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2019-2020年高考英語優(yōu)等生百日闖關(guān)系列 專題10 閱讀理解議論文類 方法與技巧 題型介紹： 議論文是英語中的重要文體，在每年的高考閱讀理解中占有一定的比例。相對于其它文體，議論文閱讀要難一些，因此要多加重視。 議論文就是說理性的文章，一般由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證過程組成。議論文都要提出論題、觀點(diǎn)、提供充分的證據(jù)，使用一定的邏輯方法證明觀點(diǎn)或得出結(jié)論。 命題形式： 從近幾年觀的高考英語試題來看，議論文類閱讀理解的命題類型主要有： 1. 主旨題 考查考生對于議論文基本觀點(diǎn)的理解，是主旨題設(shè)題的目的。做這種類型的題目要弄清作者想說什么，即作者寫此文章的目的。 2. 推理判斷題 這種題型的特點(diǎn)是以事實(shí)為依據(jù)，但其結(jié)果有絕不是事實(shí)本身。它主要測試考生的邏輯思維能力，側(cè)重于推理。 3. 細(xì)節(jié)題 細(xì)節(jié)題也是議論文試題的主要題型。這種題要求考生理解文中的具體觀點(diǎn)和具體事實(shí)。 三、議論文閱讀理解題解題技巧 第一，抓論點(diǎn)、尋論據(jù) 閱讀議論文我們要抓住論題，即作者提出的觀點(diǎn)、給出的例證及最后得出的結(jié)論。抓住了論題，我們就把我了中心。 第二，注重文章結(jié)構(gòu)，理清文章脈絡(luò)。 把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)，有利于對文章大意的理解。從論證方法上講，常見的議論文結(jié)構(gòu)有以下兩類： 1. Put forward a question →Analyze the question →Solve the question這就是“提出問題、分析問題、解決問題”的過程。 2. Argument/Idea → Evidence → Conclusion/Restating the idea這就是“由論點(diǎn)到論據(jù)到結(jié)論或者強(qiáng)調(diào)論點(diǎn)”的過程。 第三，體會文章語言特點(diǎn)，把握作者寫作態(tài)度，準(zhǔn)確進(jìn)行推理判斷。 能否正確把握作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度是體現(xiàn)閱讀能力的重要方面。一般來說，對作者的總的態(tài)度和傾向，必須在通讀全文，掌握了論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)后，方能做出判斷。在判斷作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度時，我們應(yīng)注意，有時候作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度并不是明確地表達(dá)出來的，需要我們認(rèn)真體察。做推理判斷時，一定要遵循邏輯規(guī)律，以事實(shí)為依據(jù)進(jìn)行合理的推理。 解題技巧： 解答此類試題，可以從以下幾個方面著手考慮： 作者在開始敘述一個現(xiàn)象，然后對現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋。這類文章的主題是文中最重要的解釋或作者所強(qiáng)調(diào)的解釋，閱讀時要注意作者給出的原因，所以又被稱為原因——結(jié)果（Cause & Effect）型。還有一種比較常見的是問題——答案型，作者在一開始或一段末以問句提出一個問題（相當(dāng)于一個現(xiàn)象），然后給出該問題的答案（相當(dāng)于解釋）。針對文中問題給出的主要答案就是這種文章的中心。 這里強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn):答題時優(yōu)先考慮正面答題(直接從文章內(nèi)容得出答案) ，然后從中心、態(tài)度或利用解的特征等其他角度對選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn);如果從文章內(nèi)容中直接無法解決，則從中心和態(tài)度方面考慮;次之從解的特征方面考慮。 考生往往最怕此類體裁。山窮水盡時，記住：首先從整體上把握文章中心和作者所持的態(tài)度，靠近中心的就是答案 體驗(yàn)高考 [xx安徽卷] D Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city? In order to answer this question, we must first examine whether people really want to preserve the historic feel of an area. Not all historical buildings are attractive. However, there may be other reasons—for example, economic(經(jīng)濟(jì)的) reasons—why they should be preserved. So, let us assume that historical buildings are both attractive and important to the majority of people. What should we do then if a new building is needed? In my view, new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style. Indeed, there are many examples in my own hometown of Tours where modern designs have been placed very successfully next to old buildings. As long as the building in question is pleasing and does not dominate(影響) its surroundings too much, it often improves the attractiveness of the area. It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt(破壞) the area they are in, but the same can be said of some old buildings too. Yet people still speak against new buildings in historic areas. I think this is simply because people are naturally conservative(保守的) and do not like change. Although we have to respect peoples feelings as fellow users of the buildings, I believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move_things_forward. If we always reproduced what was there before, we would all still be living in caves. Thus, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different, even though that might be the more risky choice. 68．What does the author say about historical buildings in the first paragraph? A．Some of them are not attractive. B．Most of them are too expensive to preserve. C．They are more pleasing than modern buildings. D．They have nothing to do with the historic feel of an area. 69．Which of the following is TRUE according to the author? A．We should reproduce the same old buildings. B．Buildings should not dominate their surroundings. C．Some old buildings have spoilt the area they are in. D．No one understands why people speak against new buildings. 70．By “move things forward” in the last paragraph, the author probably means “________”． A．destroy old buildings B．