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二、轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯類,專題四第二節(jié)分類突破,,真題研析,,微技能突破,內(nèi)容索引,,隨堂限時(shí)練,真題研析,(2015江蘇)Peopleselectnewsinexpectationofareward.Thisrewardmaybeeitheroftwokinds.OneisrelatedtowhatFreudcallsthePleasurePrinciple，theothertowhathecallstheRealityPrinciple.Forwantofbetternames，weshallcallthesetwoclassesimmediaterewardanddelayedreward.Ingeneral，thekindofnewswhichmaybeexpectedtogiveimmediaterewardarenewsofcrimeandcorruption，accidentsanddisasters，sports，socialevents，andhumaninterest.Delayedrewardmaybeexpectedfromnewsofpublicaffairs，economicmatters，socialproblems，science，education，andhealth.,Newsofthefirstkindpaysitsrewardsatonce.Areadercanenjoyanindirectexperiencewithoutanyofthedangersorstressesinvolved.Hecantremblewildlyatanaxe-murder，shakehisheadsympatheticallyandsafelyatahurricane，identifyhimselfwiththewinningteam，laughunderstandinglyatawarmlittlestoryofchildrenordogs.,Newsofthesecondkind，however，paysitsrewardslater.Itsometimesrequiresthereadertotolerateunpleasantnessorannoyance—as，forexample，whenhereadsofthethreateningforeignsituation，themountingnationaldebt，risingtaxes，fallingmarket，scarcehousing，andcancer.Ithasakindof“threatvalue”.Itisreadsothatthereadermaybeinformedandprepared.Whenareaderselectsdelayedrewardnews，hepullshimselfintotheworldofsurroundingrealitytowhichhecanadapthimselfonlybyhardwork.Whenheselectsnewsoftheotherkind，heusuallywithdrawsfromtheworldofthreateningrealitytowardthedreamworld.,Foranyindividual，ofcourse，theboundariesofthesetwoclassesarenotstable.Forexample，asociologistmayreadnewsofcrimeasasocialproblem，ratherthanforitsimmediatereward.Acoachmayreadasportsstoryforitsthreatvalue：hemayhavetoplaythatteamnextweek.Apoliticianmayreadanaccountofhislatestsuccessfulpublicmeeting，notforitsdelayedreward，butverymuchashiswifereadsanaccountofaparty.Inanygivenstoryofcorruptionordisaster，athoughtfulreadermayreceivenotonlytheimmediaterewardofindirectexperience，butalsothedelayedrewardofinformationandpreparedness.,Therefore，whilethedivisionofcategoriesholdsingeneral，anindividual’stendencymaytransferanystoryfromonekindofreadingtoanother，ordividetheexperiencebetweenthetwokindsofreward.,考場(chǎng)思維模式第一步：讀表格，填出較簡單的概括詞匯題文章標(biāo)題是“你讀什么樣的新聞故事？”，然后分三部分進(jìn)行了分析。其中第72題是概括性詞匯，根據(jù)其右表信息可知是“兩類新聞故事的解釋(說明)”，故第72題填Explanations。注意首字母要大寫。第二步：定位、定詞、定性、定形任務(wù)型閱讀表格高度概括了原文信息，為了節(jié)約時(shí)間并且提高解題的針對(duì)性，先讀表格內(nèi)容，然后在原文中進(jìn)行定位。定位后進(jìn)行定詞。定詞后要定性(如名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞)，最后定形(如單復(fù)數(shù)、非謂語形式、大小寫等)。,1.原文詞匯類75.根據(jù)原文第四段中的“Ithasakindof‘threatvalue.’”可知應(yīng)填threat。77.根據(jù)原文第四段中的“Whenheselectsnewsoftheotherkind，heusuallywithdrawsfromtheworldofthreateningrealitytowardthedreamworld.”可得到暗示，應(yīng)填withdraw。79.此句是對(duì)最后一段倒數(shù)第二句的轉(zhuǎn)換。這可從第四段中的“hepullshimselfintotheworldofsurroundingrealitytowhichhecanadapthimselfonlybyhardwork”得到暗示，填adapt。