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1、Shanxi University Thesis for 2008 Masters Degree Discourse Analysis and Business English Translation Strategy Name Supervisor Major Field of Research Department Research Duration Lu Jingxin Zheng Yangcheng English Language and Literature EST and Translation School of Foreign Languages

2、 September,2005-June, 2008 June,2008 山西大學(xué) 2008屆碩士學(xué)位論文 從語篇分析看商務(wù)英語翻譯策略 作者姓名: 指導(dǎo)教師: 學(xué)科專業(yè): 研究方向: 培養(yǎng)單位: 學(xué)習(xí)年限: 盧晶鑫 鄭仰成教授 英語語言文學(xué) 科技英語及翻譯 外國語學(xué)院 2005年9月一2008年6月 二00八年六月 Abstract Ever since its emergence in the 1960s, the discipline of ESP, having experienced a compa

3、ratively full development both in theory and practice, has by far acquired the status of a international `lingua franca in almost every field of study, for on the one hand the success of the English language along with its frequent use has turned it into a vehicle for international communication; on

4、 the other hand the orientation of linguistic studies toward language as communication in social contexts has largely promoted the dignity of ESP studies in the theory that English in different fields bears particular features and calls for special techniques.Business English is an area of ESP that

5、is relatively poorly researched. Rigorous linguistic analysis is fragmented and is more frequently based on the written forms of language such as correspondence, annual reports, and articles in business journals. Some kind of analysis has been carried out with respect to the language of meetings and

6、 discussions. With the fulfillment of the reform and opening policy in China, especially since China joined WTO in 1997, the communications between China and the abroad have been strengthened. Business English is an effective tool in fulfilling international cooperation and communication exist in h

7、i-tech and trade economy fields. The international business cant operate without BE. BE will play more and more important a role which is worthy of much more researches. While students in colleges or universities gain their knowledge of business largely from books and, as a result, such knowledge wi

8、ll be incomplete and theoretical rather than practical. They will be less aware of their language needs in terms of communicating in real business situations. Business English (BE) is now attracting more and more attention from the whole society. In the last two decades, Business English has at

9、tracted increasing interest and awareness. Business English courses are offered by many language schools worldwide. Yet despite this enormous interest,Business English is an area often neglected by linguistic researchers, who prefer to work on other- more easily defined- areas of special English.

10、 BE ( Business English ) is currently the fastest growing form of ESP. It shares the important elements of needs analysis, syllabus design, course design, and materials selection and development which are common to all fields of work in ESP. So it must be seen in the overall context of ESP Busines

11、s English implies the definition of a specific language corpus and emphasis on particular kinds of communication in a specific context. However, Business English differs from other varieties of ESP in that it is often a mix of specific content (relating to a particular job area or industry), and gen

12、eral content (relating to general ability to communicate more effectively, albeit in business situation). In actual use, the previous concerns on Business English are effective communication and negotiation, technical and business writing, work place idioms and vocabulary, and business customs

13、and culture. When "its translation is concerned, some research has been done discussing how different cultures make effects on translation. While in its discourse, Business English has its specific features, which attract us to pay attentions to seek the links between discourse analysis and transla

14、tion strategy. With the translation theory, contrastive linguistics and discourse analysis growing immensely in the last twenty years or so, translation research has been given a new perspective, a tentative studey on the relationship between Business English discourse analysis and translation equi

15、valence is justified. The present thesis, basing on discourse analysis, studies Business English-Chinese translation and answers how the translation strategy will be affected. It aims at making a tentative study on the relationship between Business English discourse analysis and translation str

16、ategy. This is just the authors intention of focusing on the subject as her graduation thesis topic. Roughly speaking, discourse analysis refers to attempts to study the organization of language above the sentence or above the clause, and therefore to study larger linguistic units, such as conv

17、ersational exchanges or written texts. Its a branch of linguist. In recent years, interdisciplinary research began to be carried out between linguistics and translation fields. Doing discourse analysis without a contrastive base is as incomplete as doing contrastive analysis without a discourse base

18、 and that translation is an optimally appropriate framework within which the entire enterprise of languages in contrast may be usefully dealt with. A careful consideration of what actually happens to a given text when someone attempts to mediate in communicating its `import across both linguistic an

19、d cultural boundaries is one way of making sure that we do not settle for a partial view of what goes on inside that text. To bring entire systems of mother-tongue linguistic as well as rhetorical conventions to bear on the act of textual transfer and to match them with those of another language, wh

20、ich is precisely what happens in a process such as that of translating, can only be illuminating and rewarding. Translation can thus add depth and breadth both to contrastive linguistics and to discourse analysis. In this thesis, the author gives detailed concepts of `discourse and `discourse a

