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1、Dormancy of the one-chip computer---restore to the throne in the operation way and improve anti- interference ability Abstract: Introduce a kind of dormancy of using- restore to the throne in theoperation way and improve the anti-interference ability method of the one-chip computer;Analyse its sco

2、pe of application, provide and use the circuit concretly; Combine the instance, analyse the characteristic of the hardware and software design under these kind of operation way. Keyword: One-chip computer Restore to the throne /dormancy anti-interference Foreword Introduction: With the developm

3、ent at full speed of the microelectric technique, the performance of the one-chip computer improves rapidly, demonstrate the outstanding advantage in the operation, logic control, intelligent respect, replaced and enlarged the measuring that the circuit made up, control circuit by digital logical ci

4、rcuit, operation originally to a great extent, use very extensivly. But because it have system halted, procedure run critical defect of flying etc, make it limit in a lot of important application of occasion. A lot of technology in anti-interference , for example set up the software trap, add thehar

5、dware to guard the gate in dogs circuit etc, can make this problem havebetter settlement, but still the existing problem: ① Guard the gate dog at the movement, mean and appear mistake already and run some time, this is not allowed in some occasions; ②Procedure appear circulation mistake very much so

6、metimes, but just guard the gate dog control link include and enter, adopt and guard the gate as to such a mistake dog unable to discern; ③ In measure and control cycle among the long system, one-chip computer spend wait for the peripheral hardware a large amount of time, will be interfered too when

7、 carry out and wait for the order. To these situations, we have tried the method restored to the throne voluntarily in practice, alternate pulse of adopting etc or restore to the throne waking according to external terms to the one-chip computer up. After being restored to the throne each time, the

8、one-chip computer carries out the corresponding procedure, enters dormancy in time after finishing carrying out the task, wait to be restored to the throne nextly. Have solved above-mentioned problems well with this method , and has got better result in the agricultural voltage transformer comprehen

9、sive protector experiment. Now take 51 serial one-chip computers as an example and probe into the concrete principle and implementation method, restored to the throne the signal as the high level. 1.A principle and implementation method 1.1 Restored to the throne the law regularly unconditionally

10、 Use timer, special-purpose clock chip or other pulse generator, produce signal of restoring to the throne regularly according to interval that set for. This kind of method is especially suitable for the measuring instrument. In not running actually, sample the analog quantity of introduction with A

11、/D converter often, then store showing. This course is very fast, but steady for reading, the data per second are only upgraded 1 -2 times, a large amount of time of CPU is used for waiting. Let CPU carry out and enter dormancy directly after the task , restore to the throne and wake by external wor

12、ld up It carry out the next operation, this is to restore to the throne the law regularly In this way can make anti-interference ability strengthen greatly , have 2 points mainly: ①. At the dormancy, procedure stop run, can appear PC indicator disorderly procedure that causes run and fly. Work time

13、in dormancy proportion 1:9, that is to say 1 s have 0.1 time of s used for measuring, sending off showing, there is time dormancy of 0.9s, the probability that the procedure is interfered is 1/10 while running at full speed, whole anti-interference ability raise by 10 times. ② Because every 1s is re

14、stored to the throne once unconditionally, once present the system halted during a job, can certainly resume when restored to the throne next time. As to only instrument that show, some reading mistake that 1s appear accidentally there is no memory to the next measurement, be could bear , belong to

15、“pass” mistake. This kind is restored to the throne the advantage of dogs circuit for guarding the gate regularly, first, change waiting time into a dormancy state, time to shorten and may be interfered; Second, avoided happenning that the dog controls the death circulation of the link to include gu

16、arding the gate. 1.2 The external condition is restored to the throne the law Some arrival that export or measure is controlled by the outside. For instance, the hot form. of heating, rotate the pulse produced and calculate heat by hot water water wheels, there is no hot water to flow, there is no

17、 heat to export, CPU only need in fact keep number value, do not need to count. Can imagine hot water water wheels rotate when parking warm , CPU idle in will it be will it be one season autumn spring and summer, If let dormancy its , measure have water wheels pulse constantly, anti-interference abi

