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專題04 閱讀理解 《2019年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試大綱》（英語(yǔ)）中有關(guān)閱讀的要求： 要求考生能讀懂書、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文段以及公告、說(shuō)明、廣告等， 并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息。考生應(yīng)能： （1）理解主旨要義； （2）理解文中具體信息； （3）根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語(yǔ)的含義； （4）做出判斷和推理； （5）理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)； （6）理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。 【解讀】 閱讀是我國(guó)考生學(xué)習(xí)和使用外語(yǔ)的最主要途徑，因此，閱讀理解在試卷中占權(quán)重較大。該部分要求考生讀懂熟悉的有關(guān)日常生活話題的簡(jiǎn)短文字材料，例如公告、說(shuō)明、廣告以及書、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文章。考生應(yīng)能： 2.理解文中具體信息 　　文章主題和中心思想的闡述往往需要大量細(xì)節(jié)信息的支持，這些細(xì)節(jié)信息對(duì)于理解全文內(nèi)容至關(guān)重要，同時(shí)也是歸納和概括文章中心思想的基礎(chǔ)。具體信息有時(shí)可以直接從文章中獲取，有時(shí)則需要進(jìn)行歸納、概括和推斷后才能得到。 3.根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語(yǔ)的含義 　　閱讀文章時(shí)，常常會(huì)遇到一些過(guò)去未見過(guò)的單詞和短語(yǔ)，但許多這類詞語(yǔ)的含義可以通過(guò)上下文推斷出來(lái)。這種不使用詞典而通過(guò)閱讀上下文來(lái)推斷詞語(yǔ)含義的能力，是一個(gè)合格的讀者必須具備的能力，因此也是閱讀理解部分經(jīng)?？疾榈囊环N能力。 4.根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容作出判斷和推理 　　在實(shí)際的閱讀活動(dòng)中，常常需要根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線索，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推測(cè)作者未明確提到的事實(shí)或某事件發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)等。這種判斷和推理的能力是閱讀理解能力的重要構(gòu)成部分，因而也是閱讀理解部分重點(diǎn)考查的能力之一。 6.理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度 　　每篇文章都有一個(gè)特定的寫作目的，或是向讀者傳遞某個(gè)信息，或是愉悅讀者，或是講授某個(gè)道理。而這些信息通常并不是明確表達(dá)出來(lái)，而是隱含在文章之中。因此，讀者需要在理解文章總體內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上，去領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的言外之意。 【說(shuō)明文】 【樣題】(2018全國(guó)新課標(biāo)I，D) We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (裝置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things. To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life – from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop puters, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007. As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices – we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. So what’s the solution (解決方案)? The team’s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop puters could cut energy consumption by 44%. 32. What does the author think of new devices? A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old. C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly. 33. Why did Babbitt’s team conduct the research? A. To reduce the cost of minerals. B. To test the life cycle of a product. C. To update consumers on new technology. D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices. 34. Which of the following uses the least energy? A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet. C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop puter. 35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices? A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart. C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them. 【文章大意】本文是一篇科普說(shuō)明文。文章講述了新舊電子設(shè)備的差別，舊電子設(shè)備耗能高、不環(huán)保。所以作者主張使用新電子設(shè)備。 33.D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。 根據(jù)文章第二段中的To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life 可知，Babbitt’s team研究的目的是弄清楚這些設(shè)備用了多少電。故選D。 34.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop puters could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板電腦是耗能最少的電子設(shè)備，可以降低44%的耗能。 故選B。 35.A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容可知，因?yàn)榕f的電子設(shè)備耗能高，不環(huán)保。所以作者建議停止使用舊的電子設(shè)備。故選A。 【議論文】 【樣題】(2018全國(guó)新課標(biāo)II，D) We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the unfortable silence. What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have promised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(潤(rùn)滑劑) for social munication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just municate with them.＂ In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互動(dòng)) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral(邊緣的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.＂ Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis of good manners,＂ he says. 32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph? A. Addiction to smartphones. B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places. C. Absence of munication between strangers. D. Impatience with slow service. 