21、nalyses, and describes the links between discourse analysis and translation. All the relative research theories in both China and the west are also explained. By analyzing Business English discourse features, the corresponding translation strategies can be concluded. What is also analyzed are from t

22、he aspects of coherence and cohesion. On the whole, supported by the data and literatures collected, this thesis is expected to serve as an aid for Business English practitioners. It is in the meanwhile assumed to be of an unprecedented significance to fill up a gap in this field in China, so t

23、hat the specific purpose will be likely accomplished, consequently offering some constructive guidance for BE practice. Of course what is covered in this thesis is far from enough. A further development, the application of contrastive text linguistics to translation studies, is long overdue. Th

24、e combination of the two perspectives is only just beginning. Key Words: Business English translation; Discourse analysis; Translation strategy 中文摘要 二戰(zhàn)后，新技術(shù)革命蓬勃興起，經(jīng)濟全球發(fā)展，國際交流日益頻繁，英語這門 語言因英、美兩國在世界領(lǐng)先的科學(xué)技術(shù)和強大經(jīng)濟實力而成了國際間交流的通用 語言，稱為“混合國際語言(lingua franca)"。在不同領(lǐng)域

25、涉及到的英語言語表達 具有該領(lǐng)域獨特的語言風(fēng)格與特點，要求人們掌握不同的技巧和達到一定的水平。 二十世紀(jì)六十年代，“專門用途英語ESP”應(yīng)運而生，開始在各行各業(yè)發(fā)揮重要作用， 并迅速發(fā)展成為一門新興、實用、革命性的學(xué)科。近四十年來，這一學(xué)科不僅在理 論而且在實踐上全面、快速發(fā)展，在各個領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮著重要作用。然而據(jù)調(diào)查，近年 來，在中國外語界，盡管人們己經(jīng)開始意識到英語的重要性，英語教學(xué)界關(guān)于外語 教學(xué)理論的專著不少，但對ESP的研究尚未達到完善的地步，仍然缺少與之相關(guān)的 比較全面、系統(tǒng)的研究與有效的應(yīng)用。 商務(wù)英語在ESP中較少被涉足研究，在以往不多的研究中，僅僅以信函、

26、報告 及商務(wù)期刊的書寫模式被關(guān)注，或就商務(wù)會議、談判進行某些分析。隨著中國改革 開放政策的實施，特別是1997年中國加入wT0，與國外的聯(lián)系日益頻繁，在進出口 貿(mào)易、旅游、廣告中商務(wù)英語的使用越來越廣泛，至此商務(wù)英語開始得到社會各界 的關(guān)注。但是商務(wù)英語的學(xué)習(xí)者大多從書本獲取商務(wù)及語言的相關(guān)知識，這些知識 是很不足夠的，而且重理論遠遠大于實踐，在實際的商務(wù)交往中，領(lǐng)會語言所傳達 的意圖是至關(guān)重要的，這是一個難以把握的關(guān)鍵點。因此商務(wù)英語的翻譯關(guān)鍵在于 完整無誤地傳達筆者意圖?？紤]到語言交際發(fā)生的實際場景，語言自身的規(guī)則以及 各國的文化差異，為確保交際內(nèi)容的準(zhǔn)確傳達，商務(wù)英語的翻

27、譯研究勢在必行。 然而據(jù)本文作者調(diào)查，我國對商務(wù)英語的翻譯研究大多從國家之間的文化差異 著手，本篇文章將獨辟蹊徑，以語篇分析為基礎(chǔ)，通過對商務(wù)英語特有的語篇特征 進行分析，以大量的商務(wù)英語文本示例，探討商務(wù)英語的翻譯策略，這也是作者著手 此篇文章的動力所在。 簡單講，語篇分析是指對于會談或書面文本，學(xué)習(xí)其高于句子或短語層面的語 言結(jié)構(gòu)，即以更大的語言單位為研究對象。本文從商務(wù)英語的總體語篇特征、以及 語篇中發(fā)生的銜接、連貫等著手，佐以實際的例證，并且從商務(wù)英語傳達意圖的幾 大特性，去分析針對商務(wù)英語的語篇特征，分別采取相應(yīng)的翻譯策略，并且不同的 翻譯策略與商務(wù)

28、英語翻譯中的動態(tài)對等的相互關(guān)系。 總之，該文作者旨在突破、彌補中國商務(wù)英語翻譯研究方面的一個空白，在查 閱研讀了諸多相關(guān)翻譯理論文章后，從理論入手，以相應(yīng)的實例，盡可能綜合全面 地展示商務(wù)英語語篇特征的細節(jié)以及對翻譯策略的影響因素，從而促進商務(wù)英語翻 譯不僅在英語教學(xué)領(lǐng)域，而且在真正的操作實踐中真正得到發(fā)展和提高。 語篇分析是語言學(xué)的一部分，近些年，跨學(xué)科研究開始在翻譯學(xué)與語言學(xué)兩個 領(lǐng)域建立，將這兩個視角融合在一起，是一個良好的開端。今后，以篇章進行對比 的翻譯理論成果還將會不斷應(yīng)用于翻譯中，跨學(xué)科研究還有待更深地展開。 當(dāng)然，由于作者站在特定的角度，