,2.轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯類71.原文reward出現(xiàn)了多次。第一段有areward，第三段有rewards，因此可以知道reward是可數(shù)名詞。此空只能填一個(gè)詞，因此填rewards。另外reward也可用作動(dòng)詞，還可填rewarded，表示被動(dòng)，意思是“獲得獎(jiǎng)賞”。73.根據(jù)表格內(nèi)容可以將信息定位在原文第三段中的“Areadercanenjoyanindirectexperiencewithoutanyofthedangersorstressesinvolved.”。其中關(guān)鍵信息是withoutanyofthedangersorstressesinvolved，關(guān)鍵詞是involved。原文involved作后置定語，而此空前面是withoutactual，后面要填名詞形式involvement。,74.此題是將原文第三段中“Hecantremblewildlyatanaxe-murder，shakehisheadsympatheticallyandsafelyatahurricane，identifyhimselfwiththewinningteam，laughunderstandinglyatawarmlittlestoryofchildrenordogs.”信息轉(zhuǎn)換成題目中的“sharesimilarfeelingswiththoseinvolved”。76.根據(jù)原文第四段中的“Itisreadsothatthereadermaybeinformedandprepared.”可得到暗示，填prepare。80.最后一段主要講了這兩種分類不是一成不變的，也就是說這取決于讀者，故填depends。,3.概括詞匯類78.文章最后一段提到的sociologist，coach，politician都是不同的職業(yè)，或者說不同的劃分取決于不同的目的，故填profession(s)/intention。第三步：復(fù)查并將答案填在答題卡上復(fù)查完確認(rèn)沒有修改之后，將試卷上所寫答案填在答題卡規(guī)定區(qū)域，注意要認(rèn)真書寫，不能潦草。,微技能突破,轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯類是典型的二次加工題型，需要考生有基本的構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，對(duì)句子成分和詞性的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系要明確。做題時(shí)，不但要找到與試題相關(guān)的句子信息，還要根據(jù)詞法和句法知識(shí)以及上下文的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行加工，從而提煉出新詞。要求考生對(duì)已鎖定的關(guān)鍵句進(jìn)行知識(shí)重組，運(yùn)用多種表達(dá)方式，考查考生是否具有遣詞造句的能力。常見的轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題可分為：詞形轉(zhuǎn)換、同義(反義)表達(dá)、句型轉(zhuǎn)換等。,1.詞形轉(zhuǎn)換詞形轉(zhuǎn)換題即用不同的方式表達(dá)文中的意義，由于表達(dá)的方法不同，被考查單詞在原文和試題中充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞植煌?。有時(shí)所采用的詞性會(huì)有所變化。如，動(dòng)詞與名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換、動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換、形容詞與副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換、名詞與形容詞的轉(zhuǎn)換等，有時(shí)還涉及短語搭配的考查。(1)Socialisolationisanobjectiveconditioninwhichpeoplehavelittlemunicationwithothers.＝Socialisolationmeansthatpeoplehardlymunicatewithothersorstayalone.,(2)It’salsoimportantforeverystudenttosethighacademicgoalssoastobeabletobuildagoodcareer.＝Studentswhowanttobuildagoodcareershouldattachimportancetosettinghighacademicgoals.,2.同義(反義)表達(dá)同義(反義)表達(dá)是指用不同的詞組表達(dá)同一個(gè)意思或是相反的意思。這主要考查考生靈活運(yùn)用英語的能力。此項(xiàng)考查要求我們對(duì)同義/反義詞(組)互換，單個(gè)動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞短語的互換，單個(gè)副詞與短語的互換等。(1)Theuseoftheseresourcescannotgoonindefinitely—wewouldrunout.＝Thevastmajorityofresourcescan’tbereplacedandtheywouldbeusedup.,(2)Buttheysayit’sfarfromclearthatsocialisolation，notloneliness，isalwaystherealcauseofincreaseddeathrate.＝Itwasstillunclear/vague/ambiguousthatsocialisolationratherthanlonelinessistherealcauseofhigherdeathrate.(3)Youareexpectedtoknowthateverystepcountsandthatsettingupgoalsiseasy，butfollowingthemonaconsistentbasisisdifficult.