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2019年高考英語一輪總復(fù)習(xí) 語法專項(xiàng)突破 考點(diǎn)精講 第一節(jié) 名詞和冠詞 (對(duì)應(yīng)學(xué)生用書第225頁(yè)) 考點(diǎn)一　名詞的數(shù)與名詞的格 1．抽象名詞具體化 常見的抽象名詞具體化的詞有 抽象名詞 具體化的名詞 success成功 a success 一位成功的人或一件成功的事 failure 失敗 a failure 一個(gè)失敗的人或一件失敗的事 fort安慰；慰藉 a fort 一件令人感到安慰的事 surprise 驚奇 a surprise 一件令人驚奇的事 experience 經(jīng)驗(yàn) an experience 一次經(jīng)歷 difficulty 困難 a difficulty 一件難事 beauty 美麗 a beauty 一個(gè)美人或一件美事 must 必須 a must 一件必要的事 Failure is the mother of success. 失敗是成功之母。 His new book is quite a success. 他的新書獲得了巨大成功。 2．有些物質(zhì)名詞可具體化為可數(shù)名詞，常見的有 物質(zhì)名詞 可數(shù)名詞 drink 飲料 two drinks 兩杯飲料 coffee 咖啡 a coffee 一杯咖啡 tea 茶 two teas 兩杯茶 —Would you like some coffee? 你想喝點(diǎn)咖啡嗎？ —Id like a coffee and two beers. 我想要一杯咖啡兩瓶啤酒。 3．名詞作定語 (1)名詞作定語時(shí)，大多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式。例如：a shoe store 一家鞋店 (2)man，woman修飾名詞時(shí)，隨名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的變化而變化。 a man teacher 一位男老師→ two men teachers 兩位男老師 a boy student 一位男生→ two boy students 兩位男生 (3)有些名詞作定語時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)形式，常見的有：a clothes shop 一家服裝店；a goods car 一輛貨車；a customers officer 一位海關(guān)官員。 4．名詞的格 (1)所有格的構(gòu)成：不以－s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞后加－s；以－s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加－；以－s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞后加－s或－均可。 (2)表示各自所屬關(guān)系時(shí)，各名詞末尾均需加s，例如：Janes and Marys bikes 簡(jiǎn)的自行車和瑪麗的自行車。 (3)表示共有的所屬關(guān)系時(shí)，在最后一詞后加s，例如：Jane and Marys father 簡(jiǎn)和瑪麗的父親(是同一個(gè)人) 考點(diǎn)二　名詞的詞義辨析 近些年對(duì)名詞的考查以詞義辨析為主，在辨析時(shí)要注意名詞的固定搭配以及一詞多義。下面是常見的兩組名詞詞義辨析： 1．cause，reason，excuse cause 指直接導(dǎo)致事情發(fā)生的原因，與所發(fā)生的事有因果關(guān)系，后接介詞of。 reason 強(qiáng)調(diào)從邏輯推理上得出的結(jié)論性原因，不直接說明起因，后接介詞for。 excuse 指為自己辯解，希望得到諒解時(shí)所提出的種種借口、理由，后接介詞for。 第一節(jié)　名詞和冠詞(這是邊文，請(qǐng)據(jù)需要手工刪加) 高三一輪總復(fù)習(xí)英語(Ⅰ)(這是邊文，請(qǐng)據(jù)需要手工刪加) Drunken driving is often the cause of accidents. 酒后駕駛經(jīng)常是事故的起因。 The reason for my absence was that I was ill. 我沒來的原因是由于病了。 Late again! Whats your excuse this time? 又遲到了！這次是什么借口？ 2．damage，ruin，harm，injury damage 既可以作及物動(dòng)詞，也可以作不可數(shù)名詞；只是針對(duì)物的傷害，即其對(duì)象只是sth.，比如bridge/farm/road等；一般不是徹底的傷害，是可以恢復(fù)/復(fù)原的。結(jié)構(gòu)：damage sth.；do/cause damage to sth.。 injury 是指意外事故等對(duì)人體機(jī)能造成的傷害，比如傷腿/手/眼等；它只能作名詞，動(dòng)詞是injure。 harm 可指各種各樣的傷害，類似于hurt，既可作不可數(shù)名詞，也可以作及物動(dòng)詞。結(jié)構(gòu)：harm sb./sth.；do harm to sb./sth.。 ruin 既可以作動(dòng)詞，也可以作名詞。多用于借喻之中，經(jīng)常指把某物損壞到了不能再使用的程度，表示“使……破產(chǎn)；糟蹋掉”的意思。作名詞時(shí)指毀滅成廢墟狀態(tài)，或指破產(chǎn)、垮臺(tái)、身敗名裂等。 Smoking can do great harm to your health. 吸煙對(duì)你的健康有害。 The city of Pompeii is totally in a ruin. 龐培城成了一片廢墟。 The earthquake has caused great damage to the city.地震給這個(gè)城市造成了巨大傷害。 Will you dress this injury? 請(qǐng)包扎這個(gè)傷口好嗎？ 考點(diǎn)三　冠詞的用法 1．不定冠詞a/an的用法 (1)表示數(shù)量“一個(gè)；同一；每一；某一”，意思相當(dāng)于one，the same，every或a certain。 Rome is not built in a day. (諺)羅馬非一日建成。 The children are of an age. 這些孩子們年齡一樣大。 We have meals three times a day. 我們每天吃三頓飯。 A Mr. Li is waiting for you. 一位李先生在等你。 (2)放在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，泛指一類人和物。 A horse is a useful animal. 馬是一種有用的動(dòng)物。 (3)用在某些抽象名詞前，表示“一陣，一場(chǎng)，一種”等。 What a heavy rain! 雨下得真大！ (4)用于有形容詞修飾的一日三餐前，或有形容詞修飾的季節(jié)、日期或星期幾前，表泛指。 Im sure the outing will last long. Please bring a packed lunch.我敢肯定這次郊游時(shí)間比較長(zhǎng)，請(qǐng)帶上自備的午餐。 We had a hot summer last year. 我們?nèi)ツ甓冗^了一個(gè)酷暑。 (5)序數(shù)詞前可加不定冠詞，表示“另一個(gè)”或“又一個(gè)”。 Can you give me a second chance? 你再給我一次機(jī)會(huì)好嗎？ (6)用在一些固定搭配中，如 all of a sudden，at a loss，make a living，tell a lie等。 I was at a loss what to do. 我不知道該怎么辦。 2．定冠詞的用法 (1)用于彼此都知道所指的人或物時(shí)，表示特指。 Do you know the man standing there? 你認(rèn)得那邊站著的那個(gè)人嗎？ (2)和形容詞連用，代表一類人或事物。 