18、lity can strengthen greatly. So, so long as link up the restoring to the throne of the pulse of the water wheels and CPU, the water wheels rotate a circle each time, CPU is restored to the throne once, hot form. can work normally , this is restored to the throne the law by the external condition . S

19、imilar application have half electron kilowatt-hour meter , go on one count just when the machinery degree wheels and transfers to a circle, users do not need the electricity, CPU has been knowing the dormancy all the time . The restoring to the throne in the interval not to be regular, but confirme

20、d according to the external condition of this method. In some occasions, the time of the dormancy will be very long, very effective to improving anti-interference ability. 2 .The hardware realizes the main point 2.1 Restored to the throne regularly unconditionally Generally have 2 kinds of method

21、s. ① Use theitimer or the special-purpose clock chip to be restored to the throne. Fig1, in order to use the timing circuit that 555 circuit makes up; Can use the clock chips of X1126 ,etc too , wake CPU up with the alarm signal after setting up warning time. This kind of method is suitable when the

22、 long interval is made, can also follow the result of this operation ，determine to wake time up in alarm next time temporarily, very flexible and convenient. ② The signal of using the system to be inherent is as reducing the pulse regularly. Use 50Hz worker power make reducing after having a facelif

23、t frequently, already omit the timer, gathered the corresponding signal for the phase place which measured the electric current signal at the same time, as Fig. 2 shows. 2.2 External conditions are restored to the throne Send external condition pulse to and is restored to the throne the end son

24、 after having a facelift. To that above-mentioned water wheels or the ammeter spend a pulse produced, can use Schmitts trigger to have a facelift; For writing down the instrument of the biggest or minimum，can use the window comparator. In order to realize the electronization that is regulated，can us

25、e the electronic electric potential device, establish upper and lower limits with the order of the one-chip computer. 2.3 Reduce cycle and restored to the throne the high electricity at ordinary times In Fig3, restored to the throne the signal during high level Tr, the one-chip computer is in the

26、state of restoring to the throne, the procedure does not run, anti-interference ability is the strongest; After the high level, the one-chip computer begins to hold the conduct procedure. That is to say, are restored to the throne and suitable for the time that the procedure carries out during the l

27、ow level Td of the signal, this time should be greater than the execution cycle of the procedure each time. It is restore to the throne cycle and restore to the throne high level of signal take empty than very much important to choose rationally. As to simple to show instrument, restore to the thron

28、e cycle determine data break cycle, low electricity is it measure, hancl over all time shown to greater than to want at ordinary times; Otherwise, cant present forever the mistake of the intact executive program.Monolithic integrated circuit in Ts and Tr period all can effectively the antijamming, b

29、ut is best the unnecessary time arrangement in Tr. When the program time is long, when as far as possible the request reduces Tr, may join the differentiating circuit, like chart 1 center C30, R26, D9. 2.4 Treatment of output end sons (1) Restore to the throne straight pulse During all I/O mouth

30、of one-chip computer turn into the high level when restoring to the throne. That is to say output for low pin normally, will according to restore to the throne cycle appear the width for the straight pulse of Tr. This straight pulse will influence the normal output, 2 methods are dealt with: ① Conne

31、ct in parallel electric capacity suppress , capacity confirm according to Tr time that restore to the throne on the son in end. Reducing Tr can be reduced and connected the electric capacity in parallel. ② It is invalid to design the peripheral circuit into the high level. (2) Fault-tolerant Choose

32、 the capacity that the output end connects the electric capacity in parallel fault-tolerantly and properly, can realize fault-tolerant control. Reduced cycle in a certain, because interfered exporting the wrong level. Because the keeping function of electric capacity, cant still enable exporting the

33、 change to the valid level within this cycle; Next cycle , the mistake is corrected. So, so long as does not make mistakes in 2 cycles in succession, it is very fault-tolerant to export Certainly, this kind of method will make the normal output change lag behind for one cycle, just really reflect th

34、e output end son. 2.5 has the electricity to measure and restore to the throne manually Some system is it make some initialize and operate to want at electricity for the first time. Restored to the throne and already become the beginning condition of normal running each time while adopting the way

