面的主語，即the teacher一致，應(yīng)用單數(shù)，又因事情發(fā)生在地震的時候，因此應(yīng)該用過去進行時。 6. snacks and drinks, but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in forest. A. Not only they brought B. Not only did they bring C. Not only brought they D. Not only they did bring 解析：答案為B。此題考查倒裝句的用法not only…but等有否定意義的連詞及副詞位于句首，句子使用部分倒裝，故選B。