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1、外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 (含：英文原文及中文譯文) 英文原文 Stamping technology Introduction In the current fierce market competition, the product to market sooner or later is often the key to the success or failure. Mould is a product of high quality, high efficiency production tool, mold development cycle of the main part

2、of the product development cycle. So the customer requirements for mold development cycle shorter, many customers put the mould delivery date in the first place, and then the quality and price. Therefore, how to ensure the quality, control the cost under the premise of processing mould is a problem

3、worthy of serious consideration. Mold processing technology is an advanced manufacturing technology, has become an important development direction, in the aerospace, automotive, machinery and other industries widely used. Mold processing technology, can improve the comprehensive benefit and competit

4、iveness of manufacturing industry. Research and establish mold process database, provide production enterprises urgently need to high speed cutting processing data, to the promotion of high-speed machining technology has very important significance. This articles main goal is to build a stamping die

5、 processing, mold manufacturing enterprises in the actual production combined cutting tool, workpiece and machine tool with the actual situation of enterprise itself accumulate to high speed cutting processing instance, process parameters and experience of high speed cutting database selectively to

6、store data, not only can save a lot of manpower and material resources, financial resources, but also can guide the high speed machining production practice, to improve processing efficiency, reduce the tooling cost and obtain higher economic benefits. 1. The concept, characteristics and applicatio

7、n of stamping Stamping is a pressure processing method that uses a mold installed on a press machine (mainly a press) to apply pressure to a material to cause it to separate or plastically deform, thereby obtaining a desired part (commonly referred to as a stamped or stamped part). Stamping is usua

8、lly cold deformation processing of the material at room temperature, and the main use of sheet metal to form the required parts, it is also called cold stamping or sheet metal stamping. Stamping is one of the main methods of material pressure processing or plastic processing, and is affiliated with

9、material forming engineering. The stamping die is called stamping die, or die. Dies are special tools for the batch processing of materials (metal or non-metallic) into the required stampings. Stamping is critical in stamping. There is no die that meets the requirements. Batch stamping production i

10、s difficult. Without advanced stamping, advanced stamping processes cannot be achieved. Stamping processes and dies, stamping equipment, and stamping materials constitute the three elements of stamping. Only when they are combined can stampings be obtained. Compared with other methods of mechanical

11、 processing and plastic processing, stamping processing has many unique advantages in both technical and economic aspects, and its main performance is as follows; (1) The stamping process has high production efficiency, easy operation, and easy realization of mechanization and automation. This is b

12、ecause stamping is accomplished by means of die and punching equipment. The number of strokes for ordinary presses can reach several tens of times per minute, and the high-speed pressure can reach hundreds or even thousands of times per minute, and each press stroke is You may get a punch. (2) Sinc

13、e the die ensures the dimensional and shape accuracy of the stamping part during stamping, and generally does not destroy the surface quality of the stamping part, the life of the die is generally longer, so the stamping quality is stable, the interchangeability is good, and it has “the same” Charac

14、teristics. (3) Stamping can process parts with a wide range of sizes and shapes, such as stopwatches as small as clocks, as large as automobile longitudinal beams, coverings, etc., plus the cold deformation hardening effect of materials during stamping, the strength of stamping and The stiffness is

15、 high. (4) Stamping generally does not generate scraps, material consumption is less, and no other heating equipment is required. Therefore, it is a material-saving and energy-saving processing method, and the cost of stamping parts is low. However, the molds used for stamping are generally specia

16、lized, and sometimes a complex part requires several sets of molds for forming, and the precision of the mold manufacturing is high and the technical requirements are high. It is a technology-intensive product. Therefore, the advantages of stamping can only be fully realized in the case of large pro

17、duction volume of stamping parts, so as to obtain better economic benefits. Stamping is widely used in modern industrial production, especially in mass production. A considerable number of industrial sectors are increasingly using punching to process product components such as automobiles, agricult

18、ural machinery, instruments, meters, electronics, aerospace, aerospace, home appliances, and light industry. In these industrial sectors, the proportion of stamped parts is quite large, at least 60% or more, and more than 90%. Many of the parts that were manufactured in the past using forging = cast

