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軸端端蓋專業(yè)模具畢業(yè)設(shè)計

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1、天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 I 引言 . 1 1 模具簡要概述 . 2 1.1 冷沖壓及模具的概念 . 2 1.2 沖壓及模具在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的地位 . 2 2 沖裁模具設(shè)計過程 . 4 2.1 零件分析 . 4 2.2 確定工藝方案 . 4 2.3 主要工藝參數(shù)計算 . 4 2.3.1 計算毛坯直徑 . 4 2.3.2 確定是否加修邊余量 . 5 2.3.3 確定是否需要壓邊圈 . 5 2.3.4 確定拉深次數(shù) . 5 2.3.5 排樣及材料的利用率 . 5 2.3.6 計算工序沖壓力 . 7 2.3.7 壓力中心 . 8 2.4 沖壓設(shè)備的選擇 . 9 2.5 確定沖裁間隙,

2、計算主要工作部分尺寸 . 9 2.5.1 間隙對沖壓力的影響 . 9 2.5.2 間隙對模具壽命的影響 . 9 2.5.3 間隙對沖裁件質(zhì)量的影響 . 9 2.5.4 沖裁工序 . 10 2.6 模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 . 12 2.6.1 凹模周界尺寸計算 . 12 2.6.2 凹模厚度尺寸 H 的計算 . 12 2.6.3 凹模外形尺寸的計算 . 12 2.6.4 模具閉合高度的計算 . 12 2.6.4 拉深凹、凸模的圓角半徑 . 12 2.6.5 選擇模架及確定其他沖模零件 . 13 2.6.6 卸料零件的計算 . 13 2.6.7 彈性元件的設(shè)計計算 . 13 2.6.8 定位零件的確定 .

3、14 2.6.8 導(dǎo)向裝置的種類及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的確定 . 14 2.6.9 固定與支承零件的確定 . 14 2.7 端蓋沖裁模的工作原理 . 16 3 模具裝配與調(diào)試 . 18 3.1 安裝順序 . 18 3.2 裝配要點(diǎn) . 18 3.3 裝配過程 . 18 結(jié) 論 . 20 參考文獻(xiàn) . 21 附錄 1:沖壓模零件的加工精度及其相互配合 . 22 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 II 附錄 2:英文資料 . 23 附錄 2:中文資料 . 28 致謝 . 32 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 1 引言 模具在現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)中,是生產(chǎn)各種工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的重要工藝裝備,它以其特定的形狀通

4、過一定的方式使原材料成形。由于模具成形具有優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)、省料和低成本等特點(diǎn),現(xiàn)以在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)各個部門,特別是汽車、拖拉機(jī)、航空航天、儀器儀表、機(jī)械制造等工業(yè)部門得到極其廣泛的應(yīng)用。隨著社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,人們對工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的品種、數(shù)量、質(zhì)量和款式都有越來越高的要求。為了滿足人類的需要,世界上各工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家都十分重視模具技術(shù)的開發(fā),大力發(fā)展模具工業(yè)。積極采用先進(jìn)技術(shù)和設(shè)備,提高模具制造水平,并取得了顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。模具是制造業(yè)中使用量大、影響面廣的工具產(chǎn)品。在現(xiàn)代批量生產(chǎn)中,沒有高水平的模具,就沒有高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品,它對企業(yè)提高生產(chǎn)效率、降低生產(chǎn)成本也有重要的作用。模具工業(yè)也被稱為“皇冠工業(yè)” 。隨著我國加入

5、WTO 我國模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展將面臨新的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。 近年來,中國的模具工業(yè)發(fā)展十分迅速,一直以每年 15%左右的增長速度快速發(fā)展。目前,模具在汽車、拖拉機(jī)、飛機(jī)、家用電器、工程機(jī)械、動力機(jī)械、冶金、機(jī)床、兵器、儀器儀表、輕工、日用五金等制造業(yè)中,起著極為重要的作用。國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展對模具工業(yè)提出了越來越多且越來越高的要求,巨大的市場需求推動著中國模具工業(yè)更快地發(fā)展。 模具 CAD/CAE/CAM 技術(shù)是改造傳統(tǒng)模具生產(chǎn)方式的關(guān)鍵技術(shù), 能顯著縮短模具設(shè)計與制造周期,降低生產(chǎn)成本,提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。它使技術(shù)人員能借助于計算機(jī)對產(chǎn)品、模具結(jié)構(gòu)、成形(型)工藝、數(shù)控加工及成本等進(jìn)行設(shè)計和優(yōu)化。我國自開發(fā)

