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第九課時(shí)　并列句和狀語(yǔ)從句 [感 悟 高 考] 1.Located ________ the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.(2017江蘇卷) A.why B.when C.which D.where 答案　D　[be located in＋地點(diǎn)名詞，意為“位于/坐落于某地”，where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句在此相當(dāng)于in some place，故選D。句意：位于“一帶一路”交匯處的江蘇省將會(huì)對(duì)“一帶一路”的建設(shè)做出更大的貢獻(xiàn)。] 2.If you don’t understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people ________ you figure it out.(2017北京卷) A.because B.though C.until D.since 答案　C　[because因?yàn)椋籺hough盡管；until直到；since自從。句意：如果你無法理解某個(gè)東西，你可能會(huì)去研究，學(xué)習(xí)，和他人探討直到你解決為止，根據(jù)句意可知選用until，直到，選C。] 3. ________ birds use their feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes.(2017北京卷) A.Once B.If C.Although D.Because 答案　C　[Once一旦；If如果；Although盡管；Because因?yàn)?。句意：盡管鳥兒們用羽毛來飛翔，但是他們的一些羽毛還有其他用途。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知前后之間是讓步關(guān)系，故選C。] 4.—Peter, please send us postcards ________ we’ll know where you have visited. —No problem.(2017北京卷) A.but B.or C.for D.so 答案　D　[but但是；or或者；for因?yàn)?；so因此。句意： Peter，請(qǐng)給我們寄明信片，因此我們就會(huì)知道你們?nèi)ツ挠斡[過。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知前后句之間是因果關(guān)系，故選D。] 5.________ online shopping has changed our life，not all of its effects have been positive.(2016浙江卷) A.Since B.After C.While D.Unless 答案　C　[句意：盡管網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物已經(jīng)改變了我們的生活，但是不是所有的影響都是積極的。while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“盡管，雖然”；since既然，自從；after在……之后；unless除非。故選C。] 6.________ the average age of the population increases，there are more and more old people to care for.(2016天津卷) A.Unless B.Until C.As D.While 答案　C　[句意：隨著人口平均年齡的增加，越來越多的老年人需要照顧。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處在此引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“隨著”，故選C。] [要 點(diǎn) 精 析] 一、并列句的4種類型 1. 表并列、遞進(jìn)或順承關(guān)系：and，both...and...，neither...nor...，not only...but also... Not only did he speak more correctly but (also) he spoke more easily. 他不僅說得更正確了，而且說起來也更容易了。 2.表轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比關(guān)系：but，yet，while The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm. 北京的冬天很冷，然而昆明的冬天卻很暖和。 3. 表選擇關(guān)系：or，otherwise，or else，either...or...，not...but... Now you can either have a rest or you can go to the cinema. 現(xiàn)在你可以休息，也可以去看電影。 4. 表因果關(guān)系：so，for (表“由于”，一般不放在句首) He must have been caught in the rain，for he is wet all over. 他肯定被雨淋了，因?yàn)樗麥喩矶紳窳恕? 二、并列句的2大句式 1. when “就在這時(shí)，突然”，常用于以下句式： (1)sb be about to do/on the point of doing sth when...某人正要做某事，突然…… (2)sb be doing sth when...某人正在做某事，突然…… (3)sb had done sth when...某人剛做完某事，突然…… One Friday，we were packing to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help. 當(dāng)我們周五在收拾行李要去度周末時(shí)，我的女兒突然聽到了呼救聲。 He was about to jump into the river when the guide stopped him. 他正要向河里跳，這時(shí)導(dǎo)游攔住了他。 2. and與or/otherwise用于并列句 (1)祈使句＋and＋陳述句(and表示順承關(guān)系) (2)祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陳述句(or/otherwise表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系) Work hard and you will succeed. 努力學(xué)習(xí)，你就會(huì)成功。 Hurry up，or/otherwise you will be late for class. 快點(diǎn)兒，否則你們上課就遲到了。 