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2019年高考英語一輪總復(fù)習(xí) 語法專項突破 考點(diǎn)精講 第三節(jié) 介詞和代詞 考點(diǎn)一　常見介詞的用法 介詞against，beyond，by，for，with，without，over，in，on，at，across，through等介詞是常考的介詞，它們大部分都有多層含義，全面掌握這些介詞的用法和意義，準(zhǔn)確把握句子語境是解題的關(guān)鍵。下面就幾個含義較多、掌握較難的介詞做一下介紹。 1．a(chǎn)gainst意為“反對；對抗；違背；逆著；倚、靠；以……為背景”。 Our classroom building stood out clearly against the blue sky. 藍(lán)天清晰地襯托出我們的教學(xué)大樓。 2．beyond意為“在……的另一邊；超出；非……所能及”。 The exercise was beyond the abilities of most of the class.這個練習(xí)超出了大多數(shù)學(xué)生的能力。 3．by意為“在……旁邊；到……為止；按照；按……計算數(shù)量、報酬等；通過……方式；以……的幅度”。 Do you rent the camera by the hour or by the day? 你的照相機(jī)出租是按小時還是按天數(shù)算？ 4．with意為“和……在一起 ；帶有；隨著；用，憑借；關(guān)于；由于，因為”。 He woke up from a nightmare, trembling with fear. 他從噩夢中驚醒， 因為恐懼而嚇得發(fā)抖。 5．over意為“在……的正上方；多于；在……期間”。 We have something interesting to talk about over the meal.我們有很多感興趣的事可以邊吃邊談。 6．for意為“為了；支持，同意；因為，由于；就……而言”。 She is in her thirties but looks old for her age. 她現(xiàn)在三十幾歲， 但是看起來比她實(shí)際年齡要老。 7．off意為“在……的外面；在……的沿海；偏離；從……離開”。 He lives in a village a little way off the main road. 他住在離大路不遠(yuǎn)的一個村子。 8．through意為“穿過；整個……；依據(jù)，經(jīng)由；度過”。 My parents love got me through the hard time. 我父母的愛幫助我度過了困難時期。 考點(diǎn)二　介詞的固定搭配 介詞的固定搭配考查有兩種：一是考查固定搭配中的介詞；二是考查介詞短語。常見的介詞搭配有： apart from 除……之外；for the benefit of為了……的利益；in the way擋道；in time及時；on watch值班，守夜；for lack of由于缺乏……； in addition to 除……之外還……；in case以免，萬一； in turn依次，轉(zhuǎn)而； in return for用以交換……； in charge of負(fù)責(zé)； in favour of同意； in terms of 就……而論； in particular尤其，特別；on behalf of 代表；on the contrary 相反；on the spot在現(xiàn)場，當(dāng)場；on purpose故意；other than除……之外；out of place不在合適的位置，不適當(dāng)?shù)模?out of date過期等。 考點(diǎn)三　替代詞及it的用法 1．替代詞的應(yīng)用 that 替代the＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞(尤其是有后置定語的) those 替代the＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞(尤其是有后置定語的) one 替代a(n)＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) the one 替代the＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) ones 替代零冠詞＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) the ones 替代the＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) it 替代前面提到過的同一個人或者物。 The book is more interesting than that/the one I read a few days ago. 這本書比我?guī)滋烨白x的那本更有趣。 The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk. 桌上的那些書比桌下的那些書要好。 Helping others is a habit, one you can learn even at an early age.幫助別人是一種習(xí)慣，一種你小時候就能學(xué)會的習(xí)慣。 Mr. Li gave me many valuable presents, ones that I had never seen.李先生給了我很多珍貴的禮物，這些是我從未見過的。 Yesterday I lost my pen and I couldnt find it anywhere. So I had to buy one. 昨天我丟了鋼筆，哪里也沒找到，只好又買了一只。 2．it的用法 (1)指代作用 除了上面講到的指代前面提到的同一個人或物外，還指代不清楚或沒必要知道說話對象的性別時；還指代環(huán)境、情形；也可指代時間、地點(diǎn)、距離、天氣、季節(jié)、度量衡單位等。 It is a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? 寶寶真可愛，是男孩還是女孩？ It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here. 從這里離最近的醫(yī)院有6英里。 (2)形式作用 it常用來作形式主語或形式賓語 In my opinion, it is no use arguing with him. 以我看來，與他爭論沒有用。 You must make it clear to them that the situation is serious.你必須讓他們清楚形勢嚴(yán)峻。 (3)表示“喜歡；厭惡”等心理方面的動詞后跟if/when等引導(dǎo)的從句時，常在從句前加it作形式賓語，常見的詞有appreciate，like，love，dislike，hate等。 Id appreciate it if you could teach me how to use the puter. 如果你能教我如何用電腦，我將不勝感激。 (4)it的一些固定搭配，如make it成功，確定時間為……；get it 明白了；when it es to...當(dāng)提到…… —When shall we meet again? 我們下一次什么時候見面？ —Make it any day you like; its all the same to me. 你喜歡哪天就哪天，對我來說都一樣。 