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1、n元音（20個）n長元音 /:/ /):/ / :/ /i:/ /U:/ n短元音 / /D/ / /I/ /u/ /e/ / /eI/ /aI/ /)I/ n雙元音 /I/ /e/ /u/ /u/ /au/ 輔音（28個）n輕輔音 濁輔音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ / /z/n輕輔音 / / h/ /ts/ /t/ /tr/ n濁輔音 / / r/ /dz/ /d/ /dr/ n鼻音 /m/ /n/ / n半元音 / j/ / w/ 邊音 / l/ n n = 名詞，noun的縮寫 n c = 可數(shù)名詞，countable noun的縮寫 n u = 不可數(shù)名詞，uncountable

2、 noun的縮寫n pl = 復數(shù)，plural的縮寫 n pron = 代名詞，pronoun的縮寫 n num = 數(shù)詞，numeral的縮寫n adj = 形容詞，adjective的縮寫 n v = 動詞，兼指及物動詞和不及物動詞，verb的縮寫 n vi = 不及物動詞，intransitive verb的縮寫 n vt = 及物動詞，transitive verb的縮寫 n aux.v = 助動詞 ，auxiliary的縮寫 n adv = 副詞，adverb的縮寫 n art = 冠詞，article的縮寫n conj = 連接詞 ，conjunction的縮寫 n prep =

3、 介系詞；前置詞，preposition的縮寫 n int = 感嘆詞，interjection的縮寫 n英語句子成分：n句子的組成部分包括主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、同位語七種。n 1主語是句子敘述的主體，可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動名詞和主語從句等來承擔。n謂語說明主語所發(fā)出的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語由動詞來承擔。n賓語是動作的對象或承受者，常位于及物動詞或介詞后面。賓語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動名詞、賓語從句等來擔任。 n主語和謂語是英語句子的兩大成分，除少數(shù)句子（如祈使句和感嘆句等）外，一句話必須同時具有主語和謂語所表達的意思才能完

4、整。主語是針對謂語而言的，是一句話的主題，謂語用來說明主語的情況，為主語提供信息。例如：They are working.主語是they(他們)，那么他們在做什么呢？看來沒有謂語are working 是不行的。在正常情況下，英語的主語和謂語的位置與漢語一致，也就是說主語在前，謂語緊跟其后。那么，哪些詞語可以做主語，謂語，何時主謂倒置，主語與謂語的一致情況如何，我將一一講述。 n主語 哪些詞可以充當主語n 1,名詞n A mooncake is a delicious, round cake.n 2,代詞n It is a young city.n I dont know if it will

5、 grow.n That is a bit expensive.n 3,數(shù)詞n One is not enough for me. I want one more.n Two will be enough. n 4,不定式 （常以 Its adj. to do sth. 形式出現(xiàn)）n例如： To give is better than to receive =Its better to give than to receive.n It was difficult to understand.n =To understand is difficult.n 5. there引起的There be

6、 句型中，be 作謂語，主語位居其后。如：n There are many different kinds of mooncakes.n There is a small hill in my village. 6. 動名詞Learning English is very interesting.7. 從句 What you need is enough practice in English study. Whether the meeting will be held is still a problem. 謂語必須由動詞充當，但動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞為非謂語動詞不能作謂語?？勺髦^語的動

7、詞一般為行為動詞(表動作)和連系動詞(表狀態(tài))，行為動詞根據(jù)其后是否可直接接賓語，又可分為及物動詞和不及物動詞 及物動詞作謂語We should help each other. 我們應該互相幫助。They respect one another. 他們互相尊重(對方)。All of the students like the novel. 所有這些學生都喜歡這本小說。Did you see many people there? 你在那兒看見許多人了嗎? 不及物動詞作謂語He left here yesterday. 他昨天離開這兒。Youre driving too fast. 你開車開得太

8、快了。He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于1988年9月出國 I worked in that factory when I as young. 賓語是行為動作的對象，一般可分為動詞賓語和介詞賓語，充當賓語的可以是名詞、代詞、動名詞、動詞不定式或整個句子。如：I like Chinese food. 我喜歡中國菜。I bought a ticket . I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你談話很高興。Have you finished dressing? 你衣服穿好了嗎?He certainly did not want

9、to join them. 他確實不想?yún)⒓铀麄兊幕顒印hey decided to study harder to make progress. We hoped that all would come well.We expected that you would stay for a few days. 中一個賓語多指人,另一個賓語指物,指人的賓語叫做間接賓語,指物的賓語叫做直接賓語,可以帶兩個賓語的動詞有 bring,give,show,send,pass,tell等。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面,如果強調(diào)直接賓語可把直接賓語放在間接賓語的前面, 但間接賓語前須加to。n My fa

10、ther bought me a book.n我父親給我買了一本書。n Give the rubber to me.n把橡皮給我。n Please give the letter to XiaoLi. n請把這封信給小李。 n有些及物動詞除跟一個賓語外，還需要加上賓語補足語,否則意思不完整,它們一起構(gòu)成復合賓語,復合賓語中賓語和后面的賓語補足語有一種邏輯上的主謂關系，這也是判斷是兩個賓語還是復合賓語的依據(jù),賓語可以由名詞或起名詞作用的詞擔任。n We all call him LaoWang.n我們都叫他老王。n Please color it red.n請給它涂上紅顏色。n We found