29、難免對某些問題或某個方面疏漏或理解不深入 透徹，還值得進一步深入、廣泛的探索研究。 關(guān)鍵詞:商務(wù)英語翻譯;語篇分析;翻譯策略 Contents Abstract in English...............................................…...i Abstract in Chinese..............................................…...v Chapter 1 Introduction................................................

30、...................1 Chapter 2 Discourse Analysis........................................................3 2.1 lts History and Developments.................................................…. ..3 2.1 .1 The Concept of `Discowse and `Text...................................................3

31、 2.1.2 The Concept of `Discowse Analysis.....................................…...4 2.1.3 The Superiority of Discourse Analysis over Traditional Grammar Studies.................... .4 2.2 The Up-to-date Studies on Discourse Analysis.......................……5 2:2.1

32、 Studies on Discourse Analysis in the West........................5 2.2.2 Studies on Discourse Analysis in China.......…....................……6 Chapter 3 Discourse Analysis&Translation Research..........8 3.1 Links between Translation Research and Linguistics...............……8 3_2.. Di

33、scourse Analysis and Translation............9 3.2.1 Roles and Factors of Translation.......……......................…...9 3.2.2 Phases of the Translation Process............................................……10 3.2.3 The Need for Discourse Analysis in Translation................

34、...........……11 3.2.4 Development of the Research on Relationship between Discourse Analysis and Translation............................................ ...... 12 3:2.5 Superiority............................................. 15 Chapter 4 The Roles of Business English and Its

35、 Translation..17 4.1 The Roles of Business English........................................……17 4.1 .1 The Importance of Business English.............................…17 4.1.2 The Importance of Business English Translation…………………………18 4.2 The Business English-Chinese Translation R

36、esearch in China……………..……19 Chapter 5 Business English Discourse Analysis and Translation Strategy...............................…...20 5.1 Business English Text Proper. ...……。..............................……20 5.2 Business English Translation Strategy...。.，.…，....................……25

37、 5.2.1 Coherence&cohesion ...........................................……25 5.2.1.1 Coherence...........……。.............................……，.............……25 5.2.1.2 Cohesion......................................................................…...27 5.2.2 Business English Translat

38、ion Equivalence............ ..............…. ..29 Conclusion........................................…...33 Bibliography................................................................35 Articles Published During the Academic Years for the Postgraduate Degree....…...37 Acknowledgements...........

39、.....................................….,.38 目錄 英文摘要……………………………………….i 中文摘要………………………………………..vi 第一章 引言...........................................................1 第二章 語篇分析.............................................................

40、.....3 2.1歷史及發(fā)展............................................................ ... ..... 3 2.1.1“語篇”與”文本”的概念............................................................3 2.1.2“語章分析”的概念.........................................................4 2.1.3語篇分析比較語法分析的優(yōu)勢... ... ... ... ..

41、. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....... ....4 2.2語篇分析的研究現(xiàn)狀...........................................................5 2.2.1西方研究狀況.............................................................5 2.2.2中國研究狀況... ... ... ......... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......... ... ... ... ...

42、 ... ... ... ... 6 第三章語篇分析與翻譯研究.............................................g 3.1翻譯研究與語言學(xué)的關(guān)聯(lián)二。............................................. ... 8 3.2語篇分析與翻譯..............................……‘.........................9 3.2.1翻譯的要素....................……。......?！? 3.2.2翻譯的過程…，............

43、....……，.......……，.……，..…，.……10 3.2.3翻譯研究中語篇分析的必要性..................……、.‘、、……，.…、……11 3.2.4語篇分析與翻譯研究結(jié)合的發(fā)展歷程...................................…...12 3.2.5將語篇分析應(yīng)用于翻譯研究的優(yōu)勢............................……?！?，.....15 第四章商務(wù)英語的作用及翻譯現(xiàn)狀............................................17 4.1商

44、務(wù)英語的作用二，....................................................……17 4.1.1商務(wù)英語的重要性.……，....................................................……17 4.1.2商務(wù)英語翻譯的重要性……，..……，............……，.............……。二18 4.2商務(wù)英語與漢語互譯研究現(xiàn)狀....................................……19 第五章商務(wù)英語語篇分析及翻譯策略............