put things in a different place C．choose new architectural style D．respect peoples feelings for historical buildings 71．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To explain why people dislike change. B．To warn that we could end up living in caves. C．To admit how new buildings have ruined their surroundings. D．To argue that modern buildings can be built in historic areas. 【要點(diǎn)綜述】 本文為一篇議論文。保護(hù)古建筑與城市的發(fā)展是相互矛盾的，作者就如何解決這個矛盾談了自己的看法。 68. A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第三句“Not all historical buildings are attractive.”可知選A。 69. C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段首句可知，作者認(rèn)為有些古建筑破壞了其所在的地區(qū)。故選C。 70. C　詞義猜測題。move things forward意為“將事情向前推進(jìn)”。接下來的兩句對此進(jìn)行了闡釋：作者寧愿冒險(xiǎn)選擇一些新的建筑風(fēng)格而不愿復(fù)制以前的建筑風(fēng)格。故C項(xiàng)正確。 [xx福建卷] E As has been all too apparent in recent days at Balbe, few issues cause greater concern than energy policy. Many village munities feel their countryside is being ruined by the powerproducing machines of wind farms; yet they never take “direct action”， even though the planning laws put them at a severe disadvantage. And the generous subsidies(財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼), which encourage the expansion of wind power, are not favourable to the village munities and set landowners in conflict with other residents(居民)． Those who disagree with the rapid expansion of wind farms state that the damage they cause is out of proportion(比例) to the benefits they bring, because their energy output cannot match that of the carbonbased power stations they are supposed to replace. Supporters insist that wind must be part of a mix of renewables, nuclear and carbon, and that the country is mitted to meeting EU (European Union) targets for noncarbon energy generation. Against this background, the fact that there is an argument within the government over whether to publish an official report on wind farms impact on the countryside bees even more extraordinary. The two parties in the coalition(聯(lián)合) government are in disagreement over what it should say. We have some advice for the two parties: publish the report, and let the country be the judge. Even if it contains evidence that wind farms are harmful, it will hardly be a pleasant surprise to people who do not like them. Equally, supporters must argue their case by acknowledging the concerns and explaining why they are either misplaced or worthy of much attention. The suggestion that further negotiations are to take place to produce an “acceptable” report suggests that the politics of coalition government are doing the country harm in a certain way. Given the sensitivities involved, all the information should be available so that people can reach their own conclusions, rather than being left with the suspicion(猜疑) that facts are being replaced by political beliefs. 72．We can learn from the first paragraph that________． A．energy policy catches much attention of the public B．the residents are in favour of the expansion of wind farms C．many village munities are satisfied with the subsidies D．the planning laws offer great benefits to the residents 73．Supporters think that the expansion of wind power ________． A．is more rapid than that of carbonbased power B．guarantees an increase in energy output C．is expected to be much better than that of nuclear power D．a(chǎn)grees with EU targets for noncarbon energy generation 74．It can be inferred from the passage that________． A．a(chǎn)n official report will settle the energy problem B．the two parties are divided over the issue of wind farms C．the two parties have agreed on a further negotiation D．political beliefs concerning energy issue go against facts 75．Which of the following reflects the authors opinion? A．Increase political impact on energy policy. B．Release a statement of supporters on wind farms. C．Let the nation judge the facts about wind power. D．Leave the two parties to reach their own conclusions. 【要點(diǎn)綜述】 本文是一篇社會生活類文章。文章介紹了人們特別關(guān)心能源政策，尤其是風(fēng)力發(fā)電站引起了多方的關(guān)注和不同觀點(diǎn)的探討。 72．A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“…few issues cause greater concern than energy policy.”可知能源政策引起了公眾更多的注意，因此A項(xiàng)正確。 73．D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第二段主要列舉了支持者和反對者的觀點(diǎn)。