19、ing and cutting processes are now mostly replaced by light-weight, rigid stampings. Therefore, it can be said that if the stamping process cannot be adopted in production, it is difficult for many industrial departments to increase the production efficiency and product quality, reduce the production

20、 cost, and quickly replace the product. 2. Basic process and mould for stamping Due to the wide variety of stamped parts and the different shapes, sizes, and precision requirements of various parts, the stamping process used in production is also varied. Summarized, can be divided into two major c

21、ategories of separation processes and forming processes; Separation process is to make the blank along a certain contour line to obtain a certain shape, size and section quality stamping (commonly referred to as blanking parts) of the process; forming process refers to The process of producing a sta

22、mped part of a certain shape and size by plastic deformation of the blank without breaking. The above two types of processes can be divided into four basic processes: blanking, bending, deep drawing and forming according to different basic deformation modes. Each basic process also includes multipl

23、e single processes. In actual production, when the production volume of the stamped part is large, the size is small and the tolerance requirement is small, it is not economical or even difficult to achieve the requirement if the stamping is performed in a single process. At this time, a centralize

24、d scheme is mostly used in the process, that is, two or more single processes are concentrated in a single mold. Different methods are called combinations, and they can be divided into compound-graded and compound- Progressive three combinations. Composite stamping - A combination of two or more di

25、fferent single steps at the same station on the die in one press stroke. Progressive stamping - a combination of two or more different single steps on a single work station in the same mold at a single working stroke on the press. Composite - Progressive - On a die combination process consisting o

26、f composite and progressive two ways. There are many types of die structure. According to the process nature, it can be divided into blanking die, bending die, drawing die and forming die, etc.; the combination of processes can be divided into single-step die, compound die and progressive die. Howe

27、ver, regardless of the type of die, it can be regarded as consisting of two parts: the upper die and the lower die. The upper die is fixed on the press table or the backing plate and is a fixed part of the die. During work, the blanks are positioned on the lower die surface by positioning parts, and

28、 the press sliders push the upper die downwards. The blanks are separated or plastically deformed under the action of the die working parts (ie, punch and die) to obtain the required Shape and size of punching pieces. When the upper mold is lifted, the unloading and ejecting device of the mold remov

29、es or pushes and ejects the punching or scrap from the male and female molds for the next punching cycle. 3. Current status and development direction of stamping technology With the continuous advancement of science and technology and the rapid development of industrial production, many new techno

30、logies, new processes, new equipment, and new materials continue to emerge, thus contributing to the constant innovation and development of stamping technology. Its main performance and development direction are as follows: (1) The theory of stamping and the stamping process The study of stamping f

31、orming theory is the basis for improving stamping technology. At present, the research on the stamping forming theory at home and abroad attaches great importance, and significant progress has been made in the study of material stamping performance, stress and strain analysis in the stamping process

32、, study of the sheet deformation law, and the interaction between the blank and the mold. . In particular, with the rapid development of computer technology and the further improvement of plastic deformation theory, computer simulation techniques for the plastic forming process have been applied at

33、home and abroad in recent years, namely the use of finite element (FEM) and other valuable analytical methods to simulate the plastic forming process of metals. According to the analysis results, the designer can predict the feasibility and possible quality problems of a certain process scheme. By s

34、electing and modifying the relevant parameters on the computer, the process and mold design can be optimized. This saves the cost of expensive trials and shortens the cycle time. Research and promotion of various pressing technologies that can increase productivity and product quality, reduce costs

35、, and expand the range of application of stamping processes are also one of the development directions of stamping technology. At present, new precision, high-efficiency, and economical stamping processes, such as precision stamping, soft mold forming, high energy high speed forming, and dieless mul

36、ti-point forming, have emerged at home and abroad. Among them, precision blanking is an effective method for improving the quality of blanking parts. It expands the scope of stamping processing. The thickness of precision blanking parts can reach 25mm at present, and the precision can reach IT16~17;

37、 use liquid, rubber, polyurethane, etc. Flexible die or die soft die forming process can process materials that are difficult to process with ordinary processing methods and parts with complex shapes, have obvious economic effects under specific production conditions, and adopt energy-efficient form