6、的有上海交大的沖裁模 CAD/CAM 系統(tǒng);北京北航海爾軟件有限公司的CAXA 系列軟件;吉林金網(wǎng)格模具工程研究中心的沖壓 CAD/CAE/CAM 系統(tǒng)等,為進(jìn)一步普及模具 CAD/CAM 技術(shù)創(chuàng)造了良好條件。 根據(jù)我國模具技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及存在的問題,今后應(yīng)朝著如下幾個方向發(fā)展: 1) 開發(fā)、發(fā)展精密、復(fù)雜、大型、長壽命模具,以滿足國內(nèi)市場需求。 2) 加速模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和商品化,以提高模具質(zhì)量,縮短模具制造周期。 3) 大力開發(fā)和推廣應(yīng)用模具 CAD/CAM 技術(shù),提高模具制造過程的自動化。 4) 積極開發(fā)模具新品種、新工藝、新技術(shù)和新材料。 5) 發(fā)展模具加工成套設(shè)備,以滿足高速發(fā)展的模具工業(yè)

7、需要 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 2 1 模具簡要概述 1. .1 冷沖壓及模具的概念 冷沖壓是先進(jìn)的金屬加工方法之一,也是塑性加工的基本方法之一。它主要是在室溫下(對金屬系指再結(jié)晶溫度以下)加工金屬板料, 故又稱為板料沖壓或冷沖壓。 冷沖壓是借助壓力機(jī), 通過模具在室溫下對材料施加壓力使其產(chǎn)生塑性變形或分離,從而獲得零件所需要的形狀、尺寸的一種的壓力加工方法。用沖壓方法加工的工件稱為沖壓件。 在冷沖壓加工中,使被加工零件成形的一種特殊工具稱為冷沖壓模具(簡稱冷沖模)。模具工作部分的成形尺寸與被加工零件尺寸一致,所以,零件表現(xiàn)出“一模一樣”的特征。在實(shí)現(xiàn)冷沖壓的加工過程中,冷

8、沖模是一種必需的工藝裝備,沒有先進(jìn)的模具技術(shù),先進(jìn)的沖壓工藝就無法實(shí)現(xiàn)。 1.2 沖壓及模具在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的地位 和其他加工方法相比,沖壓加工有如下特點(diǎn): 1.可以沖壓出其他加工工藝難以加工或無法加工的形狀復(fù)雜的零件, 例如體積小、質(zhì)量高的儀器儀表零件,汽車覆蓋件,縱梁等。 2.產(chǎn)品具有足夠的形狀、尺寸精度,互換性能好,表面質(zhì)量好,尺寸穩(wěn)定。尺寸精度一般可達(dá) ITl014 級,精沖最高可達(dá) IT6 級。 3.材料利用率高。冷沖壓是少、無切屑加工,材料耗損少,材料利用率一般可達(dá) 7085。 4.操作簡單,生產(chǎn)過程便于實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化與自動化,生產(chǎn)效率高,特別適合大批量生產(chǎn)。高速沖裁小型制件,每分鐘可達(dá)上

