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（家庭、社會生活） 導(dǎo)讀：媽媽總是告訴我們?nèi)绻覀冊诎堤幙磿鴷獕难劬?。這種說法有科學(xué)依據(jù)嗎？ Some facts about vision science Mom always told us wed go blind if we read in the dark. Does science ①back her up? Jim Sheedy, a doctor of vision science and director of the Vision Performance Institute at Oregons Pacific University, sets his sights on the truth. Dark Matter Turns out, our parents were wrong. “②There is no reason to believe nor evidence to support that any long-term damage to the eyes or change in the physiology to the eyes can be caused by reading in the dark,” Dr. Sheedy says. That is not to say that nocturnal page-turning wont lead to disfort or fatigue. The lack of light will cause the pupils to dilate, ③resulting in a smaller depth of field—the distance between the nearest and farthest object that the eye considers to be in focus. Dr. Sheedy says the added effort to change focus and the effort to change the angle of the lines of sight between the two eyes will likely make your eyes feel tired and your body spent. But, of course, thats often the object of reading under the covers. Seeing Clearly Dr. Sheedy says he assures his students that there isnt enough evidence to argue that what you do with your eyes leads to myopia. The predominant determinant of myopia is genetics. No link to long-term damage has ever been conclusively shown, says Dr. Sheedy. Its an old tale, a ploy used by moms to get kids to go to sleep when they wanted them to, he says. Electronic Age Reading on a tablet device wont damage your eyes, Dr. Sheedy says. His team has studied various fonts, puter displays and pixel resolutions, and found the difference in effect on the eye between reading e-ink and the printed word to be negligible. He adds that pixel density and screen resolution have reached the point at which the eye doesnt know which it is seeing. So if reading a printed book in dim light is fine, so is reading a Kindle or iPad. Moving from Dark to Light The eyes adapt quickly when going to the light—④emerging from a tunnel into the sun, say—but going to the dark requires the regeneration of photo pigments, and that takes some time to reach full dark-adaptation, says Dr. Sheedy. Adjusting to the dim light next to your bed should only take seconds. But when going from bright light to maximum darkness, studies have shown, eye sensitivity continues to change for up to 25 minutes, he says. Ever wonder why a pirate wears patches? Its not because he was wounded in a sword fight, says Dr. Sheedy. Seamen must constantly move between the pitch black of below decks and the bright sunshine above. 視覺科學(xué)的一些事實(shí) 媽媽總是告訴我們?nèi)绻覀冊诎堤幙磿鴷獕难劬Α＿@種說法有科學(xué)依據(jù)嗎？俄勒岡太平洋大學(xué)視覺功能學(xué)院所長、視覺科學(xué)醫(yī)生吉姆希迪為我們揭示真相。 暗處閱讀 原來，我們的父母是錯的。希迪博士說：“我們沒有理由認(rèn)為，也沒有證據(jù)證明，在暗處閱讀會造成眼睛的長期損害，或引起眼睛的生理變化?！? 但這并不意味著在夜間昏暗光線下看書不會引起不適和疲勞。 光線不足會引起瞳孔擴(kuò)張，導(dǎo)致景深變小，即眼睛能聚焦的最近和最遠(yuǎn)的物體之間的距離變小。希迪博士說，費(fèi)力地去變焦(通通過眼睛的調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng))和費(fèi)力去地改變兩眼之間的視角(通過眼睛的收縮系統(tǒng))可能會使你的眼睛和身體感到疲倦。當(dāng)然，這通常是在被窩里看書的后果。 看清楚 希迪博士說他告訴他的學(xué)生現(xiàn)在還沒有足夠的證據(jù)能說明用眼習(xí)慣會導(dǎo)致近視?！敖暤闹饕獩Q定因素是遺傳?！彼f并沒有確鑿的證據(jù)證明長期損害跟近視之間存在關(guān)聯(lián)。希迪博士說：“這只是一個古老的傳說，是媽媽們希望孩子們?nèi)ニX時常用的一個說辭?！? 電子時代 希迪博士說，在平板設(shè)備上閱讀文字不會傷害眼睛。他的團(tuán)隊(duì)對各種字體、電腦顯示器和像素分辨率進(jìn)行了研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀電子讀物和印刷文字對眼睛影響的差異是可以忽略不計(jì)的。 他補(bǔ)充說，像素密度和屏幕分辨率已經(jīng)發(fā)展到了讓眼睛分辨不出電子讀物和印刷文字之間差異的程度。如果在昏暗的光線下閱讀印刷書籍沒什么問題的話，在Kindle或iPad上閱讀也不會有問題。 