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1、專業(yè)好文檔 西方經(jīng)濟學 03任務 題目：聯(lián)系實際說明，在我國當前經(jīng)濟形式下，如何借鑒消費理論擴大消費需求？ 考核目的：這是一道理論聯(lián)系實際題。讓學生理清西方消費理論的基本內(nèi)容，在理清理論的同時，學會在社會主義市場經(jīng)濟實踐中運用；在實際運用中加深對西方消費理論的理解。 要求： （1）要求學生認真審題和研讀第十章簡單國民收入決定模型的相關內(nèi)容，搞清西方四大消費理論的基本內(nèi)容； （2）完整準確闡述西方消費理論的內(nèi)容； （3）聯(lián)系實際時既可以逐條理論聯(lián)系，也可以理論闡述完畢后聯(lián)系； （4）字數(shù)不少于800字。 時間：學完第十章簡單國民收入決定模型后完成本任務。 解題思路：

2、（1）簡述凱恩斯的絕對收入理論 （2）簡述杜森貝的相對收入理論 （3）簡述莫迪利安尼的生命周期理論 （4）簡述佛里德曼的持久收入理論 （5）我國采取的消費政策、效果、原因和建議 答：消費理論是經(jīng)濟學中，在研究簡單的國民收入理論中一個很重要理論，即：在貨幣市場上利率和產(chǎn)品市場價格不變的情況下的國民收入決定原理。主要認為，在不考慮貨幣市場條件下，國民收入可以通過社會總供給＝社會總需求來進行調(diào)節(jié)，并實現(xiàn)均衡。通常在調(diào)節(jié)總供給和總需求相等時，常通過調(diào)節(jié)社會總需求來完成。而社會總需求由消費需求和投資需求，不考慮貨幣市場情況下，消費需求主要受國民收入影響。 （1）凱恩斯的絕對收入理

3、論:強調(diào)消費支出是實際收入的穩(wěn)定函數(shù).其實際收入是指現(xiàn)期,絕對,實際的收入水平,即指本期收入,收入的絕對水平和按貨幣購買力計算的收入.因此,擴大消費須提高居民的實際收入.如城市居民每隔兩年一次的加工資.但如何提高農(nóng)民的實際收入?yún)s始終沒有切實的措施,這是我國總消費始終沒有得到很好的提高的一個重要原因. （2）杜森貝的相對收入理論:消費以相對收入為函數(shù)。相對別人——示范效應，向高消費看齊。我國稱之“攀比效應”。相對自己過去——習慣效應，收入水平變化后消費有滯后性 （3）莫迪利安尼的生命周期理論:消費與生命周期有關，與財產(chǎn)收入有關。如下式： C=aWR+bYL………….WR為財產(chǎn)收入

4、；a為財產(chǎn)收入的消費傾向；YL為勞動收入，實為個人生命周期不同階段或不同年齡的收入；b為勞動收入的邊際消費傾向。表明消費取決于財產(chǎn)收入和個人生命周期不同階段勞動收入。 （4）弗里德曼的持久收入理論:消費以持久收入為函數(shù)。C=bYp……………Yp為持久收入，如下式：Ypt=θYt+（1—θ）Yt-1……………Ypt為現(xiàn)期持久收入，Yt為現(xiàn)期收入，Yt-1為上期收入，θ為加權數(shù)。表明，現(xiàn)期持久收入等于現(xiàn)期收入與前期收入的加權平均數(shù)。 我國采取的消費政策、效果、原因和建議: 擴大內(nèi)需是我國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的一項長期的消費政策 所謂擴大內(nèi)需政策,就是在生產(chǎn)相對過剩的情況下,調(diào)整經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)(包括