一、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 1.when, while和as的用法 連詞 含義及用法 例句 when “當(dāng)……時(shí)候”，可與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或短暫性動(dòng)詞連用；從句動(dòng)作可以發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前、之后或與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生 When you apply for a job, you must present your credentials. 當(dāng)你申請(qǐng)工作時(shí)，你必須遞交你的有關(guān)證書。 while “當(dāng)……時(shí)候”，一般只可與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，從句動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生 Mary made coffee while her guests were finishing their meal. 客人們就要吃完的時(shí)候，瑪麗去煮咖啡了。 as “一邊……一邊……”，常與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，從句動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生 As he grew older, he became less active. 隨著他逐漸長(zhǎng)大，他變得不那么活潑了。 [名師點(diǎn)津]　如果主句表示的是短暫性動(dòng)作，而從句用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作時(shí)，when, while與as可互換使用。 When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend. 我正沿著大街走時(shí)，碰巧遇到了我的一個(gè)老朋友。 2.before與since的用法 (1)before表示“在……之前；還未……就……；還沒來得及……就……”。常用于以下句型： It will be＋一段時(shí)間＋before... 多久之后才…… It won’t be long before... 不久之后就…… It was＋一段時(shí)間＋before... 過了多久才…… John thinks it won’t be long before he is ready for his new job. 約翰認(rèn)為不久他就能為他的新工作做好準(zhǔn)備。 (2)since的用法 ?since表示“自從……”，其引導(dǎo)的從句在句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；從句常用一般過去時(shí)。 I have returned home twice since I settled down in the States. 自從我定居美國(guó)后，我回過兩次家。 They have been living very happily since they got married. 自從結(jié)婚后他們一直生活得很幸福。 ?since后面所用動(dòng)詞不同，該動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)時(shí)間的計(jì)算方法也不同。 since＋瞬間動(dòng)詞過去式(從該動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)算起) since＋持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞過去式(從動(dòng)作結(jié)束時(shí)算起) He has written to me frequently since he was ill. 自從病好以來，他經(jīng)常給我來信。 He has written to me frequently since he went abroad. 他自出國(guó)以來，經(jīng)常給我寫信。 ?since表示“自從……以來”，常用于“It is/has been＋時(shí)間段＋since從句”結(jié)構(gòu)。該句型表示“自從開始(不做)……已經(jīng)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了”，一般從句的時(shí)態(tài)用一般過去時(shí)，主句中的時(shí)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 As is reported，it has been/is over 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded. 據(jù)報(bào)道，清華大學(xué)已經(jīng)建立了100多年了。 3.till, until和not...until...的用法 (1)until或till表示“某動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到某時(shí)間點(diǎn)才停止”，此時(shí)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，主、從句都為肯定式。這兩個(gè)詞可以換用，但till不可以置于句首，而until可以。 Have you heard the meeting will be put off till/until next Tuesday? 這個(gè)會(huì)議將被推遲到下周二，你有沒有聽說？ (2)not... until... 表示“直到……才”，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。 As far as I know, his mother won’t go to bed until he returns home every evening. 據(jù)我所知，他母親每晚直到他回家才會(huì)上床睡覺。 4.表示“一……就……，剛……就……”的常用表達(dá) (1)表示“一……就……”的表達(dá) as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant，the second The moment I heard the voice，I knew Father was ing. 我一聽到那個(gè)聲音就知道父親來了。 (2)表示“剛……就……”的表達(dá) no sooner... than..., hardly/scarcely... when...的時(shí)態(tài)搭配：no sooner與hardly/scarcely后的句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)，而than與when引導(dǎo)的句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。此外，當(dāng)把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首時(shí)，應(yīng)用倒裝語(yǔ)序。 He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering. →No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering. 