支持者認(rèn)為風(fēng)能一定是可再生能源，也是核能和碳能混合體的一部分，國家一直致力于滿足歐盟的非碳能源生產(chǎn)的目標(biāo)。因此D項(xiàng)正確。 74．B　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句可知B項(xiàng)正確。 75．C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段，尤其是其中的“…and let the country be the judge.”可知C項(xiàng)正確。 [xx湖北卷] E For most city people, the elevator is an unremarkable machine that inspires none of the enthusiasm or interest that Americans afford trains, jets, and even bicycles. Dr Christopher Wilk is a member of a small group of elevator experts who consider this a misunderstanding. Without the elevator, they point out, there could be no downtown skyscrapers or tall buildings, and city life as we know it would be impossible. In that sense, they argue, the elevators role in American history has been no less significant than that of cars. In fact, according to Wilk, the car and the elevator have been locked in a “secret war” for over a century, with cars making it possible for people to spread horizontally(水平地), and elevators pushing them towards life in close groups of towering vertical(垂直的) columns. If we tend to ignore the significance of elevators, it might be because riding in them tends to be such a brief, boring, and even awkward experience—one that can involve unexpectedly meeting people with whom we have nothing in mon, and an unpleasant awareness of the fact that were hanging from a cable in a long passage. In a new book, Lifted, German journalist and cultural studies professor Andreas Bernard directed all his attention to this experience, studying the origins of elevator and its relationship to humankind and finding that riding in an elevator has never been a totally fortable experience. “After 150 years, we are still not used to it，” Bernard said. “We still have not exactly learnt to cope with the mixture of closeness and displeasure.” That mixture, according to Bernard, sets the elevator ride apart from just about every other situation we find ourselves in as we go about our lives. Today, as the worlds urban population explodes, and cities bee more crowded, taller, and more crowded, Americas total number of elevators—900，000 at last count, according to Elevator World magazines “xx Vertical Transportation Industry”—are a force thats being more important than ever. And for the people who really, really love them, it seems like high time that we looked seriously at just what kind of force they are. 67. What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 1 refer to? A. The general view of elevators. B. The particular interests of experts. C. The desire for a remarkable machine. D. The enthusiasm for transport vehicles. 68. The authors purpose in mentioning cars is ________． A. to contrast their functions with elevators B. to emphasize the importance of elevators C. to reveal their secret war against elevators D. to explain peoples preference for elevators 69. According to Prof Bernard, what has made the elevator ride different from other life experiences? A. Vertical direction. B. Lack of excitement. C. Little physical space. D. Unfortable conditions. 70. The author urges readers to consider ________． A. the exact number of elevator lovers B. the serious future situation of elevators C. the role of elevators in city development D. the relationship between cars and elevators 【要點(diǎn)概述】 本文是一篇議論文。文章告訴我們，電梯在美國人的生活中是非常重要的，它使人們向垂直方向發(fā)展。隨著城市規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大，電梯的使用越來越多，人們要更加關(guān)注電梯的作用。 67. A　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的第一句“For most city people, the elevator is an unremarkable machine that inspires none of the enthusiasm or interest that Americans afford trains, jets, and even bicycles.”可知，大部分人都認(rèn)為電梯是不值得關(guān)注的機(jī)器，而Dr Christopher Wilk認(rèn)為這是一種錯誤的想法，他認(rèn)為電梯和汽車幾乎同樣重要。故this是指大眾對于電梯的錯誤的看法，所以A項(xiàng)正確。 69. C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“…that riding in an elevator has never been a totally fortable experience.”以及“‘We still have not exactly learnt to cope with the mixture of closeness and displeasure.’”可知人們乘坐電梯的時候感覺是擁擠的、不愉快的，而這主要是因?yàn)殡娞堇锏目臻g太小，給人壓抑感。所以C項(xiàng)正確。 