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EnvironmentalPolicyintheU.S.,美國(guó)的環(huán)境政策,環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程龔鵬飛,2,Outline,1Introduction導(dǎo)言,4U.S.-ChinaCooperationonEnvironmentalProtection中美環(huán)保方面的合作,3Problemsandwhy出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題和原因分析,2DevelopmentofEnvironmentalPolicyinU.S.環(huán)境政策在美國(guó)的發(fā)展,5Conclusion結(jié)語(yǔ),3,1Introduction導(dǎo)言,Ourearthwasverybeautiful,4,Theworldisnotonlyhungry，butalsothirstyforwater.Mancanonlydrinkandusetheother3%--thefreshwaterthatcomesfromrivers，lakes，underground.Andwecannotevenuseallofthat,becausesomeofitisintheformoficebergs.Evenworse,someofithasbeenpolluted.,Nowwearefightingfortheearth.,Garbage,Nowwearefightingfortheearth.,Theenvironmentisinnocent!!!!!!!!!!!!,8,Bythelate1980s,thepublic’ssenseofenvironmentprotectiongrewoutofnothing,theFederalGovernmentwentfromshoulderingnoresponsibilitytoplayingmoreandmoreactivepartintheenvironmentprotection.到20世紀(jì)80年代后期，??市民的環(huán)保意識(shí)從無(wú)到有，聯(lián)邦政府承擔(dān)責(zé)任，在保護(hù)環(huán)境中發(fā)揮更多和更積極地參與。,2DevelopmentofEnvironmentalPolicyinU.S.,9,1970’sFirstEarthDay-April22,1970.Muchenvironmentallegislationpassed.Immediate,obviousproblemswererelativelyeasytoaddress.,10,1980’sReaganAdministration里根執(zhí)政Resurgenceinawarenessbylate80’s八十年代末期思想覺(jué)悟復(fù)蘇1990’sEnvironmentalissuesbecomemajorPresidentialcampaigntopic.環(huán)境方面的議題成為了總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選的主要話(huà)題Declineinmembershipofmajorenvironmentalorganizations,butincreaseingrassrootsorganizations.主流環(huán)保組織的成員減少，但是基層組織增多,11,Throughlegislation，congressregulates，behavior，selectsagenciestoimplementnewprograms,andsetsgeneralproceduralguidelines.TheenvironmentprotectionpolicyintheU.S.A.hasbeenonanewdevelopmentstagesince1980s,butsufferedrepeatedsetbacks.,3Problems,12,TheCommand-and-ControlpatternthattheFederalgovernmentadopted(聯(lián)邦政府發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用的“命令—控制模式”)Separatedpowers,checks&balances權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)不集中相互制衡Incrementalism環(huán)境保守主義觀,Problems,Why?,AsfarasIknow,13,Itnotonlyledtoalowratiobetweencostandeffectoftheenvironmentalprotectionmanagementsystem,butalsointerferedthemanagementofenterprises,makingthemcarryhugebudgetforthat.Theexpansionofthedivergencebetweentheenvironmentalistsandtheenvironmentpollutionenterprisesmakeithardforthemtoreachcompromise.,theCommand-and-ControlpatternthattheFederalgovernmentadopted“命令—控制模式,14,Separatedpowers,checks&balances權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)不集中相互制衡,PowerinAmericangovernmentisdividedandlimitedbyconstitutionaldesignOneinterpretation:Nooneisincharge!,15,Incrementalism漸進(jìn)主義,IsthemostcommonU.S.approachtodealingwithpublicproblemsInvolvesmakingandimplementingpoliciesinaseriesofsmallsteps(increments)Itimpliesthatmakingpolicywillusuallybealong,slowprocess,16,So,wecanseethatthoughtheperiodfrom1970sto1990didbringforthsomeverytangibleaccomplishmentsinenvironmentalpolicy.However,anewenvironmentalawarenessandconcernbegantosurfaceasamajorpoliticalissue.所以我們可以看出從20世紀(jì)70年代至1990年期間，美國(guó)在環(huán)境相關(guān)保護(hù)政策方面確實(shí)帶來(lái)一些非常切實(shí)的成就。然而，從20世紀(jì)80年代末，人們對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)和更進(jìn)一步的關(guān)注，開(kāi)始作為一個(gè)重大的政治問(wèn)題呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。,4U.S.-ChinaCooperationonEnvironmentalProtection中美環(huán)保方面的合作,MainGoalsofU.S.CooperationwithChinaontheEnvironment美國(guó)與中國(guó)在環(huán)境方面合作的重要目標(biāo),TohelpChinadevelopthetechnicalmeanstopreventenvironmentaldegradation,evenwhilemaintainingeconomicgrowth.幫助中國(guó)發(fā)展阻止環(huán)境惡化的技術(shù)并保持經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。ToshareU.S.experienceinpolicydevelopmentaimedatmakingtoughenvironmentalpolicydecisions.分享美國(guó)在制定強(qiáng)硬環(huán)境政策方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。TosupportChina’sgrowingtrendofpublicparticipationinenvironmentalgovernance.支持中國(guó)公眾參與環(huán)境治理。,ExamplesofTechnicalAssistanceCooperation技術(shù)援助合作的例子,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)isprovidingtechnicalassistanceon:Cleanerairandcleanerenergytechnology,effectsofparticulatematteronchildren’slungs,andairpollutionandasthma.美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)局(EPA)提供的技術(shù)援助有：空氣凈化、清潔能源技術(shù)、顆粒物對(duì)孩子呼吸器的影響、空氣污染、哮喘。U.S.DepartmentofEnergy(DOE)isprovidingtechnicalassistanceon:Cleanfuels,powersystems,oilandgastechnology,andclimatescience.美國(guó)能源部(DOE)提供的技術(shù)援助有：清潔燃料、能源系統(tǒng)、油汽技術(shù)、氣候科學(xué)。DOEalsodoingdemonstrationprojectsonenergyefficientbuildings,windpower,solarpower,andgeothermalheatpumptechnology.美國(guó)能源部還做的示范項(xiàng)目有：節(jié)能建筑，風(fēng)能，太陽(yáng)能，地?zé)崾账夹g(shù)。,20,Therulesofenvironmentallawintheworldaremakingprogress–andthesituationisalreadybetterthisyearthanbefore.Evenso,bothgovernmentsandcivilresourcesforseekingdamagesareinadequate,lawenforcementisweakandsuccessisonlyseeninstraightforwardcases.Theseissuesstillneedtoberesolved.,5Conclusion結(jié)語(yǔ),Yes,weonlyhaveoneearth,soallofustaketheactiontorescuedtheworld,oncethemayasaidthatthe2012istheendofourworld,whileIbelievethatwecanconqueredeverydiffculties,wecanfacethechallenges,Justdoitfromnowon,fromourselves,fromeverylittleaction!,