＝Y(jié)oushouldbeaware/consciousthatit’sdifficulttofollowyourgoalsconsistently.,3.句型轉(zhuǎn)換句型轉(zhuǎn)換題指的是用不同的句式表達(dá)同一意思。有時(shí)是主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的互換，有時(shí)是采用另外一種句式表達(dá)。答題時(shí)要抓住核心詞匯，對(duì)這些詞匯表達(dá)進(jìn)行句式轉(zhuǎn)換，一般為高中階段常用句式。(1)Whensomethingisthrownaway，welosethenaturalresources，theenergyandthetimewhichhavebeenusedtomaketheproduct.＝Thenaturalresources，theenergyandthetimeusedtomaketheproductbeelostwhensomethingisthrownaway.,(2)Researchershavefoundthatolderpeoplewithfewerhumancontactsaremorelikelytodie.＝Socialisolationmayincrease/raiseolderpeople’sriskofdeath.(3)Settinggoalsforpletingthedailyschedulehelpsanemployeetofinishtheassignedtasksandtargetsinatimelymanner.＝Bysettinggoals，anemployeecanincreaseoutputandperformanceinsteadofdelayingpletinghisorhertasks.,隨堂限時(shí)練,Marketershavemoreoptionsintoday’sincreasinglymultilingualsociety—avarietyofelectronicandprintmediacanaddressgroupsofconsumersindifferentlanguages.Variousfactorsinfluencethechoiceofmediaandlanguage.Insomecases，it’ssimplypracticaltoadvertiseintheconsumer’snativelanguage，particularlyifmanyoftheconsumersinthisgroupareprimarilymonolingual.Inothercases，byadvertisingon，say，aSpanishtelevisionchannelintheUS，,anadvertisermayearntherespectoftheconsumerbyaddressinghiminhisnativelanguage，aswellasdeveloppositiveassociationswiththemediumanditsuniquecontent.Now，marketershaveanotherfactortoconsiderwhendecidingwheretoadvertiseandinwhatlanguage.Apaper.Dobilingualshavetwopersonalities?AspecialcaseofculturalframeswitchingpublishedbyresearchersattheUniversityofTexas，showsthatbilingualindividualsexhibitdifferentpersonalitycharacteristicswhenspeakingdifferentlanguages.,LeadresearcherNairanRamirez-Esparza，testedindividualswhowerebilingualinEnglishandSpanishforvariouspersonalitytraits，andfoundthatthesubjectsansweredthequestionsdifferentlywhenaskedinEnglishandSpanish.Thenewworkbuiltonpastresearchthatshowedthevaluesofsubjectschangedwhentheyweresurroundedbystimulifromdifferentcultures.,Howcanmarketerstakeadvantageof“culturalframeswitching”？Itmaysoundchallengingwithoutspecificresearch，butatleastforSpanish，EnglishbilingualsintheUS，thereisnowsomeharddataonthelanguage-relatedpersonalityshift.Extrapolatingtootherlanguagebinationsmaybepossible，too.SincetheSpanish/EnglishbilingualresultsseemtobeinagreementwithtestingofmonolingualSpanishandEnglishspeakers，language-specifictestingofbilingualsubjectsmaynotbeessentialtogetanideaofwhatkindofculturalframeswitchingmightoccurinotherbilingualbinations.Rather，paringknownpersonalitydifferencesforeachlanguage/culturewouldgiveanindicationofthedifferencesbilingualindividualswouldexhibit.,Ithinkitwouldbeamistaketoover-emphasizethisphenomenonoverothercriteriaaffectingtheselectionofappropriatemediaandlanguagetoreachatargetmarket.Clearly，themajorconsiderationsofdemographics(人口統(tǒng)計(jì)資料)，perceptionofthemedium，languagefluency，etc.shouldremainmajorfactors