從暗處到亮處 希迪博士說，從暗處到亮處時眼睛適應(yīng)起來非?？?，比如從隧道里出來重見天日時，但從亮處到暗處時“需要新生成光色素，因此需要一些時間來完全適應(yīng)黑暗”。 他說，你對自己床邊暗光燈的光線的適應(yīng)只需要幾秒鐘的時間。但有研究表明，如果從亮如白晝轉(zhuǎn)到漆黑一片，眼睛的感光度要持續(xù)變化長達(dá)25分鐘的時間。 希迪博士說：“想知道為什么海盜總是戴著眼罩嗎？這并不是因?yàn)樗趧?zhàn)中受了傷。”真正的原因是水手必須經(jīng)常在漆黑的甲板下和明亮的陽光下這兩處地方之間變換位置。 【重點(diǎn)單詞】 1. pupil [pju?p?l; -p(?)l] n. 瞳孔 2. dilate [da?le?t; d?-] vi. 擴(kuò)大；膨脹 3. spent [spent] adj. 精疲力盡的 4. myopia [ma???p??] n. 近視 5. predominant [pr?d?m?n?nt] adj. 主要的 6. ploy [pl??] n. 策略 7. negligible [negl?d??b(?)l] adj. 微不足道的，可以忽略的 【重點(diǎn)短語 / 亮點(diǎn)句式】 1. back up 支持。如： They try their best to back up the educational cause. 他們盡全力支持教育事業(yè)。 2. There is no reason to believe nor evidence to support that any long-term damage to the eyes or change in the physiology to the eyes can be caused by reading in the dark. 我們沒有理由認(rèn)為，也沒有證據(jù)證明，在暗處閱讀會造成眼睛的長期損害，或引起眼睛的生理變化。 該句子中 that any long-term damage to the eyes or change in the physiology to the eyes can be caused by reading in the dark為賓語從句。如： He told that he would go to the college the next year 他告訴我他下一年上大學(xué)。 3. result in 導(dǎo)致，引起。如： Stress and tiredness often result in a lack of concentration. 緊張和疲勞常使人精神不集中。 A minimal error or deviation may result in wide divergence. 失之毫厘,謬以千里。 4. emerge from 出現(xiàn)；從……顯露出來。如： The rabbit will not emerge from its hole while you are there. 你在那兒,兔子是不會出洞的。 【練習(xí)】 1. Restaurants in every corner of Mianyang not only provide job opportunities but_______ lots of taxes as well. A. bring in B. bring about C. result in D. result from 2. How long does it take to go from bright light to maximum darkness? 【答案】 ＂家庭和社會生活＂是高中新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要話題之一，該話題包括人與人之間的關(guān)系、矛盾沖突和問題的解決、社會政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等方面。在高考試題當(dāng)中，社會交往類話題占了較大比例，常以社交禮儀、社會價值觀、文化碰撞等為主題。此話題多包含愛戀、友誼、信任、尊重和感恩等，貼近學(xué)生日常生活，并為他們所熟悉。以這些話題命題有利于促進(jìn)學(xué)生身心健康成長，形成良好的價值觀和積極向上的輿論導(dǎo)向。 該話題為高考熱點(diǎn)話題，近幾年的高考英語命題當(dāng)中，各種題型如聽力、完形填空、閱讀理解、七選五、語法填空、短文改錯、書面表達(dá)等該話題頻頻出現(xiàn)。例如2017年新課標(biāo)卷I的閱讀理解B篇和七選五、2017年新課標(biāo)卷II的短文改錯、2016年全國卷Ⅰ閱讀理解B篇、2016全國卷Ⅱ完形填空、2016年四川卷閱讀理解B篇；2016年北京卷閱讀理解A篇；2013年山東卷完形填空；2012年山東完形填空等。 【相關(guān)詞匯】 1.abandon vt.拋棄，舍棄，放棄 2.abuse vt.虐待；辱罵；濫用 3.acpany vt.陪伴；陪同；伴奏 4.acquaintance n.相識(的人)；熟人 5.admirable adj.值得贊賞的；可欽佩的 6.adopt vt.收養(yǎng)；采用；通過 7.ancestor n.祖宗；祖先 8.appreciate vt.欣賞；感激 9.argue vi.爭辯，爭論 10.argument n.爭論，辯論 11.associate vt.使聯(lián)合 12.attitude n.態(tài)度 13.barrier n.屏障，障礙 14.beneficial adj.有利的，有幫助的，有用的 15.benefit n.益處，好處；v.受益；有益于 16.bother vt.打擾；麻煩 17.blame vt.責(zé)備，指責(zé) 18.bride n.新娘 19.bridegroom n.新郎 20.bury v.埋葬；埋藏；遮蓋 21.close adj.關(guān)系親密的；靠近的 22.panion n.同伴；同事；伴侶 23.plain v.抱怨；投訴 24.condemn vt.譴責(zé)，指責(zé)；宣判 25.conflict n.沖突 26.congratulate vt.祝賀 27.congratulation n.祝賀 28.conscience n.良心；良知 29.cooperate vi.合作 30.colleague n.同事；同僚 31.divorce vt. 離婚 32.direct v.管理；指揮 33.enthusiastic adj.熱情的 34.familiar adj.熟悉的 35.friction n.摩擦 36.friendly adj.友好的 37.forgive vt.原諒 38.generation n.代；世代；一代人 39.grateful adj.感激的 40.harmony n.和睦；和諧 41.harmonious adj.和諧的 42.headmaster n.(中小學(xué))校長 43.headteacher n.班主任；(中小學(xué))校長 44.household n.一家人；家庭 45.junior n.年幼者；低年級學(xué)生 46.merciful adj.寬大的；仁慈的 47.misunderstand vt.誤會；不理解 48.modest adj.謙虛的；謙遜的 49.neighbourhood n.社區(qū)；街坊 50.nephew n.侄子；外甥 51.partner n.伙伴；搭檔；同伴 52.teenager n.青少年 53.patient adj.有耐心的 54.patiently adv.耐心地；有毅力地 55.politely adv.禮貌地 56.precious adj.珍貴的 57.prejudice n.偏見，成見 58.private adj.私人的；個人的；私有的；；秘密的；私立的 59.promote vt.促進(jìn)；提升 60.quarrel n.& vi.