38、ing methods such as explosion for processing. This kind of sheet metal parts with complex dimensions, complex shapes, small batches, high strength and high precision has important practical significance; Superplastic forming of metal materials can be used to replace multiple common stampings with on

39、e forming. Forming process, which has outstanding advantages for machining complex shapes and large sheet metal parts; moldless multi-point forming process is an advanced technology for forming sheet metal surfaces by replacing the traditional mold with a group of height adjustable punches. Independ

40、ently designed and manufactured an international leading-edge moldless multi-point forming equipment, which solves the multi-point press forming method and can therefore be Changing the state of stress and deformation path, improving the forming limit of the material, while repeatedly using the form

41、ing technology may eliminate the residual stress within the material, the rebound-free molding. The dieless multi-point forming system takes CAD/CAM/CAE technology as the main means to quickly and economically realize the automated forming of three-dimensional surfaces. (2) Dies are the basic condi

42、tions for achieving stamping production. In the design and manufacture of stampings, they are currently developing in the following two aspects: On the one hand, in order to meet the needs of high-volume, automatic, precision, safety and other large-volume modern production, stamping is To develop h

43、igh-efficiency, high-precision, high-life, multi-station, and multi-function, compared with new mold materials and heat treatment technologies, various high-efficiency, precision, CNC automatic mold processing machine tools and testing equipment and molds CAD/CAM technology is also rapidly developin

44、g; On the other hand, in order to meet the needs of product replacement and trial production or small-batch production, zinc-based alloy die, polyurethane rubber die, sheet die, steel die, combination die and other simple die And its manufacturing technology has also been rapidly developed. Precisi

45、on, high-efficiency multi-station and multi-function progressive die and large-scale complex automotive panel die represent the technical level of modern die. At present, the precision of the progressive die above 50 stations can reach 2 microns. The multifunctional progressive die can not only comp

46、lete the stamping process, but also complete welding, assembly and other processes. Our country has been able to design and manufacture its own precision up to the international level of 2 to 5 microns, precision 2 to 3 microns into the distance, the total life of 100 million. Chinas major automotiv

47、e mold enterprises have been able to produce complete sets of car cover molds, and have basically reached the international level in terms of design and manufacturing methods and means. However, the manufacturing methods and methods have basically reached the international level. The mold structure

48、and function are also close to international Level, but there is still a certain gap compared with foreign countries in terms of manufacturing quality, accuracy, manufacturing cycle and cost. 4. Stamping standardization and professional production The standardization and professional production of

49、 molds has been widely recognized by the mold industry. Because the die is a single-piece, small-volume production, the die parts have both certain complexity and precision, as well as a certain structural typicality. Therefore, only the standardization of the die can be achieved, so that the produc

50、tion of the die and the die parts can be professionalized and commercialized, thereby reducing the cost of the die, improving the quality of the die and shortening the manufacturing cycle. At present, the standard production of molds in foreign advanced industrial countries has reached 70% to 80%. M

51、ould factories only need to design and manufacture working parts, and most of the mold parts are purchased from standard parts factories, which greatly increases productivity. The more irregular the degree of specialization of the mold manufacturing plant, the more and more detailed division of labo

52、r, such as the current mold factory, mandrel factory, heat treatment plant, and even some mold factories only specialize in the manufacture of a certain type of product or die The bending die is more conducive to the improvement of the manufacturing level and the shortening of the manufacturing cycl

53、e. Chinas stamp standardization and specialized production have also witnessed considerable development in recent years. In addition to the increase in the number of standard parts specialized manufacturers, the number of standard parts has also expanded, and the accuracy has also improved. However,

54、 the overall situation can not meet the requirements of the development of the mold industry, mainly reflected in the standardization level is not high (usually below 40%), the standard parts of the species and specifications are less, most standard parts manufacturers did not form a large-scale pro

55、duction, standard parts There are still many problems with quality. In addition, the sales, supply, and service of standard parts production have yet to be further improved. 中文譯文 沖壓模具技術(shù) 前言 在目前激烈的市場競爭中, 產(chǎn)品投入市場的遲早往往是成敗的關(guān)鍵。 模具是 高質(zhì)量、 高效率的產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)工具, 模具開發(fā)周期占整個(gè)產(chǎn)品開發(fā)周期的主要部分。 因此客戶對模具開發(fā)周期要求越來越短, 不少客戶把模具的交貨期