考點(diǎn)四　不定代詞的用法 1．a(chǎn)ll, both, either，any, neither, none的區(qū)別 都 任何一個 都不(全部 否定) 部分否定 兩者 both either neither both＋not或 not＋both 三者或三 者以上 all any none all＋not 或not＋all There are trees on both sides/either side of the street. 在街的兩旁都有樹。 All horses are animals, but not all animals are horses. 所有的馬都是動物，但并不是所有的動物都是馬。 Because Henry and Mark had to work，neither of them came yesterday. 因為亨利和馬克要上班，所以兩人都沒來。 They were all very tired, but none of them would stop to have a rest. 他們都非常累，但沒有一個想停下來休息。 2．one，another，the other，some，others，the others的區(qū)別 一個/一些 另外一個/一些 剩余的一個/一些 單數(shù) one another the other 復(fù)數(shù) some others the others 【點(diǎn)津】　“another＋基數(shù)詞＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞” ＝“基數(shù)詞＋other＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”。 One was happy but the other was disappointed. 一人感到開心，另一人卻感到失望。 Some people like to stay at home on Sunday, while others like to go to the cinema.一些人喜歡周日待在家里，而另一些人則喜歡去看電影。 I felt so bad yesterday that I decided this morning I couldnt face another day like that. 昨天一整天我感覺很糟，所以今天早上我決定不能像那樣面對一天了。 I have got ten pencils. Two of them are red, and the others are blue. 我有十只鉛筆，兩只紅的，其余都是藍(lán)的。 Theres room for another three people in the back of the bus.公共汽車后面還能坐下三個人。 3．復(fù)合不定代詞 某 任何 每個，所有 沒有 人 someone/somebody anyone/anybody everyone/everybody no one/nobody 物 something anything everything nothing Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it. 世上無難事，只怕有心人。 Nobody can achieve anything of real significance unless he works very hard. 一個人要是不努力， 他就將一事無成。 It is everybodys duty to take good care of public property. 愛護(hù)公物，人人有責(zé)。 4．a(chǎn)ny，every的區(qū)別 any every not any not every或 every...not (三個或三個以上中)任何一個 (三個或三個以上中)每一個 任何人/物都不(全部否定) 并非每個(部分否定) I have many books here, and you can take any one. 我這里有很多書，你可以拿任何一本。 Every man dies, but not every man really lives. 每個人都會死去， 但不是每個人都曾經(jīng)真正活過。 I hope there are not any sour grapes between you two.我希望你倆之間不會有任何酸葡萄心理。 考點(diǎn)五　人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、 指示代詞、疑問代詞等的用法 1．人稱代詞 (1)人稱代詞的主格在句中作主語，賓格在句中作動詞或介詞的賓語。 He told me what had happened. 他告訴我發(fā)生了什么。 (2)下列情況下常用賓格 ①在be后作表語 —Who is it? 是誰？ —Its me. 是我。 ②在單獨(dú)使用或帶not的簡略答語中 —I like swimming. 我喜歡游泳。 —Me, too. 我也是。 2．物主代詞 形容詞性物主代詞只能作定語，名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于“形容詞性物主代詞＋名詞”，在句中做主、賓、表語或與of連用作后置定語。 Those strange ideas of yours cant be realized at all. 你的那些奇想根本沒辦法實(shí)現(xiàn)。 3．反身代詞 反身代詞有myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves，在句中做主、賓、表或同位語。 He was running so fast that he couldnt stop himself. 他跑得太快了，一下子停不下來。 It would be better to rely on ourselves than on others. 與其求人，不如求己。 4．指示代詞 指示代詞主要有this，that，these，those，注意以下幾點(diǎn)： (1)指上文一般用that，指下文只用this。 That is why Im working hard at my lesson. 那就是我要努力學(xué)習(xí)的原因。 This is an opportunity to promote the reputation of the pany.這是提高公司聲譽(yù)的機(jī)會。 (2)打電話時，用this指自己，用that指對方。 This is Joan speaking. Whos that, please? 我是瓊，請問你是誰？ (3)this和that還可表示程度，意為“如此，那么”，相當(dāng)于so，作狀語。 The next village is ten kilometres away, and we cant walk that far in an hour.下一個村子離這兒十公里， 我們一小時走不了那么遠(yuǎn)。 5．疑問代詞 疑問代詞有what，which，who，whom，whose，whatever，whoever，whichever等，用法要點(diǎn)如下： (1)what除了用來詢問職業(yè)外，一般指物，which可指人或物；who，whom，whose一般指人。 —What does he do? 他是干什么的？ —He is a famous actor and singer. 他是個著名的演員和歌手。 Which of you will go with me? 你們哪一個跟我一起去？ (2)沒有一定范圍時用what，意為“什么”；有一定范圍時用which，意為“哪一個”。 