33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci? A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people. C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals. 34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk? A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence. C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good. 35. What is the best title for the text? A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Unfortable Silence 【文章大意】這是一篇議論文。在當(dāng)今社會(huì)，人們?cè)诠矆?chǎng)合或沉迷于智能手機(jī)，或與不舒服的沉默抗?fàn)?，陌生人之間缺乏溝通。但人與人之間是需要適當(dāng)?shù)慕徽勯e聊的，閑聊是人際關(guān)系社會(huì)交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好處。 32.C 【解析】主旨大意題。題干問(wèn)的是：第一段描述了什么現(xiàn)象。在公共場(chǎng)合（比如在電梯里，在銀行排隊(duì)，或在飛機(jī)上）人們深深地專注于他們的智能手機(jī)，或者更糟糕的是，與不舒服的沉默抗?fàn)?。有此可知，陌生人之間缺乏溝通。A項(xiàng)意為：沉迷于智能手機(jī)。B項(xiàng)意為：在公共場(chǎng)所不適當(dāng)?shù)男袨?。C項(xiàng)意為：陌生人之間缺乏溝通。D項(xiàng)意為：對(duì)緩慢的服務(wù)不耐煩。故選C項(xiàng)。 34.D 【解析】推理判斷題。題干問(wèn)的是：咖啡店的研究對(duì)閑聊有什么建議。根據(jù)第四段的調(diào)查結(jié)果可知，那些與服務(wù)員聊天的人，有顯著的積極情緒和更好的咖啡店體驗(yàn)。由此可知，D項(xiàng)符合題意。A項(xiàng)意為：閑聊改善了家庭關(guān)系。B項(xiàng)意為：閑聊提高了人們的信心。C項(xiàng)意為：閑聊和正式談話一樣重要。D項(xiàng)意為：閑聊讓人感覺(jué)很好。故選D項(xiàng)。 35.C 【解析】主旨大意題。整篇文章剛開始介紹了社會(huì)的現(xiàn)象（公共場(chǎng)合人們沉迷于智能手機(jī)，陌生人之間缺乏溝通交流），接著分析了這一問(wèn)題的原因，接下來(lái)有專家對(duì)閑聊進(jìn)行了研究，最后得出結(jié)論，閑聊都有什么樣的好處。A項(xiàng)意為：談話很重要。B項(xiàng)意為：閑聊的方法。C項(xiàng)意為：閑聊的好處。D項(xiàng)意為：不舒服的沉默。故選C項(xiàng)。 題型2 七選五型閱讀理解 閱讀理解七選五側(cè)重考查考生的邏輯思維能力，要求考生在語(yǔ)篇層面對(duì)文章整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義進(jìn)行把握。其命題形式體現(xiàn)了新課標(biāo)對(duì)考生用英語(yǔ)獲取信息、處理信息、分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的能力的要求。 文章體裁以說(shuō)明文為主，語(yǔ)篇模式較為固定：提出問(wèn)題——提供解決方案。文章題材較為固定：與學(xué)生的日常生活、學(xué)習(xí)緊密相關(guān)。 近三年新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷高考七選五實(shí)況分析： 年份 卷別 體裁 詞數(shù) 題材 話題 2018 全國(guó)卷I 說(shuō)明文 259 家庭生活 室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)中顏色的選擇問(wèn)題 全國(guó)卷II 說(shuō)明文 223 社會(huì)生活 列舉了早晨鍛煉對(duì)人身體的四條好處 全國(guó)卷III 說(shuō)明文 195 社會(huì)生活 介紹了跳舞的好處 2017 全國(guó)卷I 記敘文 225 個(gè)人生活 作者對(duì)野營(yíng)活動(dòng)由抵觸到喜歡的轉(zhuǎn)變過(guò)程 全國(guó)卷II 說(shuō)明文 196 工作 如何避免工作時(shí)被打斷 全國(guó)卷III 說(shuō)明文 244 個(gè)人生活 如何做計(jì)劃建立好生物鐘，保持早睡早起的好習(xí)慣 2016 全國(guó)卷I 說(shuō)明文 195 文化科技 密碼的設(shè)置方法和破解的方法 全國(guó)卷II 說(shuō)明文 262 家庭生活 自己建設(shè)花園的具體建議 全國(guó)卷III 說(shuō)明文 201 家庭生活 買魚和燒魚的常識(shí) 2018年高考對(duì)七選五的考查將更多地涉及所填句子和所在段落主題的呼應(yīng)以及空白處與上下句之間的一致性。考生要想做好此類題目，必須注意：話題的一致性，代詞指代的一致性，句式的一致性，數(shù)字列舉的一致性以及段落結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)空白處所填內(nèi)容的影響。 【樣題】(2018全國(guó)新課標(biāo)II) 根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。 Color is fundamental in home design – something you’ll always have in every room. A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you’ll love to live in. Do you want a room that’s full of life? Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day? 36 , color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel. Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. 37 , they can get a little plex. But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones. 38 . They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows, mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms. Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa, small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable. Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves. 39 . They require a bigger mitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space. The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors. Whether you’re looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 40 . A. While all of them are useful B. Whatever you’re looking for C. If you’re experimenting with a color D. Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with E. It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces F. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways 【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章講述了室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)中顏色的選擇問(wèn)題。 38.D 【解析】本空是一個(gè)主題句，總說(shuō)選擇小顏色是我們很熟悉的方法。后文分說(shuō)小顏色的具體用途。故選D。 39.G 【解析】根據(jù)前文“中型顏色選擇通常是指一些例如沙發(fā)，餐桌或者書架等家具的顏色選擇”接著表明這種范圍的顏色選擇是對(duì)小型顏色選擇在兩種方式上的進(jìn)一步提示，故選G。 40. F 【解析】前文the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant你所付諸的時(shí)間、精力和相關(guān)的費(fèi)用是巨大的。后文F那肯定是值得的，因?yàn)槟阆氲谝淮伟阉?。故選F。