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語法專項,過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作， 即“過去的過去（ past-in-the-past ）”。 ----|---------------- |--------------|----------,一、過去完成時的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點,,那時以前,那時,現(xiàn)在,構(gòu)成：主語+助動詞 had + 過去分詞（ v-ed）,1.They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.,2.By nine o’clock yesterday evening he hadn’t got home.,3.--Had you known anything about our school before you came here? --Yes, I had. / No, I hadn’t.,4.What had your sister been before she became an actress?,二、過去完成時的判斷依據(jù),1.由“過去的過去”來判定。,過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：,在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。如：,When I got to the station, the train had already left.,After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.,（ 1 ）狀語從句中,（ 2 ）賓語從句中,當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如：,She said that she had seen the film before.,They explained what had happened.,2. 由時間狀語來判定,一般說來，各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有：,（ 1 ） by + 過去的時間點。如：,I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.,（ 2 ） by the end of + 過去的時間點。如：,We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.,（ 3 ） before + 過去的時間點。如：,They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.,3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。,I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.,He felt rather tired because he had worked for the whole night.,Work out the rule: If we want to talk about two past actions in a sentence, the past perfect tense is used for the (earlier, later) action.,earlier,當(dāng)我們談?wù)搩蓚€過去發(fā)生的動作時， 過去完成時一般用于較早發(fā)生的那個動作。,判斷以下哪個動作哪個發(fā)生在前,,1.Millie ran back to school because she had left her magazine in the classroom. What happened first? Millie ran back to school. Millie left her magazine in the classroom.,2.Simon left school late because the football game had started late. What happened first? a.Simon left school late. b.The football game started late.,3.Daniel arrived out of breath --- he had gone to the wrong cinema. What happened first? a. Daniel arrived out of breath. b. Daniel went to the wrong cinema.,4.Amy had lost her purse and had to go to the police station. What happened first? a. Amy lost her purse. b. Amy went to the police station.,過去完成時典型錯誤例析：,1.昨晚我們看了電影。 a. We had seen the film yesterday evening. b. We saw the film yesterday evening.,過去完成時所表示的時間是“過去的過去”，只有在和過去某時或某動作相比較時才用到它。如果時間只是一個單純的過去時間，則句子只能用一般過去時，而不用過去完成時。,,2．當(dāng)我到達(dá)那兒時，電影已經(jīng)放了五分鐘了。 a. The film has been on for five minutes when I got there. b. The film had been on for five minutes when I got there.,在過去某一時間或動作之前發(fā)生或完成了的動作，要用過去完成時。它的動作的起點為過去，終點也為過去，即“過去的過去”。而現(xiàn)在完成時的動作起點為過去，終點則為現(xiàn)在。,,3.到上學(xué)期末，他們已學(xué)會了五首英語歌曲。 a. By the end of last term, they have learned five English songs. b. By the end of last term, they had learned five English songs.,by the end of last term 意為“到上學(xué)期末為止”，顯然它是“以過去某一時間為終點的”，故只能用過去完成時態(tài)，不用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。,,4.他昨天見到了Ｂill，他們已有兩年沒見面了。 a. He saw Bill yesterday. They haven’t met each other for two years. b. He saw Bill yesterday. They hadn’t met each other for two years.,“他們沒見面”是到“昨天”為止的（而不是到現(xiàn)在為止），是過去的過去，故后一個句子需使用過去完成時態(tài)進(jìn)行表達(dá)。,,５．李梅很高興，因為她期中考試及格了。 a. Li Mei was very glad, because she passed the mid-term exam. b. Li Mei was very glad, because she had passed the mid-term exam.,當(dāng)我們表示某動作或存在的狀態(tài)發(fā)生于過去某動作之前時，那么這個動作或狀態(tài)要用過去完成時態(tài)。句中pass the mid-term exam 的動作是發(fā)生在過去動作was very glad 之前的，故pass 需用had passed表示。,,6.他走進(jìn)屋,打開燈,然后開始寫起來。 a. He had come into the room, turned on the light and began to write. b. He came into the room, turned on the light and began to write.,當(dāng)按順序陳述過去連續(xù)發(fā)生的動作時，我們常常使用一般過去時態(tài)。注意：以上幾個動作為短暫性動作，動作之間幾乎沒有時間間斷。,,Homework: 1.復(fù)習(xí)一般過去時、現(xiàn)在完成時、并總結(jié)出它們與過去完成時的區(qū)別 2.完成以下練習(xí),用所給動詞的正確形式填空．(10’/1),1.The poor girl never saw her grandpa because he ________________ (pass away) before she was born.,2. She________ already___________ (clean) the blackboard before I entered the classroom.,had passed away,cleaned,had,句型轉(zhuǎn)換 (10’/1) He had stood up before he cleaned the window. _________ he had stood up, he cleaned the window. His father went to Beijing. He arrived home. (用before合并句子) His father______ ______ ____ Beijing before he _________ home.,After,had gone to,arrived,按要求改寫下列句子．(5’/1) Simon had finished his homework before he watched TV. 否定句： 疑問句： 肯定回答： 否定回答：,Simon hadn’t finished his homework before he watched TV.,Had Simon finished his homework before he watched TV?,Yes, he had.,No, he hadn’t.,選擇題(10’/1) Millie_____________ some Chinese before she came to China. A. learned B. has learned C. learnt D. had learned She ___________ the first runner-up prize in a beauty contest before she __________an actress. A. have won, became B. had won, become C. had won, became D. has won, became,改錯題(10’1) We hadn’t seen something interesting in the park before last Sunday. 2. When she woke up this morning, it stopped snowing.,anything,,had stopped,翻譯題(10’1) 1. 在我們到達(dá)電影院之前，電影已經(jīng)開始了． 2. 踢完足球之后我買了瓶果汁．,The film ________ _________ ________ we _____ to the cinema.,_________ I ________ _________ football, I _________ a bottle of juice.,had,before,got,begun,After,had,played,bought,用所給動詞的正確形式填空．(10’/1),1. He_______________ (turn off) the lights before he left the classroom. 2. _________ your parents _______(have) lunch when you arrived at home?,had turned off,Had,had,Good bye Thank you!,