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2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ) 沖刺講義五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 1. 常用?？嫉膭?dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和用法：（以do為例） 名稱 構(gòu)成 用法 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) do/does,( 連系動(dòng)詞is/am/are ) 1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等。 2.主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí),時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。 I’ll go there after I finish my work. If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there. 3.在以here,there開(kāi)頭的句子里，go,e等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的一般在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 There goes the bell.鈴響了。 There es the bus.汽車(chē)來(lái)了。 Here she es.她來(lái)了。 一般過(guò)去時(shí) did,( 連系動(dòng)詞was/were) 表達(dá)特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，或過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) is/am/are doing 1.表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 2.表示按計(jì)劃安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。 He is working as a teacher tomorrow. 從明天起他要做老師。 My father is ing to see me this Saturday. 這個(gè)星期六我爸爸要來(lái)看我。 3.代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，描繪更加生動(dòng)。 The Changjiang River is flowing into the east. 長(zhǎng)江江水滾滾向東流。 The sun is rising in the east.太陽(yáng)從東方冉冉升起。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were doing 1.表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（這一過(guò)去時(shí)間須用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示） He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 2.表示動(dòng)作在另一過(guò)去動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行 They were still working when I left. 3.用在兩個(gè)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生 I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.表示過(guò)去將來(lái)動(dòng)作 He said she was arriving the next day. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) has/have done 1.表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，說(shuō)話時(shí)已 完成的動(dòng)作。 I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room. 2.表示從過(guò)去開(kāi)始，待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，往往 和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 He has learned English for six years. They have worked here since they left college. 3.表示“曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地（人已回來(lái)）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（還未回來(lái)）”用“have/has gone to”。 —Where is Li Hua? －He has gone to the reading-room. —She knows a lot about Shanghai. －She has been there. 4.短暫動(dòng)詞（即瞬間動(dòng)詞）， join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,e,arrive,die,marry, finish,plete,begin,start,break out等，在完成時(shí)態(tài) 中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。不能說(shuō)：He has joined the army for three years. 要翻譯“他已參軍已經(jīng)三年了?！笨刹捎? ①“ago法” He joined the army three years ago. ②“延續(xù)法” He has been in the army for three years. ③“since法” It is/has been three years since he joined the army. 過(guò)去完成時(shí) had done 1.表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。 He had shut the door before the dog came up. Everything had been all right up till this morning. 2.表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到 另一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。 At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等動(dòng)詞的 過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。 We had expected that you would be able to win the match. 將來(lái)完成時(shí) will/shall have done 用來(lái)表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻（前）將完成的動(dòng)作。常和by短 語(yǔ)，when,before引起的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) has/have been doing 用來(lái)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（還要繼續(xù)下 去）的動(dòng)作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00. 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) had been doing 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)刻才完成，還將繼續(xù)下去。 一般將來(lái)時(shí) will/shall do is/am/are going to do is/am/are（about）to do 一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和存在的狀況 （詳見(jiàn)下面2.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的特殊表達(dá)方式的比較） 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) would/should do was/were going to do was/were（about）to do 1.相對(duì)于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻而言即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) He told me he would go to Beijing.他告訴我他將去北京。 I was told that he was going to return home. 有人告訴我他準(zhǔn)備回家。 2. would do(表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣)總是,總會(huì),常常 He would sit silent for hours. 他常常接連好幾個(gè)小時(shí)默默地坐著。 2.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的特殊表達(dá)方式的比較 將來(lái)時(shí) 用 法 例 句 1 be + doing 進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái) go, e, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe? 2 be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形 表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close. 3 be to + 動(dòng)詞原形 表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn) We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. 4 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái) 時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái) The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening. 3.容易混淆的時(shí)態(tài)比較 項(xiàng) 目 區(qū) 別 例 句 一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或造成的結(jié)果 We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her? A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened 說(shuō)明：說(shuō)話者強(qiáng)調(diào)Jane 目前的狀況. Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. works (只說(shuō)明他過(guò)去當(dāng)過(guò)木匠不涉及到現(xiàn)在) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表達(dá)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài) Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here? A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been 說(shuō)明：didn’t know 強(qiáng)調(diào)見(jiàn)面前不知道 I read the novel last month. (只說(shuō)明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較 著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) I have read that book.我讀過(guò)那本書(shū)了。（知道那本書(shū)的內(nèi)容） 著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) —Hi, Tracy, you look tired. —I am tired. I _______ the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 說(shuō)明：強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的延續(xù) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out; es B. have just helped out; will e C. am just helping out; es D. will just help out; has e 說(shuō)明：指目前一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, until 引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,動(dòng)詞需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 — Hey, look where you are going! — Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. 說(shuō)明：對(duì)話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對(duì)方時(shí)正在做的事情. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較 一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表達(dá)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài) Tom________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 說(shuō)明：slip和notice 為同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此B、C為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，slipped指過(guò)去有結(jié)果的動(dòng)作（他溜進(jìn)去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜進(jìn)去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒(méi)有人注意）。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 .He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 說(shuō)明：正確選項(xiàng)為B. 從I don’t know if he has finished it.推斷，他去年一直在寫(xiě)。 II. 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 構(gòu) 成 常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 構(gòu) 成 1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am/is/are done 6 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were being done 2 一般過(guò)去時(shí) was/were done 7 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has been done 3 一般將來(lái)時(shí) shall/will be done 8 過(guò)去完成時(shí) had been done 4 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) should/would be done 9 將來(lái)完成時(shí) will/would have been done 5 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am/is/are being done 10 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的 can/must/may be done 注 意 事 項(xiàng) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)be going to, used to,have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。 Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 漢語(yǔ)有一類(lèi)句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句型 1.常見(jiàn)句式是：主語(yǔ)（受動(dòng)者）＋be＋過(guò)去分詞＋（by＋施動(dòng)者）：He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主語(yǔ)＋get＋過(guò)去分詞＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by＋施動(dòng)者” 3.帶有雙賓語(yǔ)（直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)）的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)閯?dòng)句，其主語(yǔ)可以是直接賓語(yǔ)，也可以是間接賓語(yǔ)。 She lent me a bike.被動(dòng)：①I(mǎi) was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過(guò)去分詞：This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.雙重被動(dòng)式：主語(yǔ)＋被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)＋不定式的被動(dòng)式＋其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The murderer was ordered to be shot. 下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義 1.不及物動(dòng)詞與狀語(yǔ)連用，用以表示主語(yǔ)的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)。常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。 This knife cuts well.這把刀好切。 These books sell well.這些書(shū)好賣(mài)。 The pen writes smoothly.這支筆寫(xiě)起來(lái)流暢。 Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長(zhǎng)久。 The cloth washes well.這種布好洗。 2.一些連系動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式＋形容詞。常見(jiàn)動(dòng)look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。 The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful. The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft. 不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況 1.I teach myself French.不可變?yōu)镸yself is taught French.因?yàn)榉瓷泶~不可作主語(yǔ)。 2.We help each other/one another.不可變?yōu)镋ach other/One another is helped by us.因?yàn)橄嗷ゴ~不可作主語(yǔ)。 3.He lost heart.不可變?yōu)镠eart was lost by him. 因?yàn)橄髄ose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought這類(lèi)動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語(yǔ)只能用于主動(dòng)式，不能用被動(dòng)式。 4.She took part in the sports meet.不能變?yōu)門(mén)he sports meet was taken part in by her. 因?yàn)橄髏ake part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 含有短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中介詞不能丟 Much attention must be paid to your handwriting. 特別注意以下句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih. 下面詞或短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)態(tài)： leave, enter, reach, bee, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, e about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等