56、放在第一位置, 然后才是質(zhì)量和價(jià)格。 因此, 如何在保證質(zhì)量、 控制成本的前提下加工模具是值 得認(rèn)真考慮的問題。 模具加工工藝是一項(xiàng)先進(jìn)的制造工藝, 已成為重要發(fā)展方向, 在航空航天、汽車、機(jī)械等各行業(yè)得到越來越廣泛的應(yīng)用。模具加工技術(shù),可以 提高制造業(yè)的綜合效益和競爭力。 研究和建立模具工藝數(shù)據(jù)庫, 為生產(chǎn)企業(yè)提供 迫切需要的高速切削加工數(shù)據(jù),對推廣高速切削加工技術(shù)具有非常重要的意義。 本文的主要目標(biāo)就是構(gòu)建一個(gè)沖壓模具工藝過程, 將模具制造企業(yè)在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中 結(jié)合刀具、 工件、 機(jī)床與企業(yè)自身的實(shí)際情況積累得高速切削加工實(shí)例、 工藝參 數(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)等數(shù)據(jù)有選擇地存儲(chǔ)到高速切削數(shù)據(jù)庫中,不但可以節(jié)

57、省大量的人力、 物力、財(cái)力,而且可以指導(dǎo)高速加工生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐,達(dá)到提高加工效率,降低刀具費(fèi) 用,獲得更高的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。 1. 沖壓的概念、特點(diǎn)及應(yīng)用 沖壓是利用安裝在沖壓設(shè)備(主要是壓力機(jī))上的模具對材料施加壓力, 使其產(chǎn)生分離或塑性變形, 從而獲得所需零件 (俗稱沖壓或沖壓件) 的一種壓力 加工方法。 沖壓通常是在常溫下對材料進(jìn)行冷變形加工, 且主要采用板料來加工 成所需零件, 所以也叫冷沖壓或板料沖壓。 沖壓是材料壓力加工或塑性加工的主 要方法之一,隸屬于材料成型工程術(shù)。 沖壓所使用的模具稱為沖壓模具,簡稱沖模。沖模是將材料(金屬或非金 屬) 批量加工成所需沖件的專用工具。 沖模在沖壓中至

58、關(guān)重要, 沒有符合要求的 沖模, 批量沖壓生產(chǎn)就難以進(jìn)行; 沒有先進(jìn)的沖模, 先進(jìn)的沖壓工藝就無法實(shí)現(xiàn)。 沖壓工藝與模具、 沖壓設(shè)備和沖壓材料構(gòu)成沖壓加工的三要素, 只有它們相互結(jié) 合才能得出沖壓件。 與機(jī)械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比, 沖壓加工無論在技術(shù)方面還是經(jīng)濟(jì) 方面都具有許多獨(dú)特的優(yōu)點(diǎn),主要表現(xiàn)如下; (1) 沖壓加工的生產(chǎn)效率高, 且操作方便, 易于實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化與自動(dòng)化。 這是因?yàn)闆_壓是依靠沖模和沖壓設(shè)備來完成加工, 普通壓力機(jī)的行程次數(shù)為每分鐘可 達(dá)幾十次, 高速壓力要每分鐘可達(dá)數(shù)百次甚至千次以上, 而且每次沖壓行程就可 能得到一個(gè)沖件。 (2)沖壓時(shí)由于模具保證了沖壓件的尺

59、寸與形狀精度,且一般不破壞沖壓 件的表面質(zhì)量 , 而模具的壽命一般較長 , 所以沖壓的質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定 , 互換性好 , 具有 “一 模一樣”的特征。 (3) 沖壓可加工出尺寸范圍較大、 形狀較復(fù)雜的零件, 如小到鐘表的秒表, 大到汽車縱梁、 覆蓋件等, 加上沖壓時(shí)材料的冷變形硬化效應(yīng), 沖壓的強(qiáng)度和剛 度均較高。 (4) 沖壓一般沒有切屑碎料生成, 材料的消耗較少, 且不需其它加熱設(shè)備, 因而是一種省料,節(jié)能的加工方法,沖壓件的成本較低。 但是, 沖壓加工所使用的模具一般具有專用性, 有時(shí)一個(gè)復(fù)雜零件需要數(shù)套 模具才能加工成形,且模具制造的精度高,技術(shù)要求高,是技術(shù)密集形產(chǎn)品。所 以, 只有在