.Besides，thelanguage-drivenculturalframeswitchingmaynotmakemuchdifferencetomanyproductsorservices.Iftheproductdoesattractoneculturalpersonalitymore，though，itmaymakesensetoexploitthatdifferencesoftheotherdecisioncriteriaaremoreorlessequivalent.Theresearcherspointoutthatthedifferencesaren’tgreat.Evenifslight，though，thedifferencesarenoticeable.,答案,語篇解讀,解析72,解析73,解析74,解析71,exposed,account/consideration,existent,necessary/essential,語篇解讀在當(dāng)今日益多元化的社會(huì)中，營銷人員有更多的選擇。各種各樣的電子和印刷媒體可以用不同的語言對(duì)話消費(fèi)者群體，現(xiàn)在市場(chǎng)營銷人員開始考慮文化框架轉(zhuǎn)換的因素。,71.解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Thenewworkbuiltonpastresearchshowedthevaluesofsubjectschangedwhentheyweresurroundedbystimulifromdifferentcultures.”可知，文化框架轉(zhuǎn)換指的是當(dāng)面臨全新的環(huán)境時(shí)，人們從一種文化心態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)向另一種文化心態(tài)的移位現(xiàn)象。beexposedto暴露于。,72.解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第一段最后四句可知，現(xiàn)在市場(chǎng)人員開始考慮文化框架轉(zhuǎn)換的因素。take...intoaccount/consideration是固定短語，意為“考慮到……”，故填account/consideration。,73.解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)第二、三段的內(nèi)容可知，性格轉(zhuǎn)換這種現(xiàn)象是存在的。故填existent。,74.解析原文詞匯題。根據(jù)第三段中的“l(fā)anguage-specifictestingofbilingualsubjectsmaynotbeessentialtogetanideaofwhatkindofculturalframeswitchingmightoccurinotherbilingualbinations”可知，雙語科目的特定語言測(cè)試可能不是必要的。故填necessary/essential。,understanding/idea,behave,stress/emphasis,答案,解析76,解析77,解析75,75.解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Rather，paringknownpersonalitydifferencesforeachlanguage/culturewouldgiveanindicationofthedifferencesbilingualindividualswouldexhibit.”可知，比較每種語言/文化的已知個(gè)性差異可以對(duì)雙語個(gè)體會(huì)表現(xiàn)出的差異給出提示。此處用近義詞giveabetterunderstanding/idea來表示，故填understanding/idea。,76.解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。參考上題解析。exhibit在這是“展覽；顯示；提出(證據(jù)等)”的意思，故填behave。,77.解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第四段開頭“Ithinkitwouldbeamistaketoover-emphasizethisphenomenonoverother...”可知，不應(yīng)過分強(qiáng)調(diào)文化框架轉(zhuǎn)換。putstress/emphasison意為“強(qiáng)調(diào)”，故填stress/emphasis。,答案,解析79,解析80,解析78,minor/,appeals,slight,unimportant,78.解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Besides，thelanguage-drivenculturalframeswitchingmaynotmakemuchdifferencetomanyproductsorservices.”可知，語言驅(qū)動(dòng)的文化框架轉(zhuǎn)換對(duì)很多產(chǎn)品影響不大。形容詞修飾名詞，故填minor/unimportant。,79.解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第四段末句“Iftheproductdoesattractoneculturalpersonalitymore，though，itmaymakesensetoexploitthatdifferenceoftheotherdecisioncriteriaaremoreorlessequivalent.”可知，假如一個(gè)產(chǎn)品更吸引某種文化個(gè)性，那這種區(qū)別就值得采用。attract＝appealto，故填appeals。,80.解析原文詞匯題。根據(jù)最后一段“Theresearcherspointoutthatthedifferencesaren’tgreat.Evenifslight，though，thedifferencesarenoticeable.”可知，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)不同語言對(duì)個(gè)性的影響雖然輕微，但是這些不同是顯而易見的。故填slight。,