70. C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句“Today, as the worlds urban population explodes, and cities bee more crowded, taller, and more crowded, Americas total number of elevators—900，000 at last count, according to Elevator World magazines ‘xx Vertical Transportation Industry’—are a force thats being more important than ever.”可知，隨著城市規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大，電梯的使用越來越多，它起的作用比以往更重要了，所以人們要更加關(guān)注電梯的作用。所以C項(xiàng)正確。 [xx新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ] C A typical lion tamer(馴獸師) in peoples mind is an entertainer holding a whip(鞭) and a chair. The whip gets all of the attention, but its mostly for show. In reality, its the chair that does the important work. When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lions face, the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time. With its focus divided, the lion bees confused and is unsure about what to do next. When faced with so many options, the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair. How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion? How often do you have something you want to achieve (e.g. lose weight, start a business, travel more)—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress? This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best, the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. The end result is that we feel like we cant focus or that were focused on the wrong things, and so we take less action, make less progress, and stay the same when we could be improving. It doesnt have to be that way. Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face, remember this: all you need to do is focus on one thing. You just need to get started. Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people. If you have somewhere you want to go, something you want to acplish, someone you want to bee…take immediate action. If youre clear about where you want to go, the rest of the world will either help you get there or get out of the way. 28. Why does the lion tamer use a chair? A. To trick the lion. B. To show off his skills. C. To get ready for a fight. D. To entertain the audience. 29. In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair? A. They feel puzzled over choices. B. They hold on to the wrong things. C. They find it hard to make changes. D. They have to do something for show. 30. What is the authors attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3? A. Tolerant. B. Doubtful. C. Respectful. D. Supportive. 31. When the world is “waving a chair in your face”， youre advised to ________． A. wait for a better chance B. break your old habits C. make a quick decision D. ask for clear guidance 【要點(diǎn)綜述】 本文是一篇議論文。本文作者利用馴獸師對待獅子的例子說明了人們在面臨多種選擇感到困惑時該如何做。當(dāng)我們面對多種選擇時，我們常常不知該選哪一種，因此進(jìn)展較少，或保持原樣。實(shí)際上，我們應(yīng)該專注于一件事，然后下決心做下去。 28. A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)首段中的“When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lions face, the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time.”可知，當(dāng)馴獸師拿著椅子在獅子面前時，獅子會關(guān)注椅子的四條腿，故可知椅子用是用來戲耍獅子的。故選A。 29. A　推理判斷題。根據(jù)首段中的“With its focus divided, the lion bees confused and is unsure about what to do next.”可知，當(dāng)關(guān)注的東西很分散時，獅子開始變得困惑，人們與獅子相似，在面臨很多選擇時也會感到困惑，不知道該怎么做。故選A。 [xx天津卷] D People arent walking any more—if they can figure out a way to avoid it. I felt superior about this matter until the other day I took my car to mail a small parcel. The journey is a matter of 281 steps. But I used the car. And I wasnt in any hurry, either. I had merely bee one more victim of a national sickness: motorosis. It is an illness to which I had thought myself immune(免疫的), for I was bred in the tradition of going to places on my own two legs. At that time, we regarded 25 miles as good days walk and the ability to cover such a distance in ten hours as a sign of strength and skill. It did not occur to us that walking was a hardship. And the effect was lasting. When I was 45 years old I raced—and beat—a teenage football player the 168 steps up the Stature of Liberty. Such enterprises today are regarded by many middleaged persons as bad for the heart. But a wellknown British physician, Sir Adolphe Abrhams, pointed out recently that hearts and bodies need proper exercise. A person who avoids exercise is more likely to have illnesses than one who