35、 of restoring to the throne to run , it is unable to distinguish and have the electricity for the first time. In some pin connects the electric capacity of one ljIF to the ground, measure this pin after being restored to the throne, if low level to have electricity for the first time. Give system se

36、t up one restore to the throne button, that is to say a common one manual to restore to the throne, this button is not joined and being restored to the throne in the end, is connected in parallel in the electric capacity both ends to the ground of above-mentioned pins. 3. The software realizes the

37、main point 3.1 is it resume with zero clearing RAM to output Restore to the throne the last all pin turn high level into , is it should taKe place unnecessary change for low pin to make regularly, so, should resume the state.of all pins immediately after being restored to the throne. There are 2 k

38、inds of methods : ① Analyse and judge immediately after being restored to the throne this time, provide the state of the pin according to the need; ② In being RAM it is the last last state that come down,these RAMs when restored.To the throne regularly can the zero clearing one; But electricity or m

39、anual to rstore to the throne when pushing in conformity with zero clearing, is it embody to want when the software is worked outing at the beginning. If calculate time allows, try ones best to take method 1. Restore to the throne cycle probability made mistakes to calculate very little, according t

40、o 2 for the 2nd time in succession. 4 output end son that narrate connect treatment method of electric capacity in parallel, can reach kind anti-interference result very. 3.2 realizes crossing over and is restored to the throne alternate time sequence regularly to control Work in way of restoring

41、 to the throne now, start anew and carry out the same procedure repeatedly each time. Can be divided into 2 kinds of situations: ① As to simple to show instrument, carry on measurement ，send off showing after being restored to the throne each time, have causality between restoring to the throne twic

42、e . need is it switch over to the dormancy to waiting original only. Should pay attention to, measurement, give total time used to show is it is it restore to the throne low electricity at ordinary times to smaller than to want, otherwise cant present forever the mistake of the intact executive prog

43、ram. ② For having application that time sequence controlled , after being restored to the throne each time , should check first that see the sign left last cycle , in order to determine what is done this cycle . That is to say every is it restore to the throne operation of cycle to stride , by is it

44、 transmit to indicate all, these indicate while leaving in inside RAM , the zero clearing only when have the electricity for the first time. For example, the protecting synthetically device of above-mentioned voltage transformer , is restored to the throne regularly according to the interval of 20ms

45、. It reaches the normal working state through, certain movement order after having the electricity, such as Fig. 4; Write a part of the procedure of the software according to this movement, such as Fig. 5. In 4 Fig, act as person who protect the beginning at the electricity, is it transmit power 0

46、to try at first. 5s, points out and transmits power soon; Transmit power formally after waiting for 30s. It is start-up time in 1s after transmitting power, does not measure the electric current. Start after finishing, if all going well, the location is put" normal sign ", person who protect restore

47、 to the throne cycle enter normal running in the next one. Try 0 that transmits power. 5s is it is it realize to count once restoring to the throne to delay time, restore to the throne time 20ms each time. At having electricity for the first time, make all zero clearing to inside RAM, make it is it

48、time Ts to transmit power not to try =Dormancy after 25. After restoring to the throne, is it have electric pin to have electricity for the first time already, is it is it is it is it time the measuring of Ts to transmit power to try to get to go on to measure next time. If Ts * 0, is it in is it pr

49、olong period to transmit power, is it enter dormancy after the 1 to reduce Ts to prove. Act as Ts-1 = 0, the course which waited for 30s that should enter and lose electrical power. Just when Ts decreases progressively to 0, make it is it indicate to wait for not to lose electrical power Td =1500. W

50、hen the procedure is restored to the throne beginning again, measure to Ts =0 but Td * 0, is it is it is it transmit power to try to cross already to indicate, at is it wait for the course of 30s to lose electrical power now. In this way, the whole process is transmitted each other by such these par

51、ameters as Tr, Td , Ts etc, go on step by step. Result: Conclusion Anti-interference is an important problem in an electronic design, especially Important in the one-chip computer. This is because the one-chip computer has procedures to run particularity that flies, the consequence that it is in