11、 the little girl in the hill.n我們在山上找到了小女孩。 用于描述名詞,代詞,短語或從句的性質(zhì),特征范圍等情況的詞叫做定語,定語可以由名詞,形容詞和起名詞和形容詞作用的詞,短語擔任。如果定語是單個詞,定語放在被修飾詞的前面,如果是詞組,定語放在被修飾詞的后面。 n That is a beautiful flower.n The girl under the tree is Kate. n Can you find out the answer to the question？ n Do you know the man who is standing next t

12、o Mr. Green? n The TV set made in that factory is very good. n Our country is a developing country. n表語 表語是用來說明主語的性質(zhì),身份,特征和狀態(tài)。表語須和連系動詞一起構(gòu)成句子的復合謂語。表語一般放在系動詞之后。表語可以由名詞,形容詞或起名詞和形容詞作用的詞和短語擔任。n These desks are yellow.n My work is teaching Englishn The dictionary is in the bag.n All you need do is to take

13、 a taxi from the airport. n My question is how you knew him. n狀語n 1、說明事物發(fā)生的時間,地點,原因,目的,結(jié)果方式,條件或伴隨情況,程度等情況的詞叫狀語。n 2、狀語的功用：狀語說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等。n 3、狀語一般由副詞、介詞短語、分詞和分詞短語、不定式或相當于副詞的詞或短語來擔當。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中，修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等 n A、副詞一般在句子中做狀語n He speaks English very well. 他英語說得非常好。n B、不定式在句子

14、中可以作目的狀語。n I come specially to see you.我專門來看你。n C、介詞短語n Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.n The boy was praised for his bravery.n D、從句作狀語n When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. n E. Finding the country very beautiful , she decided to stay another two days. n狀語從句： n時間狀語從句 （

15、when引導）n地點狀語從句 （where引導）n原因狀語從句 （because引導）n結(jié)果狀語從句 （so引導）n目的狀語從句 （to引導）n比較狀語從句 （than引導）n讓步狀語從句 （although引導）n條件狀語從句 （if引導） n E、分詞作狀語n Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper.n Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another. n補語n英語中補語的作用

16、對象是主語和賓語,具有鮮明的定語性描寫或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。補語是起補充說明作用的成份。最常見的是賓語補足語。名詞、動名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞都可以在句子中作賓補。n 1、主語補足語n主補結(jié)構(gòu)常用在被動句中。n 1.He was seen walking in the street. n 2、賓語的補語n 1.不定式(to do)n Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。n We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。n We made him

17、 copy the sentence.n He is made to copy the sentence.n 2.名詞n At the meeting we elected him monitor.n I think your brother a clever boy. n 3.形容詞n I found the classroom emptyn 4.副詞n Please call the students back at once.n He was seen to take his cap off.n 5.現(xiàn)在分詞n We hear him singing in the hall.n I fo

18、und him lying in bed, sleeping.n 6.過去分詞n He saw his face reflected in the water.n I heard it spoken of in the next room. n同位語 當兩個指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時，一個句子成分可被用來說明或解釋另一個句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位語（appositive）.這兩個句子成分多由名詞（代詞）擔任，同位語通常皆放在其說明的名詞（代詞）之后。n This is Miss Chen, our English teacher.n這是陳小姐，我們的英語老師。n We all li

19、ke sports.n I heard the news that our team had won我聽到了我們隊獲勝的消息。n注意：可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。 n句子結(jié)構(gòu) 簡單句：只包含一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）的句子，稱作簡單句。簡單句有以下5種基本句型：n S十V主謂結(jié)構(gòu)n S十V十F主系表結(jié)構(gòu)n S十V十O主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)n S十V十O1十O2 主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)n S十V十O十C 主謂賓補結(jié)

20、構(gòu)n（ There +be There lies a book on the desk. ）n說明：S主語；V謂語；P表語；O賓 n語；O1間接賓語；O2直接賓語；C賓語補足語 n五個基本句式詳細解釋如下：n 1 主語+ 不及物動詞 n例：He (主語）laughed(謂語動詞）.n My tooth aches. n 2 主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 n例：They（主語） enjoy（謂語動詞） the play（賓語）. n I met John in the street yesterday. n 3 主語 + 系動詞 + 表語 n例：He（主語） is（系動詞） out（表語）. n

21、 Jenny is fine. n It looks like rain, soon. n 4 主語 + 及物動詞 + 雙賓語 （就是 間接賓語和直接賓語）n例：He （主語）bought （謂語動詞） her（間接賓語） a watch （直接賓語）. n The sun gives us light. n注意：雙賓語一個指人（即間接賓語），另一個指物（即直接賓語）。一般間接賓語位于直接賓語的前面，有時它們也可交換位置，這是需要在間接賓語的前面加上介詞to 或for 。 n 5 主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 + 補足語 n例：She（主語） found（謂語動詞） him （賓語 )a ve