What kind of books, if any, do you prefer? 若有書的話， 你喜歡哪類？ Which pencil do you like, the red one or the blue one? 你喜歡哪支鉛筆， 紅的還是藍(lán)的？ (3)whatever，whoever，whichever表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，意為“到底什么/誰/哪一個”。 Whatever do you want? 你到底想要什么？ (對應(yīng)學(xué)生用書第237頁) Ⅰ.用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~完成下列句子 1．(xx新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ改編)It was a real race ________ time to get the project done.Luckily，we made it. 【解析】　句意：完成這項工程真的是在與時間賽跑。但幸運(yùn)的是，我們成功了。against在此處為“對抗之意”。 【答案】　against 2．(xx新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ改編)A serious study of physics is impossible ________ some knowledge of mathematics. 【解析】　句意：沒有一定的數(shù)學(xué)知識，進(jìn)行嚴(yán)肅的物理學(xué)研究是不可能的。without“沒有”。 【答案】　without 3．(xx北京高考改編)I have an appointment________Dr. Smith, but I need to change it. 【解析】　句意：我和Smith博士有一個約會，但是我需要改一下。have an appointment with sb.與某人有約會、預(yù)約。 【答案】　with 4．(xx山東高考改編)The Smiths are praised ________ the way they bring up their children. 【解析】　句意：史密斯夫婦因為他們培養(yǎng)孩子的方式而受到了贊揚(yáng)。根據(jù)語境可知此處表達(dá)夫婦二人受贊揚(yáng)的原因，應(yīng)該用介詞for。 【答案】　for 5．(xx福建高考改編)Mrs.Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess，as her children are always ________ the way whenever she tries to. 【解析】　句意：史密斯太太覺得很難把雜亂的東西收拾好，因為無論她什么時候試圖整理，她的孩子們總是礙手礙腳。in the way/in sb.s way妨礙。 【答案】　in 6．(xx遼寧高考改編)________behalf of everyone here，I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country. 【解析】　句意：我代表這兒的每一個人，希望你們的回國旅程愉快。on behalf of為固定詞組“代表”。 【答案】　On 7．(xx江蘇高考改編)I am always delighted when I receive an e－mail from you.________ regard to the party on July 1st，I shall be pleased to attend. 【解析】　句意：我總是很高興收到你的郵件，關(guān)于七月一日的聚會，我將樂意參加。with regard to關(guān)于。 【答案】　With 8．(xx湖北高考改編)An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered________chance a long lost antique Greek vase. 【解析】　句意：最近一位乘坐渡船到這個南部島嶼旅行的藝術(shù)家偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個丟失已久的希臘古董花瓶。by chance偶然。 【答案】　by 9．(xx江蘇高考改編)Team leaders must ensure that all members get ________ their natural desire to avoid the embarrassment associated with making mistakes. 【解析】　句意：團(tuán)隊領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者必須要確保所有的隊員克服本能的欲望以避免犯錯誤帶來的尷尬。get over克服。 【答案】　over 10．(xx湖北高考改編)Butterflies feed ________a sweet liquid produced by flowers, which bees and other insects collect. 【解析】　句意：蝴蝶以花卉產(chǎn)生的一種甜甜的液體為食，蜜蜂和其他昆蟲則采集這種液體。feed on以……為食。 【答案】　on Ⅱ.用適當(dāng)?shù)拇~完成下列句子 1．Some people like to talk about generation gaps.I dont think there is ________ in my family though. 【解析】　句意：有些人喜歡談?wù)摯鷾稀Ｈ欢艺J(rèn)為在我家不存在代溝。one代指前面提到的generation gaps中的一個，即a generation gap。 【答案】　one 2．The scientists hoped further research would lead to a better understanding of the disease，how ________ spread and what other factors might be involved. 【解析】　此處為how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，代詞指代the disease，為特指意義的單數(shù)名詞，所以用it。 【答案】　it 3．In society where social roles are determined，boys usually copy the behavior of their fathers，and girls ________ of their mothers. 【解析】　that在此代指前面提到的the behavior。 【答案】　that 4．What seems to be a good thing to one person may be a bad thing to ________． 【解析】　句意：對一個人來說似乎是好事的東西，對另一個人來說可能就是壞事。填another與前面的one person對應(yīng)。 【答案】　another 5．—Did you watch the football match last night? —Yes，thats a most close one，and eventually neither could defeat ________． 【解析】　從語意可知，是雙方在比賽，實(shí)力相當(dāng)，表示二者中的另外一方，只能用the other。 