52、terfered may be the system halted, may send out various kinds of mistakes or illegal movements before the system halted too, make the whole system produce the mortality mistake. So, only guarantee it is not enough yet for one-chip computer not to crash, study how to reduce the risk interfered, it ca

53、n befault-toierant how is it after and make mistakes. This text is it act as some exploration from two these to try hard, hope these elementary opinions can play some function of casting a brick to attract jade, helpful to everybody; Hope too every colleague explore together, improve our design leve

54、l together. 單片機休眠-復位運行方式提高抗干擾能力 摘要：介紹一種用休眠-復位運行方式提高單片機抗干擾能力的方法；分析其適用范圍，給出具體應用電路；結(jié)合實例，分析這種運行方式下硬件和軟件設計的特點。 關鍵詞：單片機 復位/休眠 抗干擾 引 言 隨著微電子技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，單片機的性能迅速提高，在運算、邏輯控制、智能化方面顯示出非凡的優(yōu)勢，在很大程度上取代了原來由數(shù)字邏輯電路、運算放大電路組成的檢測、控制電路，應用非常廣泛。但由于它存在著死機、程序跑飛等致命缺陷，使它在許多重要場合的應用受到限制。在抗干擾方面的許多技術(shù)，比如設軟件陷阱、加硬件看門狗電路

55、等，可使這一問題有較好的解決，但仍然存在問題：① 看門狗動作時，意味著已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了錯誤，且運行了一段時間，這在有些場合是不允許的；② 有時程序出現(xiàn)死循環(huán)錯誤，但是剛好把看門狗控制環(huán)節(jié)包含進去，對于這樣的錯誤采用看門狗無法識別；③ 在檢測控制周期比較長的系統(tǒng)中，單片機花大量時間等待外設，執(zhí)行等待命令時同樣會受到干擾。針對這些情況，我們在實踐中嘗試了主動復位的辦法，采用等間隔的脈沖或根據(jù)外部條件對單片機進行復位喚醒。每次復位后，單片機執(zhí)行相應的程序，執(zhí)行完任務后及時進入休眠，等待下次復位。用此方法較好地解決了上述問題，并在農(nóng)用變壓器綜合保護器實驗中得到了較好的效果。下面以51系列單片機為例探討具體原

56、理與實現(xiàn)方法，復位信號為高電平。 1 原理與實現(xiàn)方法 1.1 無條件定時復位法 用定時器、專用時鐘芯片或其它脈沖產(chǎn)生器，按照設定的間隔定時產(chǎn)生復位信號。這種方法特別適合監(jiān)測儀表。在實際運行中，往往是用A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器采樣輸入的模擬量，然后進行存儲顯示。這一過程很快，但為了讀數(shù)穩(wěn)定，每秒數(shù)據(jù)更新不過1～2次，CPU的大量時間用于等待。如果讓CPU執(zhí)行完任務后直接進入休眠，然后由外界復位喚醒它去執(zhí)行下一次操作，這就是定時復位法。這樣會使抗干擾能力大大增強，主要有2點：① 休眠時，程序停止運行，不會出現(xiàn)PC指針紊亂引起的程序跑飛。如果工作與休眠的時間比例為1:9，也就是說，1s內(nèi)有

57、0.1s的時間用來檢測、送顯示，有0.9s的時間休眠，程序受干擾的概率是全速運行時的1/10，整體抗干擾能力提高了10倍。② 由于每1s無條件復位1次，一旦某次工作期間出現(xiàn)死機，在下次復位時肯定得以恢復。對于只是顯示的儀表，某1s偶然出現(xiàn)的讀數(shù)錯誤對下一次測量并沒有記憶，是可以承受的，屬“一過性”錯誤。這種定時復位相對于看門狗電路的優(yōu)點，一是把等待時間改為休眠狀態(tài) ，縮短可能受干擾的時間；二是避免了恰好包含看門狗控制環(huán)節(jié)的死循環(huán)。 1.2 外部條件復位法 有些輸出或測量的啟動是由外部控制的。如暖氣熱表，靠熱水水輪旋轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生的脈沖計算熱量，沒有熱水流動，就沒有熱量輸出，CPU只要保