他剛完成演講學(xué)生們就開始?xì)g呼起來。 二、條件狀語(yǔ)從句 1.條件狀語(yǔ)從句的常見引導(dǎo)詞 if, unless (＝if... not), so/as long as (只要), on condition that (條件是), if only (＝if), provided that (如果), in case (萬一，如果), suppose/supposing that (假設(shè)，如果), assuming that等均可引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。 ①We will have a picnic in the park this Sunday unless it rains or it’s very cold. 除非下雨或天很冷，否則我們將在本周日去公園野餐。 ②My parents don’t mind what job I do as long as I am happy. 我的父母不在意我從事什么工作，只要我高興就好。 2.條件狀語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài) 在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來含義；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表即將完成之后的情況；一般過去時(shí)表過去將來的含義。 If everyone does his part, the project will surely be a success. 如果大家都盡責(zé)，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目肯定會(huì)成功。 三、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 1.although, though, while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。 Though/Although/While regular exercise is very important, it’s never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime. 盡管有規(guī)律的鍛煉很重要，但臨睡前鍛煉不是個(gè)好主意。 2.as, though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句需用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序。 Hot as/though the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey. 在長(zhǎng)途跋涉之后，盡管夜晚的空氣很熱，我們還是因?yàn)槔鬯煤苁臁? 3.“疑問詞＋-ever”引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“無論……”。 However hard you try, it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat. 不管你多么努力，如果不減少飯量，減肥很難。 4.whether... or...引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“不論……還是……”，表示正反兩種情況都不會(huì)影響主句的意向或結(jié)果。 We’ll go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or we cannot. 不管我們能否找到所需的工具，我們都要把這項(xiàng)工作做下去。 四、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句表示地點(diǎn)、方位，通常由where, wherever引導(dǎo)，可置于句首、句中或句尾。 I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise where I am sitting. 因?yàn)槲易牡胤皆胍籼?，所以聽不清教授在說什么。 [名師點(diǎn)津]　where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別： 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別在于從句在句中所作的成分，如果作狀語(yǔ)，則是狀語(yǔ)從句；如果作定語(yǔ)，則是定語(yǔ)從句。 The little girl who got lost decided to remain where she was and wait for her mother. (狀語(yǔ)從句，其中remain為不及物動(dòng)詞) →The little girl who got lost decided to remain in the place where she was and wait for her mother. (定語(yǔ)從句) 那個(gè)迷路的小女孩決定待在原地等她的母親。 五、原因狀語(yǔ)從句 原因狀語(yǔ)從句可由because, as, since, now that, in that, considering (that)等詞引導(dǎo)。 1.because譯作“因?yàn)椤?，表示直接原因，語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)，能回答由why提出的問句。 The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife. 那位老人讓露西換坐到另一把椅子上，因?yàn)樗氚ぶ拮幼? 2.as譯作“由于”，語(yǔ)氣較輕，常表示顯而易見的原因；since (既然), now that (既然), in that (因?yàn)?，表示雙方都知道的原因，語(yǔ)氣較弱。as, since和now that引導(dǎo)的從句多位于主句之前。 Now that you have got a job, you should learn to be independent of your parents. 既然你找到了一份工作，你應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立不依靠父母。 六、方式狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有as, as if, as though等。方式狀語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引導(dǎo)的從句常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，但如果從句中所陳述的情況很可能實(shí)現(xiàn)，也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。 The house was greatly damaged by the truck.We’d better leave things as they are until the police arrive. 