爭吵；吵架 61.relative n.親戚 62.relationship n.關(guān)系 63.reliable adj.可信賴的，可靠的 64.respect vt.尊重；尊敬 65.respectful adj.恭敬的，有禮貌的 66.senior n.年長者；高年級學(xué)生 67.separate v.使分離，分開 68.share vt.分享；合用；分?jǐn)?；n.股份；份額 69.sincere adj.真誠的 70.tension n.緊張局勢 71.tolerance n.忍受 72.treat vt.& vi.治療；對待；n.款待 1.a lack of understanding缺乏理解 2.be concerned for/about對……擔(dān)心/關(guān)心 3.be familiar to為……所熟悉 4.be in harmony with...與……和諧相處/協(xié)調(diào) 5.be on good terms(與某人)關(guān)系好 6.be tolerant with包容 7.be to blame應(yīng)受責(zé)備 8.break up分手；解散；結(jié)束 9.bring up養(yǎng)育；撫養(yǎng)；教育 10.care for喜歡 11.depend/rely on依靠，相信，信賴 12.fit in with與……相適應(yīng)/合得來 13.get on/along well with sb.與某人相處融洽 14.get in touch with與……取得聯(lián)系 15.go wrong出毛?。皇? 16.have...in mon有共同之處 17.have words with與……發(fā)生口角 18.keep cool保持冷靜 19.keep in touch with與……保持聯(lián)系 20.look down upon/on鄙視，看不起 21.make up和解 22.share feelings and ideas with與……分享情感和想法 23.show respect for尊重 24.split up分開；分手 25.see sb.off為某人送行 26.turn down拒絕 27.watch out當(dāng)心 28.wave sb. goodbye向某人揮手告別 29.wish sb. a pleasant journey祝某人旅途愉快 I．閱讀理解 閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。 A （2018江蘇卷） In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有) a special meat soup called consomm. Although the main attraction was the soup, Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant. Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty. Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldnt tell how much theyd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, none the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert. Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特).When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out. Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent. Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding. high prices — dont necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next to the kitchen door, say — spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not "be overly concerned about ‘bad’ tables," given that theyre profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.zx.xk 1. The underlined phrase "none the wiser" in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were . A. not aware of eating more than usual B. not willing to share food with others C. not conscious of the food quality D. not fond of the food provided 2. How could a fine dining shop make more profit? A. Playing classical music. B. Introducing lemon scent. C. Making the light brighter, D. Using plates of larger size. 3. What does the last paragraph talk about? A. Tips to attract more customers. B. Problems restaurants are faced with. C. Ways to improve restaurants reputation. D. mon misunderstandings about restaurants. B （2017年新課標(biāo)卷II） I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn’t want me for the film — it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me. I don’t know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers. The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft（技藝）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other— but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core（核心）of our relationship off the screen. We shared the brief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back— he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events. I last saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words. 1.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first? A. Paul Newman wanted it. B. The studio powers didn’t like his agent. C. He wasn’t famous enough. D. The director remended someone else. 2.Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship? A. They were of the same age. B. They worked in the same theater. C. They were both good actors. D. They have similar characteristics. 3.What does the underlined word ＂that＂ in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Their belief. B. Their care for children. C. Their success. D. Their support for each other. 4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To show his love of films. B. To remember a friend. C. To introduce a new movie. D. To share his acting experience. C Grandparents Answer a Call As a third-generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned to move away. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children, she politely refused. Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms. Garza finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities. No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama’s mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents., 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson’s decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family. ＂In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,＂ says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand, a magazine for grandparents. ＂We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.＂ Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder. 1.Why was Garza’s move a success? A. It strengthened her family ties. B. It improved her living conditions. C. It enabled her to make more friends. D. It helped her know more new places. 2.What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision? A.17% expressed their support for it. B. Few people responded sympathetically. C.83% believed it had a bad influence. D. The majority thought it was a trend. 3.What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s? A. They were unsure of themselves. B. They were eager to raise more children. C. They wanted to live away from their parents. D. They had little respect for their grandparents. 4.What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph? A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own. B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them. C. Sacrifice for their struggling children. D. Get to know themselves better. D My dad and I had always been extremely close. We understood each other like no one else, probably because we were so much alike. Both of us were hardworking, creative and very stubborn. My dad was the smartest person I know. He knew how to build a house, how to paint them and how to fix almost anything. He loved music and played the trombone(長號)his whole life. My favorite moment with my dad was our playing duets(二重奏)together — he would play the trombone while I played the piano. Every month we’d go on a ＂date＂ and would go to dinner, then go shopping or sightseeing. The entire night he would talk about his younger days when he and my mom were dating. He’d go on for hours just talking, but I didn’t mind as I knew he loved his life and wanted to share his memories with his only daughter. My dad was someone that always made my day better. When I came home from school after being teased for being the overweight kid, my dad would always state how pretty, smart or talented his daughter was. I’m not sure how I would have made it through my teen years without such a loving dad. He always made people laugh with