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1、新prep1 170. Margaret Mead, the best-known anthropologist of the twentieth century, helped shape public opinion in such fundamentally important areas as attitudes toward children and families and the relative merits of competition and cooperation. 171. One of the primary distinctions between our

2、intelligence and that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill as in our ability to extend knowledge gained in one context to new and different ones. 172. Introduced by Italian merchants resident in London during the sixteenth century, life insurance in England remained until t

3、he end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically ship owners, overseas merchants, or professional moneylenders. 173. The widely accepted big-bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion year

4、s ago and has been expanding ever since. 174. Often major economic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the financial markets. 175. Experts estimate that ten times as much petroleum exists in such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps e

5、ven shale as conventional reservoirs. 176. For at least two decades before the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he had been the most admired painter in Italy. 177. In her 26 years in the forests of Gombe, Jane Goodall collected data that proved that chimpanzees exhibit t

6、he kind of curiosity by which new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice. 178. Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemps ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with law

7、s requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting adult sea turtles. 179. Unlike the independent candidacies of George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, H. Ross Perots independent run for the presidency in 1992 arose not from an unsuccessful effort to gain a major party no

8、mination but from a desire to establish a viable third party in American politics. 180. Noting that the Federal Reserve had raised a key short-term interest rate again last month, analysts said that they expected orders for durable goods to decline soon because rising interest rates make buying o

9、n credit more expensive. 181. The number of people flying first class on domestic flights rose sharply in 1990, doubling the increase of the previous year. 182. The organic food industry has organized a successful grassroots campaign—using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—that h

10、as convinced the Department of Agriculture to change the proposed federal regulations for organically grown food. 183. Despite recent increases in sales and cash flow that have propelled automobile companies common stocks to new highs, several industry analysts expect automakers, in order to cons

11、erve cash, to be more conservative than they have been in setting dividends. 184. Japans abundant rainfall and the typically mild temperatures throughout most of the country have produced a lush vegetation cover and, despite the mountainous terrain and generally poor soils, have made it possible

12、to raise a variety of crops. 185. Because the budget package in Congress promises a combination of higher taxes and reduced spending that may slow economic growth, many in the credit markets wonder whether the Federal Reserve will compensate and help the economy by keeping interest rates low, or

13、perhaps even by pushing them lower. 186. Laos has a land area comparable to that of Great Britain but a population of only 4 million people, many of whom are members of hill tribes ensconced in the virtually inaccessible mountain valleys of the north. 187. United States Senator Daniel Inouye w

14、as appointed to several posts within the Democratic party during his first term, including assistant majority whip and vice-chair of the Democratic Senatorial Committee. 188. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from

15、birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language. 189. Less successful after she emigrated to New York than she had been in her native Germany, photographer Lotte Jacobi nevertheless earned a small group of discerning admirers,

16、and her photographs were eventually exhibited in prestigious galleries across the United States. 190. The thirteen original British colonies in North America, some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charter that set forth its form of government and the r

17、ights of the colonists. 191. The loan company announced it would soon lend money to borrowers with proven records of not paying back their loans on time, a group, collectively known as the subprime lending market. 192. In 1988, the Council on Economic Priorities began publishing Shopping for

18、a Better World, whose thesis was simple: consumers have the power to change companies by the simple expedient of refusing to buy. 193. New equipment and other improvements reduced the amount of time—from eleven hours in 1982 to six in 1988—workers needed to produce a ton of steel. 194. Whereas

19、 the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, the yellow jacket’s stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and used again. 195. (GWD-7-Q13) Like the grassy fields and old pastures that the upland sandpiper needs for feeding and nesting wh

20、en it returns in May after wintering in the Argentine Pampas, the bird itself is vanishing in the northeastern United States as a result of residential and industrial development and of changes in farming practices. 196. (T-9-Q26) There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay

21、, but the most extensively used method has been to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay them in the wall in mud mortar. 197. (GWD-8-Q20) The systematic clearing of forests in the United States created farmland (especially in the Northeast)

22、 and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions. 198. (GWD-1-Q23) Past assessments of the Brazilian rain forest have used satellite images to tally deforested areas, where farmers and ranchers have clear-cut and

23、 burned all the trees, but such work has not addressed either logging, which removes only selected trees, or surface fires that burn down individual trees but do not denude the forest. 199. (GWD5-Q4) The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the material level and the mystical l