5、生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)和消費結(jié)構(gòu)),拓寬國際市場.培育消費熱點,以拉動經(jīng)濟的增長.簡言之,就是通過擴大投資需求和消費需求來拉動經(jīng)濟增長.擴大內(nèi)需必須實行積極的財政政策,穩(wěn)健的貨幣政策和正確的消費政策. 一、九十年代中期以來采取了一系列擴大消費的政策，但效果并不十分明顯。 1、就業(yè)形勢依然嚴重，城鎮(zhèn)居民收入逐步提高 2、農(nóng)民收入增勢緩慢 3、社會保障體系建設滯后 4、整頓市場秩序取得階段性成效 5、消費信貸政策作用明顯 從上述對各主要消費政策的評估結(jié)果看, 歷史上的政策失誤和不到位是消費低迷的重要成因。從目前情況看，在政策措施的持續(xù)作用下，我國居民消費需求已經(jīng)開始出現(xiàn)

6、啟動跡象，住房、汽車、旅游、通訊等相關的消費熱點正在形成之中，但消費要形成一個全國性高潮還有待時日。要看到居民消費結(jié)構(gòu)升級將是一個相對較長的過程，城市家庭主要進入10000至100000元的購買階段，而農(nóng)村家庭則要進入1000至10000元的購買階段。前者主要是從普通耐用消費品向住房、汽車和信息產(chǎn)品等大宗和高檔耐用消費品以及教育、旅游、文化娛樂等個人發(fā)展型和享受型消費的檔次提升，而后者則是從生活必需品向中低檔耐用消費品的方向發(fā)展。從當前的情況看，城鎮(zhèn)居民自20世紀90年代初開始進入新的消費升級準備階段，還難以形成全局性的擴張。特別是隨著消費升級層次的提升，大宗耐用消費品的檔次也越來越高，購買力

7、積累和消費等待的過程也就更長。如住房消費、私人汽車消費，都需要一定時間的收入積累。比較而言，農(nóng)村居民消費結(jié)構(gòu)的升級則需要一個相對較低的收入門檻。這就凸現(xiàn)了提高農(nóng)民消費需求對GDP增長的貢獻率以促進國民經(jīng)濟持續(xù)增長的重要現(xiàn)實意義。 二、當前在擴大消費方面存在的問題與體制障礙 1、在擴大消費方面現(xiàn)存的三大問題 （1）消費率偏低，消費需求拉動經(jīng)濟的作用亟待增強。 （2）消費需求增勢緩慢，與投資增長出現(xiàn)背離 （3）在消費總量不足的同時，消費結(jié)構(gòu)也存在失衡問題。 2、在擴大消費方面現(xiàn)存三大體制障礙 （1）收入分配體制不合理，消費呈現(xiàn)“以點帶面”的發(fā)展格局。 （2）短缺

8、經(jīng)濟時期，國家為防止需求膨脹而出臺的一些抑制消費的政策措施至今沒有得到清理。 （3）由于經(jīng)濟體制改革不到位，目前我國還存在部分行政壟斷現(xiàn)象，在一定程度上鉗制了消費。 三、當前消費需求的基本特征 1.商品總量超過現(xiàn)實有效需求，買方市場特征明顯 2.居民消費呈多元化發(fā)展趨勢，消費結(jié)構(gòu)正發(fā)生變化 3.居民消費需求占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比例長期偏低 4.占人口絕大多數(shù)的農(nóng)民在消費市場中所占的份額日益降低 5.居民儲蓄持續(xù)增長，居民即期消費意愿不強 Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi

9、-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA. Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effo

10、rt in their first pool match against England on the opening day. Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight. But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attr

11、acted the most interest in the tournament so far. The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011. "Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get

12、 across the line this weekend," said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday. "I am goin

13、g to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport. "For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was." Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the "racist behaviour of their fans" duringCitys

14、 2-1 win. Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions. CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSK

15、A." Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda. The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm -- winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited clo

16、ud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airlin

17、ers (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence. The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembl

18、ing an Olympic diving platform. They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester. Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored

19、by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament. That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then. They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defe

20、nce, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates. It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final. In Johnathan Thurston, Coope

21、r Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday. The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence. They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.