9、千件,零件成本低。 5.沖壓加工的缺點(diǎn)是模具制造周期長,成本高,且沖壓過程中噪聲很大,所以不適合單件或小批量生產(chǎn)。另外,由于壓力機(jī)滑塊往復(fù)運(yùn)動快,手工操作容易發(fā)生事故,效應(yīng)該特別重視安全生產(chǎn)。 由于沖壓加工具備上述特點(diǎn),沖壓加工的應(yīng)用范圍十分廣泛,它可以沖壓黑色金屬和有色金屬, 也可以沖壓非金屬材料。 據(jù)統(tǒng)計, 在汽車制造、 機(jī)電和儀器、儀表生產(chǎn)中有 6070的零件是采用沖壓加工制成的;在電子產(chǎn)品中,沖壓件數(shù)量占零件總數(shù)的 85以上。 模具是生產(chǎn)各種工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的重要工藝裝備, 是衡量一個國家工業(yè)發(fā)展水平的重要指標(biāo),模具工業(yè)在整個國民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的作用愈來愈顯著。據(jù)近年來的統(tǒng)計表明,美、日等國的模具

10、工業(yè)年產(chǎn)值已經(jīng)超過機(jī)床工業(yè)年產(chǎn)值的 612;我天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 3 國 2003 年模具工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值也已達(dá) 450 億元左右,其中,冷沖壓模具因其用途廣、技術(shù)成熟而在模具中占比例最大。可以預(yù)見,高速發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)將對模具提出更為大量、更為迫切的需要和挑戰(zhàn)。研究和發(fā)展沖壓生產(chǎn)技術(shù),對發(fā)展國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和加速工業(yè)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè),具有十分重要的意義。 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 4 2 沖裁模具設(shè)計過程 2.1 零件分析 軸端端蓋零件大批量生產(chǎn),采用 08 軟鋼材料。 沖壓件的工藝分析 該沖壓件為底部帶孔的圓筒拉深件,拉深高度不高,沖壓材料為 08 鋼,拉深成型性能比較

11、好。又由于產(chǎn)品批量較大,工序分散的單一工序生產(chǎn)不能滿足生產(chǎn)需要,應(yīng)考慮集中的工藝方法 2.2 確定工藝方案 經(jīng)分析沖壓該零件需要的基本工序有(1)落料(2)沖孔(3)拉深,根據(jù)以上工序我們有以下兩種方案。 方案一、先落料沖孔,然后正反拉伸。 方案二、落料、正反拉深、沖孔復(fù)合模。 分析比較上述兩種工藝方案,可以得到如下結(jié)論。 方案一從模具的制造和維修上考慮,沖孔落料復(fù)合時,凸凹模刃磨方便,同時模具結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單,但是該方案的正反拉伸安排在沖孔之后進(jìn)行定位不易保證,影響零件的精度。 方案二的落料、正反拉深、沖孔的復(fù)合順序有利于成形,既能滿足產(chǎn)量的要求,又能保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和模具的合理性。 經(jīng)綜合分析論證

12、:采用第二種方案,落料、正反拉深、沖孔復(fù)合模。 2.3 主要工藝參數(shù)計算 2.3.1 計算毛坯直徑 該工件為無凸緣圓筒形件,根據(jù)等面積原則,用解析法求毛坯直徑。如圖 1所示: 按工件厚度中心層計算。 已知:h1=6 ,h2=2mm,d=34 ,r=2 ,t=1 , 根據(jù)公式 D=f4 (2-1) f 為各簡單幾何形狀的表面積,mm2 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 5 則毛坯直徑為 D=25644.1251218 .89524.459824.54350 圖 1 2.3.2 確定是否加修邊余量 根據(jù)沖壓件相對高度: h/d=5.5/340.16 經(jīng)查表得 h/d0.16 ZmaxZ

13、min,不滿足間隙公差條件,應(yīng)縮小凹,凸提高制造精度才能保證間隙在合理范圍。取 凹=0.6(Zmax-Zmin)=0.024 凸=0.4(Zmax-Zmin)=0.016 故凸D=49.950016. 0 凹D=49.95024. 00 凹D= 49.95024.00 凸D= 49.950016. 0 沖孔 836. 00 查公差表得: 凹=0.012mm;凸=0.008mm 凸d=(d+X )0凸=(8+0.5 0.3)0008. 0=8.150008. 0mm 凹d=(凸d+ Zmin)凹0=(8.15+0.1)0.0120 =8.250.0120mm 凹+凸=0.012+0.008=0.