60、沖壓件生產(chǎn)批量較大的情況下, 沖壓加工的優(yōu)點(diǎn)才能充分體現(xiàn), 從而 獲得較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。 沖壓加工在現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中, 尤其是大批量生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用十分廣泛。 相當(dāng)多的 工業(yè)部門越來越多地采用沖壓法加工產(chǎn)品零部件,如汽車、農(nóng)機(jī)、儀器、儀表、 電子、航空、航天、家電及輕工等行業(yè)。在這些工業(yè)部門中,沖壓件所占的比重 都相當(dāng)?shù)拇? 少則 60%以上, 多則 90%以上。 不少過去用鍛造 =鑄造和切削加工方 法制造的零件,現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)也被質(zhì)量輕、剛度好的沖壓件所代替。因此可以說, 如果生產(chǎn)中不能采用沖壓工藝, 許多工業(yè)部門要提高生產(chǎn)效率和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、 降低 生產(chǎn)成本、快速進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代等都是難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。 2.

61、 沖壓的基本工序及模具 由于沖壓加工的零件種類繁多, 各類零件的形狀、 尺寸和精度要求又各不相 同, 因而生產(chǎn)中采用的沖壓工藝方法也是多種多樣的。 概括起來, 可分為分離工 序和成形工序兩大類; 分離工序是指使坯料沿一定的輪廓線分離而獲得一定形狀、 尺寸和斷面質(zhì)量的沖壓 (俗稱沖裁件) 的工序; 成形工序是指使坯料在不破裂的 條件下產(chǎn)生塑性變形而獲得一定形狀和尺寸的沖壓件的工序。 上述兩類工序, 按基本變形方式不同又可分為沖裁、 彎曲、 拉深和成形四種 基本工序,每種基本工序還包含有多種單一工序。 在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中, 當(dāng)沖壓件的生產(chǎn)批量較大、 尺寸較少而公差要求較小時(shí), 若 用分散的單一工序

62、來沖壓是不經(jīng)濟(jì)甚至難于達(dá)到要求。 這時(shí)在工藝上多采用集中 的方案, 即把兩種或兩種以上的單一工序集中在一副模具內(nèi)完成, 稱為組合的方 法不同,又可將其分為復(fù)合 -級進(jìn)和復(fù)合 -級進(jìn)三種組合方式。 復(fù)合沖壓——在壓力機(jī)的一次工作行程中, 在模具的同一工位上同時(shí)完成兩 種或兩種以上不同單一工序的一種組合方法式。 級進(jìn)沖壓——在壓力機(jī)上的一次工作行程中, 按照一定的順序在同一模具的 不同工位上完面兩種或兩種以上不同單一工序的一種組合方式。 復(fù)合 -級進(jìn)——在一副沖模上包含復(fù)合和級進(jìn)兩種方式的組合工序。 沖模的結(jié)構(gòu)類型也很多。 通常按工序性質(zhì)可分為沖裁模、 彎曲模、 拉深模和 成形模等; 按工

63、序的組合方式可分為單工序模、 復(fù)合模和級進(jìn)模等。 但不論何種 類型的沖模, 都可看成是由上模和下模兩部分組成, 上模被固定在壓力機(jī)工作臺(tái) 或墊板上,是沖模的固定部分。工作時(shí),坯料在下模面上通過定位零件定位,壓 力機(jī)滑塊帶動(dòng)上模下壓,在模具工作零件(即凸模、凹模)的作用下坯料便產(chǎn)生 分離或塑性變形, 從而獲得所需形狀與尺寸的沖件。 上?；厣龝r(shí), 模具的卸料與 出件裝置將沖件或廢料從凸、 凹模上卸下或推、 頂出來, 以便進(jìn)行下一次沖壓循 環(huán)。 3. 沖壓技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展方向 隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的迅速發(fā)展, 許多新技術(shù)、 新工藝、 新 設(shè)備、 新材料不斷涌現(xiàn), 因而促進(jìn)了沖壓技術(shù)的