58、持原來數(shù)值即可，不需要計數(shù)?？梢韵胂?，停暖時熱水水輪不轉(zhuǎn)，CPU在春夏秋三季則無事可做；如果讓其休眠，而不是時刻檢測有無水輪脈沖，抗干擾能力會大大增強。因此，只要把水輪脈沖與CPU的復位聯(lián)系起來，水輪每旋轉(zhuǎn)1周，CPU復位1次，熱表就可以正常工作了，這就是外部條件復位法。類似的應用還有半電子式電度表，當機械度盤旋轉(zhuǎn)1周時才進行1個計數(shù)，用戶不用電，CPU會一直休眠。這種方法的復位間隔不是固定的，而是根據(jù)外部條件確定的。在有些場合，休眠的時間會很長，對提高抗干擾能力非常有效。 2 硬件實現(xiàn)要點 2.1 無條件定時復位 一般有2種方法。① 使用定時器或?qū)Ｓ脮r鐘芯片復位。圖1為

59、使用555電路組成的定時電路；也可以使用X1126之類的時鐘芯片，設置報警時間后用報警信號喚醒CPU。這種方法適用于長間隔定時，還可以根據(jù)本次運算的結(jié)果，臨時決定下一次的報警喚醒時間，非常靈活方便。② 使用系統(tǒng)固有的信號作為定時復位脈沖。例如使用50Hz工頻電源整形后作復位，既省略了定時器，同時又為檢測電流信號的相位采集了相應的信號，如圖2所示。 2.2 外部條件復位 把外部條件脈沖整形后送到復位端子。對于上述水輪或電表度盤產(chǎn)生的脈沖，可以使用施密特觸發(fā)器整形；對于記錄最大或最小值的儀器，可使用窗口比較器。為了實現(xiàn)調(diào)節(jié)的電子化，可以使用電子電位器，用單片機指令設定上下限。

60、 2.3 復位周期與復位高電平時間 圖3中，復位信號在高電平Tr期間，單片機處在復位狀態(tài)，程序不運行，抗干擾能力最強；高電平過后，單片機開始執(zhí)行程序。也就是說，復位信號的低電平Td期間是可供程序執(zhí)行的時間，這個時間要大于每次程序的執(zhí)行周期。合理選擇復位周期和復位信號的高電平占空比非常重要。對于單純顯示儀表，復位周期決定數(shù)據(jù)刷新周期，低電平時間要大于檢測、送顯示的全部時間；否則，會出現(xiàn)永遠不能完整執(zhí)行程序的錯誤。單片機在Ts和Tr期間都能有效地抗干擾，但是最好還是把多余時間安排在Tr內(nèi)。當程序執(zhí)行時間較長，要求盡量縮短Tr時，可加入微分電路，如圖1中的C30、R26、D9。 2.

61、4 輸出端子的處理 (1)復位期間的正脈沖 復位期間單片機的全部I/O口變成高電平。也就是說，正常輸出為低的引腳，會按照復位周期出現(xiàn)寬度為Tr的正脈沖。這個正脈沖會影響正常的輸出，有2個辦法處理：① 在端子上并聯(lián)電容加以抑制，容量根據(jù)復位的Tr時間確定。減小Tr可以減小并聯(lián)電容。② 把外圍電路設計成高電平無效。 (2)容 錯 適當選取輸出端并聯(lián)電容的容量，可以實現(xiàn)容錯控制。在某個復位周期，因干擾輸出了錯誤電平。由于電容的保持作用，在本周期內(nèi)尚不能使輸出變化到有效的電平；在下個周期，錯誤被糾正。因此，只要不是連續(xù)2個周期出錯，輸出是可容錯的。當然，這種方法