22、ry clever student（賓語補足語）. n I make it a rule to get up early in the morning. n注意：當賓語意思表達不完整時，需要用補足語補充說明賓語的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)等。用作賓語補足語的通常有名詞、形容詞、動詞不定式等。當謂語動詞為see, hear , watch, feel 等感官動詞或者let, have , make 等使役動詞時，如果不定式作賓語補足語，必須省略to。n例如：Let me (to) see. (to)要省去。 n英語常用句型 :n 1.肯定句; 2.否定句 ; 3.疑問句; n 4.反義疑問句; 5.簡單句; 6

23、.并列句;n 7.主從復合句n每一種句型又都是變化多樣得，不是一句話兩句話就能說清楚的。 簡單句(五個句型)n 1. S.+ v. (+A)句型n 2.S+V+O(+A)句型n 3.S+V+P句型n 4.S+V+O+OC句型n 5.S+V+InO+DO句型 簡單句(五個句型)n 1. S.+ v. (+A)句型n The moon rose.n The train leaves at 7.n 2.S+V+O(+A)句型n I know your name.n You must put all the toys upstairs. n 3.S+V+P句型n We are students.n W

24、e are hungry.n We feel happy.n 4.S+V+O+OC句型n They made him their monitor.n We keep our classroom clean and tidy.n 5.S+V+InO+DO句型n My father bought me a lot of books.n My grandmother gave me five yuan. n My grand mother gave five yuan to me. 五種句子的種類n 1.陳述句n 2.疑問句n 3.祈使句n 4.感嘆句n 5.There be 存在句 五種句子的種類

25、n 1.陳述句n I came here last night.n He isnt a worker.n He has no brother.n There goes the bell. 2.疑問句n Do you know him?n Didnt I tell you to come early?n How long will you stay here?n Are you a student or a teacher?n He is a writer, isnt it? 3.祈使句n Come and have a cup of tea.n Dont open the door.n Let

26、 me try.n Lets not have a rest. 4.感嘆句n How happy Jenny was!n How time flies.n What an interesting book it is!n What fine weather we have today. 5.There be 存在句n There are 48 students in our classroom.n There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk.n Are there any boats on the lake? 動詞的常見時態(tài)1一

27、般現(xiàn)在時（is/am/are do, does )3現(xiàn)在進行時(is/are doing)8過去完成時(had done)6 過去將來時(would do/was,were going to)5一般將來時(will do/is/are going to do)4過去進行時(was/were doing)2一般過去時(was/were, did)7現(xiàn)在完成時（has/have done) 動詞的語態(tài)n一般現(xiàn)在時：is/am/are+donen一般過去時:was/were+donen現(xiàn)在進行時:is/am/are+being+donen過去進行時:was/were+being+donen一般將來時

28、:will+be+donen過去將來時:would+be+donen現(xiàn)在完成時:have/has+been+donen過去完成時:had+been +done 簡單句(五個句型)n 1. S.+ v. (+A)句型n 2.S+V+O(+A)句型n 3.S+V+P句型n 4.S+V+O+OC句型n 5.S+V+InO+DO句型 簡單句(五個句型)n 1. S.+ v. (+A)句型n The moon rose.n The train leaves at 7.n 2.S+V+O(+A)句型n I know your name.n You must put all the toys upstair

29、s. n 3.S+V+P句型n We are students.n We are hungry.n We feel happy.n 4.S+V+O+OC句型n They made him their monitor.n We keep our classroom clean and tidy.n 5.S+V+InO+DO句型n My father bought me a lot of books.n My grandmother gave me five yuan. n My grand mother gave five yuan to me. 五種句子的種類n 1.陳述句n 2.疑問句n 3

30、.祈使句n 4.感嘆句n 5.There be 存在句 五種句子的種類n 1.陳述句n I came here last night.n He isnt a worker.n He has no brother.n There goes the bell. 2.疑問句n Do you know him?n Didnt I tell you to come early?n How long will you stay here?n Are you a student or a teacher?n He is a writer, isnt it? 3.祈使句n Come and have a cu

31、p of tea.n Dont open the door.n Let me try.n Lets not have a rest. 4.感嘆句n How happy Jenny was!n How time flies.n What an interesting book it is!n What fine weather we have today. 5.There be 存在句n There are 48 students in our classroom.n There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk.n Are the

32、re any boats on the lake? 動詞的常見時態(tài)1一般現(xiàn)在時（is/am/are do, does )3現(xiàn)在進行時(is/are doing)8過去完成時(had done)6 過去將來時(would do/was,were going to)5一般將來時(will do/is/are going to do)4過去進行時(was/were doing)2一般過去時(was/were, did)7現(xiàn)在完成時（has/have done) 動詞的語態(tài)n一般現(xiàn)在時：is/am/are+donen一般過去時:was/were+donen現(xiàn)在進行時:is/am/are+being+donen過去進行時:was/were+being+donen一般將來時:will+be+donen過去將來時:would+be+donen現(xiàn)在完成時:have/has+been+donen過去完成時:had+been +done