The wounded were sent to the hospital immediately. 受傷者馬上被送往了醫(yī)院。 (3)用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的人或物、自然現(xiàn)象、發(fā)明物之前。 Alexander Bell invented the telephone in 1876. 亞歷山大貝爾于1876年發(fā)明了電話。 【點(diǎn)津】　有些物體實(shí)際上也是獨(dú)一無二的，但習(xí)慣上不用冠詞，如space，nature，man(人類)。 (4)用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)前。還可用在對(duì)兩個(gè)人或物進(jìn)行比較時(shí)起特定作用的比較級(jí)前。 He is the older of the two. 他是兩人中年長(zhǎng)的那一個(gè)。 (5)用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)名詞前，表示全家人或這一姓氏的夫婦倆。 The Greens are on holiday now. 現(xiàn)在格林一家(夫婦)正在度假。 (6)用在逢10的數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代，如in the 1990s在二十世紀(jì)九十年代。 (7)用在以festival組成的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日之前，但以day組成的節(jié)日前不加定冠詞；在表示演奏的西洋樂器的名詞前通常用定冠詞，但中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)樂器前不加定冠詞。試比較： in the Spring Festival 在春節(jié)；on Christmas Day 在圣誕節(jié) play the piano 彈鋼琴；play erhu 演奏二胡 (8)用在表示計(jì)量的名詞前，如by the day，by the hour，by the dozen等，表示“按照……”；但如果表示單位的名詞為不可數(shù)名詞前面不加定冠詞，如by weight，by height等。 (9)用在一些固定搭配中，如in the end，on the whole，on the spot等。 The thief was caught on the spot. 小偷當(dāng)場(chǎng)被抓。 3．零冠詞的用法 (1)季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、學(xué)科名稱、球類、棋類名詞前不加冠詞。 January 1st is New Years Day. 一月一日是新年。 I like physics though it is a little difficult. 我喜歡物理，盡管學(xué)起來有些難。 (2)表示獨(dú)一無二的職位、職務(wù)的名詞用作表語、同位語或補(bǔ)足語時(shí)。 We made Jack monitor of our class. 我們選杰克為班長(zhǎng)。 (3)連系動(dòng)詞turn后的表語單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前不用冠詞，但名詞前若有形容詞作定語時(shí)，則必須用冠詞。 Lu Xun was a doctor before he turned writer. 魯迅成為作家前是醫(yī)生。 (4)表示交通工具的名詞與by連用，不指具體某輛車，而是作為工具時(shí)。 He goes to school by bike every day. 他每天騎自行車上學(xué)。 (5)as，though引導(dǎo)的倒裝的讓步狀語從句中的名詞移至句首時(shí)不用冠詞。 Child as he is, he plays the violin very well. 盡管他是個(gè)孩子，但小提琴拉得很好。 (6)用在一些固定搭配中，如at war，in place of，take place等。 I will give you this lesson in place of Mr. Wang. 我代替王老師給你們上這堂課。 4．一些短語中有無冠詞的區(qū)別 ①at table在吃飯；at the table在桌子旁 ②at school上學(xué)；at the school在學(xué)校 ③in hospital/prison住院/坐牢；in the hospital/prison在醫(yī)院/在監(jiān)獄里 ④by day白天； by the day按日計(jì)算 ⑤take place發(fā)生；take the place of取代 ⑥in charge of掌管；in the charge of在……掌管之中 ⑦in front of在……的前面；in the front of在……的前面部分 ⑧out of question毫無疑問；out of the question不可能 He is in charge of the factory. 他負(fù)責(zé)這個(gè)工廠。 The factory is in the charge of him. 這個(gè)工廠由他負(fù)責(zé)。 (對(duì)應(yīng)學(xué)生用書第228頁(yè)) Ⅰ.用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1．All it takes is courage and ________(mit)． 2．Doctors spent several hours doing an ________(operate) for her. 3．But Jane knew from past experience that her ________(choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father. 4．They have designed a Y－shaped solar house bining six recycled shipping ________(contain)． 5．There are many different kinds of ________(marry) ceremonies practiced around the world. 6．She gave me a smile with ________(satisfy) and gratitude in her eyes. 7．Seeking material ________(succeed)is beginning to trouble large numbers of people around the world. 8．The ________(achieve)of Sally Ride，Americas first woman astronaut to fly into space，made this flight especially memorable. 9．The ________(pete)began and someone jumped the gun.So all the runners had to go back to the starting line. 10．Try recording yourself whenever you canpare your ________(pronounce)with the master version(版本)，see how you can do better and have another go. 11．He knew much about ________(poor)，hunger and hopelessness and made a long，moving ________(speak)．All the students were impressed with his passionate ideas. 12．David Tom Daley，a 13－year－old diver yesterday won his ticket to Beijing with a top ________(perform)in a qualifying event(選拔賽)． 13．