64、不斷革新和發(fā)展。 其主要表現(xiàn)和 發(fā)展方向如下: (1)沖壓成形理論及沖壓工藝方面沖壓成形理論的研究是提高沖壓技術(shù)的基 礎(chǔ)。目前,國內(nèi)外對沖壓成形理論的研究非常重視,在材料沖壓性能研究、沖壓 成形過程應(yīng)力應(yīng)變分析、 板料變形規(guī)律研究及坯料與模具之間的相互作用研究等 方面均取得了較大的進(jìn)展。 特別是隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的飛躍發(fā)展和塑性變形理論的 進(jìn)一步完善, 近年來國內(nèi)外已開始應(yīng)用塑性成形過程的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬技術(shù), 即利用有限元(FEM )等有值分析方法模擬金屬的塑性成形過程,根據(jù)分析結(jié)果,設(shè)計(jì) 人員可預(yù)測某一工藝方案成形的可行性及可能出現(xiàn)的質(zhì)量問題, 并通過在計(jì)算機(jī) 上選擇修改相關(guān)參數(shù), 可實(shí)現(xiàn)工藝及模

65、具的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。 這樣既節(jié)省了昂貴的試模 費(fèi)用,也縮短了制模具周期。 研究推廣能提高生產(chǎn)率及產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、降低成本和擴(kuò)大沖壓工藝應(yīng)用范圍的 各種壓新工藝, 也是沖壓技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向之一。 目前, 國內(nèi)外相繼涌現(xiàn)出精密沖 壓工藝、軟模成形工藝、高能高速成形工藝及無模多點(diǎn)成形工藝等精密、高效、 經(jīng)濟(jì)的沖壓新工藝。 其中, 精密沖裁是提高沖裁件質(zhì)量的有效方法, 它擴(kuò)大了沖 壓加工范圍,目前精密沖裁加工零件的厚度可達(dá) 25mm ,精度可達(dá) IT16~17級; 用液體、 橡膠、 聚氨酯等作柔性凸模或凹模的軟模成形工藝, 能加工出用普通加 工方法難以加工的材料和復(fù)雜形狀的零件, 在特定生產(chǎn)條件下具有明顯的經(jīng)濟(jì)效

66、 果;采用爆炸等高能效成形方法對于加工各種尺寸在、形狀復(fù)雜、批量小、強(qiáng)度 高和精度要求較高的板料零件, 具有很重要的實(shí)用意義; 利用金屬材料的超塑性 進(jìn)行超塑成形, 可以用一次成形代替多道普通的沖壓成形工序, 這對于加工形狀 復(fù)雜和大型板料零件具有突出的優(yōu)越性; 無模多點(diǎn)成形工序是用高度可調(diào)的凸模 群體代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)模具進(jìn)行板料曲面成形的一種先進(jìn)技術(shù), 我國已自主設(shè)計(jì)制造了具 有國際領(lǐng)先水平的無模多點(diǎn)成形設(shè)備, 解決了多點(diǎn)壓機(jī)成形法, 從而可隨意改變 變形路徑與受力狀態(tài), 提高了材料的成形極限, 同時(shí)利用反復(fù)成形技術(shù)可消除材 料內(nèi)殘余應(yīng)力, 實(shí)現(xiàn)無回彈成形。 無模多點(diǎn)成形系統(tǒng)以 CAD/CAM/CAE技術(shù)為主要 手段,能快速經(jīng)濟(jì)地實(shí)現(xiàn)三維曲面的自動(dòng)化成形。 (2)沖模是實(shí)現(xiàn)沖壓生產(chǎn)的基本條件 . 在沖模的設(shè)計(jì)制造上 , 目前正朝著以下 兩方面發(fā)展 :一方面 , 為了適應(yīng)高速、 自動(dòng)、 精密、 安全等大批量現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)的需要, 沖模正向高效率、高精度、高壽命及多工位、多功能方向發(fā)展,與此相比適應(yīng)的 新型模具材料及其熱處理技術(shù), 各種高效、 精密、 數(shù)控自動(dòng)化的模具加工機(jī)床和 檢測設(shè)備以及模