62、會使正常的輸出變化滯后一個周期，才真正反映到輸出端子。 2.5 上電檢測與手動復位 有些系統(tǒng)在初上電時要做一些初始化操作。采用復位方式運行時，每次復位已經(jīng)成為正常運行的開始條件，無法辨別是否初上電。在某引腳對地接一個1μF的電容，復位后檢測該引腳，如果是低電平就是初上電。如果給系統(tǒng)設立一個復位按鈕，也就是常見的手動復位，這個按鈕不是連接在復位端，而是并聯(lián)在上述引腳對地的電容兩端。 3 軟件實現(xiàn)要點 3.1 輸出恢復與不清零RAM 定時復位后全部引腳變成高電平，使得本應為低的引腳發(fā)生了不應有的變化，因此，復位后要立即恢復所有引腳的狀態(tài)。有2種方法：① 本次復

63、位后立即進行分析判斷，根據(jù)需要給出引腳狀態(tài)；② 根據(jù)RAM中上一次留存下來的狀態(tài)，這些RAM在定時復位時是不能清零的；而在初上電或手動復位按下時應清零，在軟件編制時要體現(xiàn)出來。如果計算時間允許，盡量采取方法1。因為連續(xù)2次復位周期都計算出錯的概率很小，按照2.4敘述的輸出端子并聯(lián)電容的處理方法，可以達到很好的抗干擾效果。 3.2 實現(xiàn)跨越定時復位間隔的時序控制 現(xiàn)在用復位方式工作，每次從頭開始反復執(zhí)行同一程序?？煞譃?種情況：① 對于單純顯示儀表，每次復位后進行測量、送顯示，兩次復位之間沒有因果關系，只需把原來的等待改為休眠即可。要注意的是，測量、送顯示用的總時間要小于復位低電

64、平時間，否則會出現(xiàn)永遠不能完整執(zhí)行程序的錯誤。② 對于有時序控制的應用，每次復位后，先要查看上個周期留下的標志，以決定本周期做什么。也就是說，凡是跨過復位周期的操作，都是靠標志傳遞的，這些標志存放在內(nèi)部RAM中，只有初上電時才清零。例如，前面提到的變壓器綜合保護器，按照20ms的間隔定時復位。它在上電后，經(jīng)過一定的動作順序達到正常工作狀態(tài)，如圖4；根據(jù)這個動作編寫軟件流程的一部分，如圖5。 在圖4中，當保護器初上電時，首先試送電0.5s，提示馬上就要送電；等待30s后正式送電。送電后的1s內(nèi)為啟動時間，不進行過電流檢測。啟動完成后，如果一切正常，則把“正常標志”置位，保護器在下一個復

65、位周期進入正常運行。試送電的0.5s延時是對復位進行25次計數(shù)實現(xiàn)的，因為每次復位時間是20ms。初上電時，對內(nèi)部RAM做全部清零，令試送電計時Ts=25后休眠。下一次被復位后，再檢測上電引腳已不是初上電，于是進行到試送電計時Ts的檢測。如果Ts≠0，說明在送電延時期間，把Ts減1后進入休眠。當Ts-1=0時，應該進入停電等待30s的過程了。就在Ts遞減到0的時候，令停電等待標志Td=1500。當程序再次由復位開始時，檢測到Ts=0但是Td≠0，表明已經(jīng)越過了試送電，現(xiàn)在正處于停電等待30s的過程中。這樣，整個進程由Tr、Td、Ts等這些參數(shù)相互傳遞著，一步步進行下去。 圖5 變壓器

66、保護器部分程序流程 結(jié) 語 抗干擾是電子設計中的重要問題，在單片機中尤其重要。這是因為單片機有程序跑飛的特殊性，它受到干擾的后果可能是死機，也可能在死機前發(fā)出各種錯誤或非法動作，使整個系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生致命性錯誤。因此，僅僅保證單片機不死機還不夠，還要研究如何減少受干擾的風險，以及出錯后如何能夠容錯。本文力圖從這兩方面作些探索，希望這些粗淺見解能夠起些拋磚引玉的作用，對大家有所幫助；也希望各位同仁一起探索，共同提高我們的設計水平。 Seattle Robotics CMUcam1 AppMod TM Vision System for BoeBot’s user guide 第15頁 海軍大連艦艇學院本科生譯文原文