14、021.5D 時,應(yīng)采用將橡膠分段,其間墊以鋼墊圈。 安裝橡膠時,周圍應(yīng)留有足夠的空隙位置,以容許橡膠壓縮時斷面尺寸的 選用橡膠時的計算步驟 根據(jù)工作行程計算橡膠的自由高度, H自由=(3.54)S工作 根據(jù) H自由計算橡膠的裝配高度, H2 =(0.850.9)H自由 在模具裝配時,根據(jù)模具空間大小確定橡膠的斷面面積。 橡膠的選擇 該模具采用橡膠作為彈性卸料裝置,按沖模設(shè)計應(yīng)用實(shí)例課本中的公式計算橡膠的自由高度, H自由=(3.54)S工作 (2-10) 式中 H自由橡膠的自由高度() ; S工作工作行程與模具修磨量或調(diào)整量(46 )之和再加一; 彎曲凸模與落料凸模之間的橡膠計算: H自由=

15、(3.54)S工作=(3.54)(6+1)=(3.54)7=24.528 =(0.850.9)H自由 (2-11) 取 H2=23 2.6.7 彈性元件的設(shè)計計算 彈性元件的設(shè)計計算 為了得到較平整的工件,此模具采用彈壓式卸料結(jié)構(gòu),使條料在落料、拉深過程中始終處在一個穩(wěn)定的壓力之下,從而改變了毛坯的變形穩(wěn)定性,避免材料在切向應(yīng)力作用下起皺的可能。落料卸料采用彈簧作為彈性元件 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 14 彈簧的選擇 卸料板用于沖壓件的卸料,且兼做壓料板,是使工件保持平衡的關(guān)鍵零件,故選擇彈簧時,其工作壓力應(yīng)加大一些。 根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)初選為 4 根彈簧,卸料力 F卸2610N/4

16、=652.5N。按預(yù)壓力 F 預(yù)0.5652.5N=326.25N 和模具的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸, 查表 2-13 中可選序號 3438 的彈簧,其負(fù)荷為 F=330NF 預(yù)。 檢驗是否滿足 S1S 總=S 預(yù)+S 工作+S 修磨。 55-36.62+10+4=18.416 合格 故選取 37 號彈簧外徑 D=20mm,鋼絲直徑 d3mm,自由狀態(tài)下高度 H自由=55mm 。 彈簧裝配高度 H2H 自由-S 預(yù)=55mm-2mm=53mm,工作行程高度為 30mm。 2.6.8 定位零件的確定 定位零件的作用,是使條料或毛坯在精沖時確定正確的位置,從而保證沖出合格的制件,根據(jù)毛壞和模具不同的特點(diǎn),必須采用

17、不同形式的定位裝置,沖模中常見的定位零件有定位板、定位銷、擋料銷、導(dǎo)料銷,側(cè)壓板等。 而在該聯(lián)接件的模具設(shè)計中,采用了擋料銷定位零件進(jìn)行定位。 2.6.8 導(dǎo)向裝置的種類及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的確定 模具中導(dǎo)向副的作用是保證上模相對于下模有一定位置關(guān)系, 分為滑動導(dǎo)向副和滾動導(dǎo)向副兩類。 滑動導(dǎo)向副由導(dǎo)柱,導(dǎo)套組成,在中、小型模具中應(yīng)用廣泛。 滾動導(dǎo)向副由導(dǎo)柱、 導(dǎo)套和鋼球保持圈組成, 適于要求精度高壽命長的模具,如高速沖裁模、精密沖裁模、硬質(zhì)合金沖裁模等。 由于滾動導(dǎo)向副與滑動導(dǎo)向副相比,在滾動式導(dǎo)套、導(dǎo)柱間多了一層裝在保持圈內(nèi)的鋼球作為滾動體,使原來的滑動磨擦變?yōu)闈L動磨擦,磨擦系數(shù)小,提高模具導(dǎo)向副的使用