24、evel of reality, and many individual Quechuans claimed to have direct contact with the latter by means of an ichana (dream) experience. 200. (T-3-Q14) A scrub jay can remember when it cached a particular piece of food in a particular place, researchers have discovered, and tends not to bother re

25、covering a perishable treat stored long enough to have rotted. 201. (GWD30-Q4) The three women, liberal activists who strongly support legislation in favor of civil rights and environmental protection, have consistently received the unqualified support of labor. 202. (GWD-27-Q7) Providing init

26、ial evidence that airports are a larger source of pollution than they were once believed to be, environmentalists in Chicago report that the total amount of pollutant emitted annually by vehicles at O’Hare International Airport is twice that emitted annually by all motor vehicles in the Chicago metr

27、opolitan area. 203. (T-4-Q29) In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fung

28、us was growing on the walls. 204. (T-9-Q16) The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his “Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found. 205. (T-9-Q15

29、) The commission’s office of compliance, inspections, and investigations plans to intensify its scrutiny of stock analysts to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when t

30、hey are paid for their work by a firm’s investment banking division. 206. (GWD-21-Q29) While studying the genetic makeup of corn, Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, a discovery that led to greater understanding of cell differentiation. 207. (T-4-Q30) Unlike the shuttle

31、and earlier spacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights, a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate its own electricity. 208. (GWD-11-40) Scientists who studied the famous gold field known as Serra Pelada conclude

32、d that the rich lode was produced not by the accepted methods of ore formation but by swarms of microbes that over millions of years concentrated the gold from jungle soils and rivers and rocks. 209. (T-3-Q7) In Scotland, the wild salmon’s numbers have been reduced by uncontrolled deep-sea and co

33、astal netting, by pollution, and by various other threats to the fish’s habitat. 210. (GWD-1-Q2) By merging its two publishing divisions, the company will increase to 10 percent from 6 percent its share of the countrys $21 billion book market, which ranges from obscure textbooks to mass-market pa

34、perbacks. 211. (GWD-8-Q39) Whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes form a random pattern. 212. (GWD-10-Q1) According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of American Medical Colle

35、ges, minority graduates are nearly four times as likely as other graduates to plan on practicing in socioeconomically deprived areas. 213. (GWD-3-Q34) Shoppers in sporting goods stores, unlike those in department stores, do very little impulse shopping; someone who comes in for a basketball will

36、leave with a basketball only and not buy a pair of skis and a boomerang as well. 214. (T-9-Q31) Scholars who once thought Native American literatures were solely oral narratives recorded by missionaries or anthropologists now understand this body of work to consist of both oral literatures and th

37、e written works of Native American authors, who have been publishing since 1772. 215. (GWD-3-Q3) A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, including establishing size limits for shark catches, closing state

38、waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits. 216. (T-3-Q39. 天山-7-39) Plants are more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide, and converting it to energy-rich sugars. 217. (T-3-Q17. 天山-7-14) Not

39、one of the potential investors is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were not to be concluded. 218. (GWD7-Q4) Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the ma

40、n-eater of the movies—fewer than have been killed by bee stings. 219. (GWD-12-Q20) Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established the Library of Congress. 220. (

41、GWD-24-8) The results of the companys cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which have increased five percent during the first three months of this year after falling over the last two years. 221. (GWD-12-Q34) In an attempt to guarantee the security of its innovative water purificat

42、ion method, the company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreement prohibiting disclosure of its water purification methods to any company using an analogous purification process. 222. (GWD-1-Q34) Although people in France and the United States consume fatty foods at about the sam

43、e rate, the death rates from heart disease are far lower in France. 223. (GWD-23-Q23) After several years of rapid growth, the health care company became one of the largest health care providers in the metropolitan area, but then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months be

44、hind in paying doctors and hospitals. 224. (GWD-12-Q13) Although energy prices have tripled in the United States over the last two years, research indicates that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do or made fuel efficiency a priority when shopping for cars. 225.