45、...................... 20 5.1商務(wù)英語語篇特征.... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 20 5.2商務(wù)英語翻譯策略... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 25 5.2.1連貫與銜接...................................................................…..

46、.25 5.2.1.1連貫...............................……。.................……。.............…...25 5.2.1.2銜接............................................................................…...25 5.2.2商務(wù)英語翻譯中的對等策略.............. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......29 結(jié)論......................

47、.................................................33 參考文獻..................................................................35 研究生在讀期間取得的研究成果.....................................37 致獻.............................................................:..........38 Chapter 1 Introduction

48、 The present thesis aims to make a tentative study on the relationship between discourse analysis and the translation strategy of Business English, so as to offer an overall perspective to people possibly concerned, and to lead them to consciously apply corresponding rules to solve some problems

49、 arising from Business English translation practice. Business English is an effective tool in fulfilling international cooperation and communication exit in hi-tech and trade economy fields. Students in colleges or universities gain their knowledge of Business English largely from books and,

50、 as a result, such knowledge will be incomplete and theoretical rather than practical. In the last two decades, Business English has attracted increasing interest and awareness Yet despite this enormous interest, Business English is an area often neglected by linguistic researchers, who prefer t

51、o work on other-more easily defined-areas of special English. In actual use, the previous concerns on Business English are most effective communication and negotiation, technical and business writing, workplace idioms and vocabulary, and business customs and culture. When Business English tra

52、nslation is concerned, more discussion is about how different cultures make effects on translation. With the translation theory, contrastive linguistics and discourse analysis growing immensely in the Iast twenty years or so, translation research has been given a new perspective (discourse analy

53、sis). Business English has its specific characteristics in its discourse, which attract us to pay attentions to seek the links between discourse analysis and translation strategy, and a tentative study on the relationship between Business English discourse analysis and translation strategy is jus

54、tified. For the convenience of presentation, the organization of this thesis goes as the following. A general description of the concept of `discourse and `discourse analysis, and the situation of the discourse analysis studies at home and abroad, reveals and justifies the research objective

55、 as well as the reason for the research into Business English translation outlined here, i.e. to deal with the question of `Why the study on discourse analysis. All the factors in translation and the translation processes are all given descriptions on the basis of discourse. Meanwhile, representa

56、tive advocators/scholars, their works combined with the characteristics are taken into account and correspondingly illustrated in a possibly detailed way. The links between translation and discourse analysis explains why we should introduce discourse analysis into Business English translation stu

57、dies. The author collects lots of examples in practical problems and offers possible solutions accordingly. Under the consideration of different communicative situation, different examples are described. This will be an aid in practical Business English translation. In general, this the

58、sis is intended to be informative, and practical to as many people as possibly being involved in this area. Whats more, some practical questions and modes are supplied, and are expected to be useful and valuable to whoever lays his fingers on it and help the author obtain the original intention t

59、o supply a gap in the world of Business English translation studies. Chapter 2 Discourse Analysis 2.1Its History and Developments 2.1.1Concepts of `Discourse and `Text The concepts of `Discourse and `text aroused much disputes among scholars. Some classified `discourse and `text into bei

60、ng oral and written, while others disagreed with that. Translation Terminology gives the explanations as the following, `Discourse is a connected series of utterances or a text. In contrast to language itself, which is the raw material involved. discourse defines an interaction between two su

61、bjects (the author and the target audience) that takes place under specific circumstances and with a specific objective. In oral discourse, the author and the target audience are each in the presence of the other, and find themselves in the same communication situation. In written discourse, pro

62、duction and reception almost always take place at two different times and places. Both the author and the addressee are mental representations rather than concrete realities. A text seen from the point of view is of the conditions under which it was produced and its reception in a given socio-cul

63、tural context. Text is a written document of variable length that constitutes a whole when viewed from a semantic perspective.” In a penetrating study of ideological structures in discourse, Kress(1985:27-28) defines `discourse as `a mode of talking. In essence it points to the fact that

64、 social institutions produce specific ways or modes of talking about certain areas of social life--- That is, in relation to certain areas of social life that are of particular si娜ficance to a social institution, it will produce a set of statements about that area that will define, describe, del

65、imit, and circumscribe what it is possible and impossible to say with respect to it, and how it is to be talked about. Different definitions have been given from different perspectives. In this essay, discourse is seen as a concept beyond text in an abstract sense and it consists of one or m

66、ore texts. Its a `hyponym of text. 2.1.2Concept of `Discourse Analysis Linguistic communication always appears in textual form ( Wilss 1982:112 ).The text can only be understood and analyzed within and in relation to the framework of the communicative act-in-situation. Discourse analysis can be defined as the analysis of texts beyond and `above the sentence-the attempt to find linguistic regularities in discourse. Th