18、壽命, 但是滾動導(dǎo)向副的價格高, 對于大批量生產(chǎn)的托架來說,滑動導(dǎo)向副就能滿足生產(chǎn)要求,與滾動導(dǎo)向副相比,成本低。因此,采用滑動導(dǎo)向副。 2.6.9 固定與支承零件的確定 模柄的確定 模柄的作用是將模具的上模座固定在沖床的滑塊上, 常用的模柄形式有整體式、旋入式、壓入式、凸緣式、浮動式。壓入式模柄通過配合與上模座聯(lián)接固定,適用于模板較厚的中小型模具中,而且可以保證較高的同軸度和垂直度。此套模天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 15 具選用凸緣式模柄,它與模座安裝孔用 H7/ n6 配合。 墊板的設(shè)計與標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 墊板主要用于直接承受和擴(kuò)散凸、凹模傳來的壓力,防止模座承受過大壓力而出現(xiàn)凹坑,

19、 影響模具正常工作。 模具是否用墊板, 根據(jù)模座承受壓力大來確定,凸(凹)模支承端面對模座的單位壓力為: = PA (2-12) 式中: P 沖裁力 A 凸(凹模)支承端面面積 小于等于模座許用應(yīng)力則應(yīng)在凸(凹)模與模座間加經(jīng)淬硬磨平的墊板,外形尺寸按固定板形狀決定,因此墊板厚度取 20mm,外形尺寸與落料凹模外形尺寸一致。 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 16 2.7 端蓋沖裁模的工作原理 141619101115181719?6H7n6?4H9h8?25H7h6?38H7r6?25H7r621021222423252830312026272912138765432?8H7n6

20、?8H7n6?8H7n6?8H7n6?8H7n6?8H7n6?8H7n6?82H7n6?10H7n6?10H7n6?10H7n6 圖 2 1.下模座 2.定位銷 3.下墊板 4. 下固定板 5. 落料凹模 6. 卸料板 7.擋料銷 8. 落料拉伸凸凹模 9.上墊板 10.上模座 11.定位銷 12.13.內(nèi)六角緊固螺釘 14.模柄 15.打桿 16. 推桿 17.卸料螺釘 18.導(dǎo)套 19.導(dǎo)柱 20.推件塊 21.卸料彈簧 22.頂件塊 23.沖孔凸模 24.止動塊 25.內(nèi)六角緊固螺釘 26.彈簧 27.拉伸凸模 28.推桿29.托板 30.雙頭螺栓 31.螺母 32.導(dǎo)料銷 如圖為一副落

21、料、正反拉伸、沖孔復(fù)合沖裁模的結(jié)構(gòu)。端蓋沖裁模的工作原理:沖模開始工作時,上、下模在壓力機(jī)作用下分開,將條料放在落料凹模 5 上并通過擋料銷 7 及導(dǎo)料銷 32 定位,待上模在壓力機(jī)滑塊作用下下降時,落料拉伸凸凹模 8 與落料凹模 5 首先接觸,并進(jìn)行落料。然后下模中的拉伸凸模 27 便接觸條料,待繼續(xù)加壓時,拉伸凸模 27 與落料拉伸凸凹模 8 開始對條料進(jìn)行正天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 17 拉伸成形。上模繼續(xù)下降,推件塊 20 與拉伸凸模 27 進(jìn)行反拉伸成型,上模繼續(xù)下降,由固定在下墊板上的沖頭對沖裁件進(jìn)行沖孔,廢料由推桿從推件塊 20 中的落料孔中排出。待上模在壓力

22、機(jī)滑塊作用下回升時,打桿通過上頂桿下移頂出工件,同時安裝在下模座中的下頂桿在橡膠力的作用下向上頂起,拿出制品,卸料板將廢料提起,條料又恢復(fù)到原來的位置,準(zhǔn)備下一沖程的沖裁。 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 18 3 模具裝配與調(diào)試 對于導(dǎo)柱復(fù)合模,一般先安裝上模,然后找正下模中凸凹模的位置,按照沖孔凹模型孔加工出頂桿孔,這樣既可以保證上模中推件裝置與模柄中心對正,又可避免頂桿錯位,而后以凸凹模為基準(zhǔn)分別調(diào)整落料與沖孔的間隙,使之均勻,再安裝其它的零件。 3.1 安裝順序 組件裝配 模架的組裝,模柄的裝入,凸模及凸凹模在固定板上的組裝 總裝配 先裝上模,再以上模為準(zhǔn)裝下模 調(diào)整凸凹