45、(GWD-1-Q24) By sucking sap from the young twigs of the hemlock tree, the woolly adelgid retards tree growth, causing needles to change color from deep green to grayish green and to drop prematurely. 226. (GWD-3-Q1) The four-million-year-old fossilized skeleton known as Lucy is so small compared w

46、ith many other skeletons presumed to be of the same species that some paleontologists have argued that Lucy represents a different lineage. 227. (GWD-3-Q41) In ancient Thailand, much of the local artisans creative energy was expended on the creation of Buddha images and on construction and decora

47、tion of the temples in which they were enshrined. 228. (GWD-8-Q2) Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work that was rooted in the stride-piano tradition of Willie (The Lion) Smith and Duke Ellington, yet in many ways he stood apart from the mainstream jazz repertory. 2

48、29. (T-9-Q34) Just as an archaeologist needs a background in art history to evaluate finds of ancient art, so a nautical archaeologist needs specialized knowledge of the history and theory of ship design in order to understand shipwrecks. 230. (T-4-Q4) A novelist who turned away from literary rea

49、lism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, Selma Lagerlf became in 1909 the first woman and also the first Swedish writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. 231. (T-9-Q38) The globalization of financial-services companies has been a boon to money l

50、aunderers, because it allows money placed in a bank in a less regulated jurisdiction to be transferred to a branch in a more regulated one. 232. (TTGWD4-Q1)The Acoma and Hopi are probably the two oldest surviving Pueblo communities, both dating back at least a thousand years. 233. (GWD-12-Q32)

51、 Prospecting for gold during the California gold rush was a relatively easy task, since erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach of anybody with a pan or shovel. 234. (GWD-24-36) The Indus

52、trial Revolution, which made possible the mass production of manufactured goods, was marked by the use of new machines, new energy sources, and new basic materials. 235. (GWD-9-Q1) A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomers Cane has been called one of the three best novels ever written by

53、 a Black American—the others being Richard Wrights Native Son and Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man. 236. (GWD-1-Q8) The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous f

54、or its aggressive hunting pods. 237. (GWD-8-Q16: GWD-13-15) Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems to serve metropolitan Boston. 238. (GWD-4-4) A new hair-growth drug is being sold for three times the price, per milligram, tha

55、t the drugs maker charges for another product with the same active ingredient. 239. (GWD-12-Q3) Were it not for the fusion-powered heat and radiation that rush from its core, a star would collapse under its own weight. 240. (GWD-12-Q30) According to public health officials, in 1998 Massachuset

56、ts became the first state in which more babies were born to women over the age of thirty than under it. 241. (GWD-9-Q39) Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, while in Germany it is just over 33 percent. 242. (GWD-1-Q38) Retail sales rose 8/10 of 1 percen

57、t in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending in the July-September quarter would more than double the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending for the previous quarter. 243. (GWD-10-Q8) Sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid rain, is an especially serious pollutant becau

58、se it diminishes the respiratory systems ability to deal with all other pollutants. 244. (GWD-10-Q39) A government advisory committee in Japan called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the worlds largest telephone company, into two local phone companies and one long-distan

59、ce provider. 245. (GWD-18-Q11) In no other historical sighting did Halleys comet cause such a worldwide sensation as in its return of 1910–1911. 246. (GWD-9-Q27) Scientists have identified an asteroid, 2000 BF19, that is about half a mile wide and that, if it were to strike Earth, could do tre

60、mendous damage to part of the planet but would probably not cause planetwide destruction. 247. (GWD-3-Q39) Minivans carry as many as seven passengers and, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less, get better gas mileage, allow passengers to get in and out more easily, and have a smoot

61、her ride. 248. (GWD-9-Q32) The United States minted about 857 million silver-colored “Susan B. Anthony” dollars between 1979 and 1981, but the coin proved unpopular because it looked and felt too much like a quarter. 249. (GWD-10-Q36:GWD-11-19) In Hungary, as in much of Eastern Europe, an over

62、whelming proportion of women work, many of them in middle management and light industry. 250. (GWD30-Q29) Researchers agreed that the study of new treatments for heart attack patients was extremely important but that more research was needed to determine whether balloon angioplasty preceded by ul

63、trasound is any better for heart attack patients than the balloon procedure by itself. 251. (GWD-1-Q29) Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election has estimated that 4 million to 6 mil

64、lion of the 100 million votes cast were not counted. 252. (GWD7-Q1) Although producer prices rose at an unexpectedly steep rate in September, analysts said that the increase resulted mostly from temporary factors and did not necessarily foreshadow a resurgence of inflation. 253. (GWD 4-Q13) A

65、leading figure in the Scottish enlightenment, Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what Marxs Das Kapital is to socialism. 254. (GWD-29-Q36) Section 301 of the 1988 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act enables the United States Trade Representative to single out a c

66、ountry as an unfair trader, begin trade negotiations with that country, and, if the negotiations do not conclude to the United States governments satisfaction, impose sanctions. 255. (GWD-12-Q19) Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear. 256. (T-4-Q1 TS-7-41) Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in