exercises regularly. And walking is an ideal form of exercise—the most familiar and natural of all. It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going on foot. The man walking can learn the trees, flowers, insects, birds and animals, the significance of seasons, the very feel of himself as a living creature in a living world. He cannot learn in a car. The car is a convenient means of transport, but we have made it our way of life. Many people dont dare to approach Nature any more; to them the world they were born to enjoy is all threat. To them security is a_steel_river thundering on a concrete road. And much of their thinking takes place while waiting for the traffic light to turn green. I say that the green of forests is the minds best light. And none but the man on foot can evaluate what is basic and everlasting. 51. What is the national sickness? A. Walking too much. B. Travelling too much. C. Driving cars too much. D. Climbing stairs too much. 52. What was life like when the author was young? A. People usually went around on foot. B. People often walked 25 miles a day. C. People used to climb the Statue of Liberty. D. People considered a tenhour walk as a hardship. 53. The author mentions Henry Thoreau to prove that________. A. middleaged people like getting back to nature B. walking in nature helps enrich ones mind C. people need regular exercise to keep fit D. going on foot prevents heart disease 54. What is pared to “a steel river” in Paragraph 6? A. A queue of cars. B. A ray of traffic light. C. A flash of lightning. D. A stream of people. 55. What is the authors intention of writing this passage? A. To tell people to reflect more on life. B. To remend people to give up driving. C. To advise people to do outdoor activities. D. To encourage people to return to walking. 【要點(diǎn)綜述】 本文是一篇議論文。作者認(rèn)為全國的人們都患了一種病motorosis，即人們過多地使用汽車，而不走路。作者把現(xiàn)在的自己和年輕時的自己走路做了對比，同時又用專家的觀點(diǎn)來證明自己的觀點(diǎn)以此鼓勵人們要回歸走路。 51. C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的最后一句中的a national sickness: motorosis以及前文的 “The journey is a matter of 281 steps. But I used the car.”可知作者提到的全國通病就是人們開車太多了?？芍狢項(xiàng)正確。 52. A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的內(nèi)容，作者年輕時靠自己的雙腿去某個地方，一天走25英里路，從沒感覺走路是一種痛苦。由此可知，作者年輕時人們通?？孔约旱碾p腳到處走動?？芍狝項(xiàng)正確。 55. D　推理判斷題?？傆[全文，可知“我”用自己的親身經(jīng)歷告訴讀者現(xiàn)在很多人都依賴車，不自己走路了，而走路使人身體健康，豐富人的內(nèi)心。作者同時引用名人名言，進(jìn)一步證明自己的觀點(diǎn)，其目的都是在鼓勵人們重新回歸走路。所以D項(xiàng)正確。 [xx重慶卷] E Its generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities and attitudes.They recycle their garbage because they care about the environment. They pay $5 for a caramel brule latte because they like expensive coffee drinks. Its undeniable that behaviour es from our inner dispositions(性情), but in many instances we also draw inferences about who we are, as suggested by the social psychologist Daryl Bem, by observing our own behaviour. We can be strangers to ourselves. If we knew our own minds, why would we need to guess what our preferences are from our behaviour? If our minds were an open book, we would know exactly how much we care about the environment or like lattes. Actually, we often need to look to our behaviour to figure out who we are. Moreover, we dont just use our behaviour to learn about our particular types of character—we infer characters that werent there before. Our behaviour is often shaped by little pressures around us，which we fail to recognize. Maybe_we_recycle_because_our_wives_and_neighbours_would_disapprove_if_we_didnt. Maybe we buy lattes in order to impress the people around us. We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner disposition. Whatever pressures there can be or inferences one can make, people bee what they do，though it may not be in pliance(符合) with their true desires. Therefore, we should all bear in mind Kurt Vonneguts advice: “We are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be. ” 52. According to the passage, personalities and attitudes are monly believed to ________． A. determine ones behaviour B. reflect ones taste C. influence ones surroundings D. result from ones habits 53. Which of the following would Daryl Bem most probably agree with? A. The return of a wallet can indicate ones honesty. B. A kind person