23、模的間隙 安裝其它輔助零件 檢查、試件 3.2 裝配要點(diǎn) 按照裝配過程安裝,先裝上模,然后裝下模。 上模座、上模墊板、落料凸模和上模固定板上的銷釘孔在調(diào)整完凸、凹模間隙均勻后一起配鉆;同理,下模的銷釘孔在下模座、下模墊板和凸凹模固定板經(jīng)配合后配鉆。 裝落料凹模前先把擋料銷裝入,使其保證過盈配合。 沖孔凸模裝在上模固定板以后, 應(yīng)將沖孔凸模底部高出上模固定板的部分磨平。 3.3 裝配過程 表 3 序號 工序 工藝說明 1、 檢查零件及組件 檢查沖模各零件及組件是否符合圖樣要求,并檢查凸凹模間隙的均勻程度,各輔助零件是否配齊。 2、 裝配上模 (1)先把已裝上導(dǎo)柱的導(dǎo)套裝在上模座上,再裝模柄; (

24、2)把沖孔凸模裝在上模固定板上,調(diào)節(jié)間隙及中心直線度以及磨平端面; (3)最后把上模座、上模墊板、上模固定板、落料凸凹模,完成后把銷釘裝入定位,所有螺釘都擰緊。 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 19 3、 裝配下模 上模裝配完成后,下模座我們是根據(jù)上模座來裝的,具體如下: (1)把拉伸沖孔凸凹模(凸凹模已裝上下頂桿)裝入凸凹模固定板中,磨平底面; (2)把凸凹模固定板和下模墊板找正位置后一起安裝在下模座上; (3)下模座、凸凹模固定板、下模墊板和落料凹模合在一起配合,間隙調(diào)試完畢后打入銷釘并擰緊所有螺釘。 4、 整體裝配 上模與下模都裝配好以后,要進(jìn)行上模與下模和在一起的整體裝配

25、,使導(dǎo)柱可靠的固定在下模座上,落料拉伸凸凹模與落料凹模及各刃口間隙均勻,各配合精度達(dá)到圖紙規(guī)定的要求。 5、 試沖與 調(diào)整 (1)切紙試沖 (2)裝機(jī)試沖 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 20 結(jié) 論 在做畢業(yè)設(shè)計的前期階段,通過構(gòu)思和查閱資料之后初步定下設(shè)計的最佳方案-落料-正反拉伸-沖孔四道工序所組成的復(fù)合沖裁模具。 為了保證在加工的過程中不影響彎曲的形狀、 大小和尺寸的要求,是將彎曲凸模和落料凸模先小過盈的裝配起來,然后在將彎曲凹模與彎曲凸模通過配合再裝配起來,雙邊留的間隙就可以保證彎曲件的各項要求。結(jié)構(gòu)的定形和參數(shù)的確定等均是參考有關(guān)的書本和文獻(xiàn) ,有些知識也是經(jīng)過和老師

26、的討論之后定下來的。后期階段,進(jìn)行有關(guān)數(shù)值的校核和工藝卡片的編寫等工作。本次沖裁模具的設(shè)計,讓我對自己所學(xué)的知識有一次總結(jié)性的驗收過程, 同時在這個過程中也檢驗了我處理問題的能力。自接到畢業(yè)設(shè)計任務(wù)書到畢業(yè)論文總體的撰寫,感覺到有一定的收獲-把以前學(xué)過的課程又重新回顧了一次,是對我所學(xué)知識的融會貫通并使知識面進(jìn)一步加深、拓寬的過程。所有的同學(xué)都感覺到在這兩個多月的畢業(yè)設(shè)計中,學(xué)到的知識比課堂上學(xué)到的要實(shí)用、要印象深的多,正是因為有了前面的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ),才能在很短的時間內(nèi)完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計。這說明了大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)中凝聚了老師們的心血和我們自己的努力。知識的積累需要一個量的累積過程,知識的應(yīng)用要求的是最終的累積結(jié)