卡車對(duì)這座房子造成了嚴(yán)重的損壞。我們最好保持原樣直到警察到來。 The construction industry is no longer as depressed as it was. 建筑業(yè)不再像以往那樣蕭條了。 The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son. 這位老太太對(duì)待這個(gè)男孩就像他是她自己的兒子似的。 七、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 1.引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：so...that..., such...that...。在非正式語(yǔ)體中，由so...that..., such...that...引導(dǎo)的句子中的that可以省略，注意其結(jié)構(gòu)形式： (1) (2) He is such a learned person that we admire him very much. →He is so learned a person that we admire him very much. 他如此有學(xué)問，以至于我們非常贊賞他。 It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park. 天氣如此晴朗，以至于我們都想去公園。 He earned so little money that he couldn’t support his family. 他掙這么少的錢，以至于養(yǎng)不起家。 2.當(dāng)so或such所在的主句主語(yǔ)與結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，還可簡(jiǎn)化為：so/such...as to...。 He was so clever a student that he was able to work out all the difficult problems. →He was so clever a student as to be able to work out all the difficult problems. 他是一名如此聰明的學(xué)生，以至于他能夠解決所有難題。 八、目的狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case (that), lest等。 1.in order that和so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句 兩個(gè)連詞都意為“以便……；為了……”，它們引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 When he goes out, he often wears sunglasses so that/in order that nobody/no one can recognize him. 他出門的時(shí)候常戴著墨鏡，以便沒人能認(rèn)出他。 2.for fear that, in case (that)和lest引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，for fear that表示“害怕，擔(dān)心某事會(huì)發(fā)生”；in case (that)/lest表示“以防出現(xiàn)某種情況”。 The boy hid himself behind the tree in case/for fear that his father should see him. 那個(gè)男孩藏在樹后面，以防他父親看到他。 Take your raincoat in case/lest it should rain. 帶上雨衣以防下雨。 [解 題 策 略] 1.句意翻譯法 對(duì)于狀語(yǔ)從句的解答來說，最重要的一點(diǎn)是能夠正確地翻譯句子的意思，這樣就能夠判斷出該從句是狀語(yǔ)從句中的哪一種，選擇也就很容易了。 (1)________ they decide which college to go to, students should research the admission procedures. A.As B.While C.Until D.Once 答案　D　[句意：一旦學(xué)生們決定了要上哪所大學(xué)，他們就應(yīng)該研究申請(qǐng)此大學(xué)的入學(xué)程序了。as “當(dāng)……時(shí)，由于”；while “當(dāng)……時(shí)，盡管”；until “直到”；once “一旦”。根據(jù)句意選擇D項(xiàng)。] (2)—Our holiday cost a lot of money. —Did it? Well, that doesn’t matter ________ you enjoyed yourselves. A.as long as B.unless C.as soon as D.though 答案　A　[句意：“我們這次度假花了很多錢?！薄笆菃幔颗?，沒關(guān)系，只要你們玩得高興就行?！?as long as “只要”；unless “除非”；as soon as “一……就……”；though “盡管；雖然”。] 2.分清句子類型法 對(duì)于有些試題來說，掌握和分清一些固定的句型結(jié)構(gòu)是很重要的。同時(shí)也要注意該從句與別的一些從句的區(qū)別，如地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句，結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句等。 (1)John thinks it won’t be long ________ he is ready for his new job. A.when B.after C.before D.since 答案　C　[所填詞引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，構(gòu)成It (will) be＋時(shí)間段＋狀語(yǔ)從句，意思是：過多久才將……，故選C。] (2)You’d better not leave the medicine ________ kids can get it. A.even if B.which C.where D.so that 答案　C　[句意：你最好不要把藥放在孩子們能夠得著的地方。本題考查where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。本句相當(dāng)于：You’d better not leave the medicine in the place where kids can get it.] [針 對(duì) 訓(xùn) 練] 1.My grandfather still plays tennis now and then，________ he’s in his nineties.(2016北京卷) A.as long as B.as if C.even though D.in case 答案　C　[句意：盡管我祖父已經(jīng)九十多歲了，但他仍不時(shí)打網(wǎng)球。