One summer something did go wrong with the power plant that supplied New York with ________(electric)． 14．A quake measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale(里氏震級(jí))shook the area suddenly，resulting in over 10，000 ________(die)by far. 15．Kenny is one of the typical ________(beg)．He sleeps rough in an underground passage，“Bessing for money is very embarrassing，”says Kenny，“but Ive got to live too.” 16．Goldman Sachs Group，the international investment banking pany，has started a new program to provide ten thousand poor women with business ________(educate)，says Dina Powell，the managing ________(direct)of Goldman Sachs Group. 17．Like most writers，Willa Cather wrote books not for the money that they brought her，but rather for the ________(please)that came in the writing. 18．This February，he made a ________(decide)to leave Tsinghua University after failing five courses.He returned to the middle school again. 19．She took me from a poor，unhappy college student and brought me into her world：a world of smiles love and ________(warm)． 20．Last week，our school held a ________(sport)meeting on the playground. 【答案】　1mitment　2.operation　3.choice　4.containers　5.marriage　6.satisfaction　7.success　8.achievement　9petition　10.pronunciation　11.poverty；speech　12.performance 13．electricity　14.deaths　15.beggars　16.education；director　17.pleasure　18.decision 19．warmth　20.sports Ⅱ.用適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~完成下列句子 1．India attained ________ independence in 1947，after ________ long struggle. 【答案】　不填；a 2．Four and ________ half hours of discussion took us up to midnight，and ________ break for cheese，chocolate and tea with sugar. 【答案】　a；a 3．It was ________ cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across ________ night sky. 【答案】　a；the 4．The “Chinese Dream” is ________ dream to improve peoples well－being and ________ dream of harmony，peace and development. 【答案】　a；a 5．The parents were shocked by ________ news that their son needed ________ operation on his knee. 【答案】　the；an 6．People develop ________ preference for a particular style of learning at ________ early age and these preferences affect learning. 【答案】　a；an 7．Carl is studying ________ food science at college and hopes to open up ________ meat processing factory of his own one day. 【答案】　不填；a 8．The Smiths dont usually like staying at ________ hotels，but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by ________ sea. 【答案】　不填；the 9．In ________ face of more and more “dropout factories”，many people prefer to be paid on ________ daily basis. 【答案】　the；a 10．It came as ________ shock that ________ fire broke out in Shanghai yesterday，killing at least 5 people. 【答案】　a；a Ⅲ.用適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~填空 Villages in developing countries often lack many things.Books.Clean water.Electricity.These shortages are easy to see.But __1__ different kind of shortage is not easy to see.That is __2__ shortage of experts.Many villages have no doctors，engineers or scientists.They have no one who knows how to treat unusual medical problems or design __3__ new energy system.There is __4__ way to ease __5__ problem.You can do it with puters.In __6__ past few years，puter scientists around __7__ world have developed what they call “expert systems”．__8__ expert system is __9__ special kind of puter program.In some situations，it can take __10__ place of a human expert. 【答案】　 1．a(chǎn)　此處表示泛指，指另一種不同的缺乏。 2．the　此處特指“專家的缺乏”，故用定冠詞the。 3．a(chǎn)　此處指“一種新的能源系統(tǒng)”，表示泛指，故用不定冠詞。 4．a(chǎn)　這兒有一種解決這個(gè)問題的方法，表示泛指，故用不定冠詞a。 5．the　此處特指上文提到的這個(gè)問題，故用定冠詞the。 6．the　in the past few years “在過去的幾年里”為固定結(jié)構(gòu)，故用the。 7．the　around the world“世界各地”，world前常用定冠詞the。 8．An　此處表示泛指，且expert以元音音標(biāo)開頭，故用不定冠詞an。 9．a(chǎn)　一種特殊的電腦程序，此處表示泛指。 10．the　take the place of “代替；取代”為固定句式。