27、果。 我的畢業(yè)設(shè)計內(nèi)容難度不是很大,但通過這次的模具設(shè)計,通過自己的學(xué)習(xí)和研究,一樣給了自己很大的收獲。使我對模具有了更深的了解,尤其是沖模的定義、分類、結(jié)構(gòu)組成及工作原理。整個設(shè)計過程是一項艱難的工作,很多工作都是靠經(jīng)驗,書本上是學(xué)不到的。經(jīng)過老師的悉心指導(dǎo)和自己查閱有關(guān)書籍解決了在設(shè)計中遇到的問題,培養(yǎng)了自己獨(dú)立思考問題、解決問題的能力讓自己有一個質(zhì)的飛躍。為今后的工作、學(xué)習(xí)和生活打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 21 參考文獻(xiàn) 1馮炳堯,韓泰榮等.模具設(shè)計與制造簡明手冊.上海:上海科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社, 1998. 2模具實(shí)用技術(shù)叢書編委會.沖模設(shè)計應(yīng)用實(shí)例.北

28、京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1999.5. 3鄭可锽.實(shí)用沖壓模具設(shè)計手冊.宇航出版社,1990.5. 4許發(fā)樾.實(shí)用模具設(shè)計與制造手冊. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 ,2001. 5馮小明.冷沖壓工藝及模具設(shè)計. 重慶:重慶大學(xué)出版社,2004.8. 6鄭家賢.沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計實(shí)用技術(shù).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2005.1. 7沖壓模設(shè)計編寫委員會.沖壓工藝及沖模設(shè)計.北京:國防工業(yè)出版社,1993.7. 8丁松聚主編.冷沖模設(shè)計.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2001.9. 9史鐵梁主編.沖模設(shè)計手冊.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2003.8. 10姜奎華,肖景容主編.沖壓工藝學(xué).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004.1.

29、 11馬正元.沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2003.8. 12薛啟翔.沖模制造實(shí)用技能.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2005.1. 13盧險峰.沖壓工藝模具學(xué).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2000.1. 14涂光祺.沖模技術(shù).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004.9. 15沈興東,韓森和主編.沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計. 濟(jì)南:山東科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,2005.3. 16王孝培主編.沖壓手冊.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1990. 17夏琴香主編.沖壓成形工藝及模具設(shè)計.廣州: 華南理工大學(xué)出版社, 2004.9. 18徐政坤主編. 沖壓模具設(shè)計與制造.北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2003.8. 19中國機(jī)械工業(yè)教育協(xié)

30、會組編.專業(yè)英語.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2001.4. 20馬玉錄,劉東學(xué)主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化專業(yè)英語.北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2001.8. 21陳統(tǒng)堅主編.機(jī)械工程英語.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2003. 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 22 附錄 1:沖壓模零件的加工精度及其相互配合 表四 模柄與上模座 H7/m6 沖孔凸模與上模固定板 H7/n6 擋料銷與卸料板 H7/r6 下模座與導(dǎo)柱 H7/r6 導(dǎo)柱與導(dǎo)套 H7/h6 導(dǎo)套與上模座 H7/r6 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 23 附錄 2:英文資料 Introduction to Mrchanic

31、al Design Mechanical design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size,shape an

32、d construction details,but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture,markiong and use of the product. People who perform the various functions of mechanical design are typically called designers,or design engineers.Mechanical design is basically a creative activity.However,in ad

33、dition to being innovative,a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing,kinematics,dynamics,materials engineering,strength of materials and manufacturing processes. As stated previously,the purpose of mechanical design is to produce a product which will serv

34、e a need for man. Inventions,discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benfit people;only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore,that a human need must be identified before a particular product is des

35、igned. Mechanical design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then make sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of engineering rather than memo

36、rize mere facts and equations.There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example,if a decimal point is misplaced,an other

37、wise accrptable design may not function. Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk,knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time

38、and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and wellestablished methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product