由句意可知，本句的前后兩部分之間為讓步關(guān)系，故選C。] 2.I really enjoy listening to music ________ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.(2016北京卷) A.because B.before C.unless D.until 答案　A　[句意：我真的很喜歡聽音樂，因?yàn)樗兄谖曳潘?，讓我忘記一天中的其他憂慮。根據(jù)句意可知，句子前后為因果關(guān)系，故選A。] 3.I am not afraid of tomorrow，________ I have seen yesterday and I love today.(2016北京卷) A.so B.and C.for D.but 答案　C　[句意：我并不害怕明天。因?yàn)槲乙岩娮C了昨天并熱愛今天。根據(jù)句意可知，句子前后為因果關(guān)系，故選C。] 4.________scientists have learned a lot about the universe，there is much we still don’t know.(2015安徽卷) A.Once B.Since C.Though D.Unless 答案　C　[句意：盡管科學(xué)家們對(duì)宇宙已經(jīng)了解甚多，但仍有許多我們還不知道的東西。once一旦；since自從……以來；though盡管；unless除非。該題考查讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，故選C；而A、D常引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句；B常用來引導(dǎo)時(shí)間或原因狀語(yǔ)從句。] 5.We need to get to the root of the problem________ we can solve it.(2015天津卷) A.while B.after C.before D.as 答案　C　[句意：我們?cè)诮鉀Q問題之前需要找到其根源。根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系可知，“找到問題的根源”在“解決問題”之前發(fā)生。before在……之前，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，符合題意。] 6.________ the students came from different countries，they got along quite well in the summer camp.(2015福建卷) A.While B.Unless C.Since D.Until 答案　A　[句意：盡管那些學(xué)生來自不同的國(guó)家，但是他們?cè)谙牧顮I(yíng)相處得很好。此處用while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“雖然，盡管”。] 7.He is a shy man, ________ he is not afraid of anything or anyone.(2015北京卷) A.so B.but C.or D.as 答案　B　[句意：他是一個(gè)很害羞的人，但是他不害怕任何事和人。 由句意可知前后兩句之間為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故用but，選B。] 8.________ the damage is done, it will take many years for the farmland to recover.(2015北京卷) A.Until B.Unless C.Once D.Although 答案　C　[句意：一旦造成損害，要花費(fèi)許多年的時(shí)間耕地才能恢復(fù)。until直到；unless除非；once一旦；although盡管。由句意可知選C。] 9.Stand over there ________ you’ll be able to see it better.(天津卷) A.or B.and C.but D.while 答案　B　[此處為“祈使句＋and＋陳述句”句型。] 10.Some animals carry seeds from one place to another，________ plants can spread to new places.(北京卷) A.so B.or C.for D.but 答案　A　[句意：一些動(dòng)物能夠把植物種子攜帶到另外一個(gè)地方，因此植物也能夠傳播到新的地方。根據(jù)句意可知，這兩句話是因果關(guān)系，A項(xiàng)正確。] 11.Half an hour later，Lucy still couldn’t get a taxi ________ the bus had dropped her.(重慶卷) A.until B.when C.although D.where 答案　D　[句意：半小時(shí)過后，露西在她下公共汽車的地方還沒有搭上出租車。由句意可知地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故選D。] 12.It was the middle of the night ________ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.(江西卷) A.that B.as C.which D.when 答案　D　[句意：父親叫醒我看足球賽時(shí)，已是夜半時(shí)分。when符合語(yǔ)境。因?yàn)閠he middle of the night不是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，故不是強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。倘若在was之后添加介詞in，則此題答案為A。] 13.I don’t really like the author，________ I have to admit his books are very exciting.(山東卷) A.although B.unless C.until D.once 答案　A　[句意：我真的不喜歡這位作者，盡管我不得不承認(rèn)他的書很激動(dòng)人心。從句表示讓步關(guān)系，故選A。unless “除非”，表?xiàng)l件關(guān)系；until “直到……”，表時(shí)間關(guān)系；once “一旦”，表示條件關(guān)系。] 14.________ the arguments，it’s necessary to consider the contributions Hong Kong Disneyland has made in lifting the number of tourists. A.Whatever B.Whichever C.However D.Whenever 答案　A　[句意：不論有什么爭(zhēng)端，我們有必要考慮香港迪斯尼樂園在提高游客數(shù)量上做出的貢獻(xiàn)。whatever引導(dǎo)省略的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，從句省略了be動(dòng)詞are，whatever在從句中作表語(yǔ)。意為“不論什么”，相當(dāng)于no matter what。]