【答案】　the other 6．—Which cup do you like，Tommy? —________．I think theyre both ugly. 【解析】　根據(jù)答語中的“theyre both ugly”可知，湯米對兩個杯子都不喜歡，所以填neither。 【答案】　Neither 7．As the two dictionaries are useful，Ill take ________ and ________ of them is very important to me. 【解析】　句意：由于這兩本詞典都有用，我會把它們都帶走，每一本對我來說都非常重要。根據(jù)句意可知，說話人對這兩本詞典都很滿意，故第一空用both；第二空所在句的謂語動詞為單數(shù)，故設(shè)空處應(yīng)用either，表示“兩者中的任何一個”。 【答案】　both；either 8．Seeing a large crowd at the street corner.I became aware of ________ unusual happening. 【解析】　句意：看到街道的拐角處有一大群人，我意識到發(fā)生了某些不尋常的事情。unusual作后置定語修飾something，表示“某些不尋常的事情”，符合句意。 【答案】　something 9．—Do you have ________ ready for the opening ceremony，Ted? —No，we still need some volunteers. 【解析】　句意：——泰德，開幕式的一切都準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？——還沒有，我們還需要一些志愿者。從后面的some volunteers可知填everything，表示“全部，一切”。 【答案】　everything 10．I shop online all the time and Ive never had ________ like this happen—Joshua says he got cheated! 【解析】　根據(jù)“Joshua says he got cheated”可知，前面表示“在我身上從來沒有發(fā)生過任何像這樣的事情”。 【答案】　anything Ⅲ.用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空 Fathers Day occurs on the 3rd Sunday in June.The idea for creating a day __1__ children to honor their fathers began in Spokane，Washington.A woman __2__ the name of Sonora Smart Dodd thought __3__ the idea for Fathers Day while listening to a Mothers Day sermon __4__ 1909. Having been raised __5__ her father，Henry Jackson Smart，after her mother died，Sonora wanted her father to know how special he was __6__ her.It was her father that made all the parental sacrifices and was，__7__ the eyes of his daughter，a courageous，selfless，and loving man.Sonoras father was born in June，so she chose to hold the first Fathers Day celebration __8__ Spokane，Washington __9__ the 19th of June，1910. In 1924 President Calvin Coolidge announced the third Sunday in June __10__ Fathers Day.Roses are the flowers for Fathers Day. 【語篇解讀】　本文介紹了父親節(jié)的來歷。最早是1909年由住在華盛頓斯波肯市的索羅拉斯馬特杜德夫人最早提出設(shè)立父親節(jié)的。1924年，美國總統(tǒng)加爾文庫利奇宣布每年6月的第三個星期天為父親節(jié)。 【答案】　 1．for　表示“為，給”某人，引出不定式的邏輯主語。 2．with　with the name of＝named/called(名叫……)。 3．of　think of(想到)是固定搭配。 4．in　表示在某年或某月用介詞in。 5．by　在被動語態(tài)中表示動詞的執(zhí)行者，用by。 6．to　表示“對某人特別”是be special to sb.。類似的還有be kind/friendly to sb.等。 7．in　表示“在某人的眼中”是in the eyes of sb.。 8．in　表示“在”某個大城市，用介詞in。 9．on　表示“在”具體某一天用介詞on。 10．a(chǎn)s　表示“當(dāng)作，作為”，用as。 Ⅳ.請改正下列句子中的代詞錯誤 1．Every of the twin sisters is so lovely that I cant help kissing both of them. 2．To some life is pleasure，while to another it is suffering.But I dont know what it is to me. 3．I would appreciate it very much if you could give me any suggestions. 4．You mustnt always do something as he asks you to do.You should have your own way of life. 5．Many people in the West make a rule to buy Christmas presents for their relatives and friends. 6．If our parents do everything for us children，we wont learn to depend on us. 7．I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldnt face the other day like that. 8．If you are from Asia，youll find the American culture is so different from one of your own country. 9．Yesterday several pairs of shoes were tried on，but all of them were satisfactory. 10．None in my life impressed me so deeply as my visit to the Palace Museum. 【答案】　1.Every→Each　2.another→others 3．a(chǎn)ny→some　4.something→anything　5.make與a rule之間加it　6.us→ourselves　7.the other→another　8.one→that　9.all→none　10.None→Nothing