his jokes and would give the biggest hugs. I knew for quite a while that I didn’t have much time with my dad as he had been slowly losing his health. There is nothing worse in this world than watching someone you love so much slowly slip away and not being able to do a thing about it. Nothing prepared me for the day when my dad told the doctors that he didn’t want to suffer in the hospital any more and wanted to go home. The final month with him was spent wondering if today was ＂the day＂. It was difficult for me to sleep each night wondering if, when I woke up, my dad would be gone. But my dad always kept a positive attitude and smiled to everyone all the way. Therefore, I also began to face it bravely. 1.What does the second paragraph mainly tell us? A. Dad was only a music-lover. B. Dad could make the trombone. C. Dad was an able person. D. Dad could play the piano. 2.What would her dad do when the author was made fun of? A. He would give her a hug. B. He would praise and encourage her. C. He would make her laugh with some jokes. D. He would criticize the students who made fun of her. 3.What can be inferred from this passage? A. Daughter looked like her dad very much. B. Daughter had everything in mon with her dad. C. Daughter liked her dad’s recalling his younger days. D. Daughter was worried about her dad’s worsening health. 4.Which can best describe the tone in writing this passage? A. Warm but pessimistic. B. Happy and proud. C. Warm and optimistic. D. Happy but helpless. A 【文章大意】本文為議論文，介紹了現(xiàn)代餐館面臨的經(jīng)營困境和解決方案，介紹了刺激消費(fèi)和食欲的幾種方法，以及人們對餐廳就餐的一些錯誤認(rèn)識。 1.A 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章第三段劃線部分的前句they couldnt tell how much theyd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else,可知在黑暗中，他們說不清自己吃了多少，再根據(jù)劃線后 的句子they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.可知他們雖然吃得很多，但并沒有感覺更飽，仍然在等著吃甜點(diǎn)，所以他們沒有意識到自己吃多了，所以A正確。 3.D 【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding，high prices — dont necessarily.可知你認(rèn)為可能會影響人們消費(fèi)的因素如不好的桌子，擁擠以及高價等不一定會真影響人們的消費(fèi)，然后依次舉例進(jìn)行了證明，所以本段主要講的是人們對于飯店的幾個誤解，故選D。 B 【文章大意】本文是一篇記敘文。主要講述了作者與Paul Newman之間的深厚友情。當(dāng)制片人不想讓我參演電影時，Paul Newman站出來為我說話，兩人因此而建立了深厚的友誼。在此后的很多年里，兩人一直相互扶持，相互鼓勵，因此兩人的深厚友情維系了很多年。 1.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)＂When the studio didn’t want me for the film— it wanted somebody as well known as Paul＂可知，作者當(dāng)時還不是很有名。故選C。 2.D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)＂Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other— but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core （核心）of our relationship off the screen＂可知，作者與Paul之間有著相似的性格特征。故選D。 3.A 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)＂We shared the brief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back＂，我們都有這個信仰：如果你有幸獲得成功，你應(yīng)該有所回饋。下文＂he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival＂是作者舉的例子，因此＂sharing that brought us together.＂that指代前面提到的信仰。故選A。 4.B 【解析】寫作意圖題。根據(jù)＂I last saw him a few months ago. He’d been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn’t talk about it＂可知Paul已經(jīng)去世了，再結(jié)合前文＂I first met Paul Newman in 1968＂，可推斷作者非常懷念這位朋友。故選B。 C 【文章大意】祖父母搬去子女身邊照顧小孩是如今的一種趨勢，但這是否應(yīng)該成為每一個祖父母的選擇呢? 1.A 【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段的最后一句＂Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities＂可知，三代人將這一搬家視為一種成功，因?yàn)樗挂患胰说年P(guān)系更為密切。故選A。 2.D 【解析】考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段的＂Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President O