39、 and must decide what old,proven concepts should be used and what new,untried should be incorporated. 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 24 New design generally have “bugs” or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed .Thus there is a chan

40、ce for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that,if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change. During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number

41、of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise,it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed,up to the point where the

42、y can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise. Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is es

43、sentially the responsibility of the design engineer to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum. Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer m

44、ust be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions,and creative works have been lost to mankind simply because the originators were unable or un

45、willing to explain their accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer,when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or supervisory persons,is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the

46、 time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted. Basically, there are only three means of communication available to us. There are the written, the oral, and the graphical firms. Therefore the successful engineer will be technically competent and versatile in all three form

47、s of communication. A technically competent person who lacks ability in any one of these forms is severely handicapped. If ability in all three forms is lacking ,no one will ever know how competent that person is ! The competent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not successding in

48、天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 25 a presentation . In fact, occasional failure should be expected because failure or criticism seems to accompany every really creative idea. There is a great deal to be learened form a failure, and the greatest gains are obtained by those willing to risk defeat. In the final

49、 analysis, the real failure would lie in deciding not to make the presentation at all. To communicate effectively,the following questions must be answered: (1) Does the design really serve a human need? (2) Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companies? (3) Is it economical to pro

50、duce? (4) Can it be readily maintained? (5) Will it sell and make a profit? Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers.The design engineer also must communicate the finalized

51、design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings. Quite often, a problem will occurt during the manufacturing cycle. It may be that a change is required in the dimensioning or tolerancing of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This falls in the category of engineer

52、ing changes which must be approved by the design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases,a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. The

53、re is always a better way to do it and the designer should constantly strive towards finding that better way. Some Rules for Mechanical Design Designing starts with a need, real or imagined. Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiently, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus ma

54、y be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly defined, the next step in design is the conception of mechanisms and their arrangements that will perform the needed functions. For this, freehand sketching is o

55、f great value, not only as a record of ones thoughts and as an aid in discussion with others, but particularly for communication with ones own mind, as a stimulant for creative ideas. When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 26 apparent, ana

56、lysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the

57、strength of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of statics for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of fricition; of dynamics for inertia, ac

58、celeration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. Finally, a design based upon function and reliability will be completed, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, and if the

59、device is to produced in quantity, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analysis based

60、upon tests and experience indicate alterations .Sales appeal, customer satisfaction, and manufacture cost are all related to design, and ability in design is intimately involved in the success of an engineering venture. To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designe

61、r. 1. Apply ingenuity to utilize desired physical properties and to control undesired ones. The performance requirements of a machine are met by utilizing laws of nature or properties of matter (e.g., flexibility, strength, gravity ,inertia ,buoyancy, centrifugal force, principles of the lever and i

62、nclined plane, friction, viscosity, fluid pressure,and thermal expansion), also the many electrical, optical, thermal, and chemical phenomena. However, what may be useful in one application may be detrimental in the next . Flexibility is desired in value springs but not in the valve camshaft; fricti

63、on is desired at the clutch face but not in the clutch bearing. Ingenuity in design should be applied to utilize and control the physical properties that are desired and to minimize those that are not desired. 2. Provide for favorable stress distribute and stiffness with minimum werght. On component

64、s subjected to fluctuating stress, particular attention is given to a reduction in stress concentration, and to an increase of strength at fillets, threads, holes, and fits. Stress reduction are made by modification in shape ,and strengthening may be done by prestressing treatments such as surface r

65、olling and shallow hardening. Hollow shafts and tubing, and box sections give a favorable stress distribution, 天津工程師范學(xué)院 2008 屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計 27 together with stiffness and minimum weight. Sufficient stiffness to maintain alignment and uniform pressure between contacting surfaces should be provided for cran

66、k, cam, and gear shafts, and for enclosures and frames containing bearing supports. The stiffness of shafts and other components must be suitable to avoid resonant vibrations. 3. Use basic equations to calculate and optimize dimensions. The fundamental equations of mechanics and the other sciences are the accepted bases for calculations. They are sometimes rearranged in special forms to facilitate the determination or optimization of dimensions, such as the beam and surface stress equations for

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