高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第四部分 寫作訓(xùn)練 專題1-3（課件+習(xí)題）（打包6套）.zip,高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí),第四部分,寫作訓(xùn)練,專題1-3課件+習(xí)題打包6套,高考,英語,二輪,復(fù)習(xí),第四,部分,寫作,訓(xùn)練,專題,課件,習(xí)題,打包 專題一 應(yīng)用文寫作 Writing 1 你校英語社團將要排演英語話劇The Sound of Music，需要一些演員。請你根據(jù)以下提示，向國際部的學(xué)生發(fā)出口頭通知，內(nèi)容包括： 報名時間：本周五之前 報名地點：教學(xué)樓221室 報名條件：1.英語口語流利； 2．喜愛話劇表演； 3．樂于與他人合作。 注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右； 2．可適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫； 3．開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計入總詞數(shù)。 Good morning，everyone.May I have your attention，please？ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Thanks for your attention. 【寫作指導(dǎo)】 本篇應(yīng)用文寫作是一篇口頭通知。口頭通知的時態(tài)要用一般現(xiàn)在時，人稱需根據(jù)內(nèi)容靈活運用。內(nèi)容要點包括：1.社團的英語話劇需要一些演員；2.時間：本周五以前；3.地點：教學(xué)樓221室；4.報名條件：①英語口語流利；②喜愛話劇表演；③樂于與他人合作?？梢赃m當(dāng)增添細節(jié)，以使行文流暢?？梢哉{(diào)整內(nèi)容要點的順序，但是不能逐字逐句翻譯內(nèi)容要點，還要注意不能遺漏內(nèi)容要點。 推薦用語：an announcement from，be willing to，work with，look for，join in，sign up 【參考范文】 Good morning，everyone.May I have your attention，please？Here is an announcement from English Club.We need some actors and actresses for the English play The Sound of Music. If you love acting and are willing to work with others，you are the right person we are looking for. Of course，fluency in spoken English is required. Can’t wait to join in it？Just come to Room 221 of the teaching building by this Friday and sign up! Thanks for your attention. Writing 2 假如你是紅星中學(xué)高三(1)班的學(xué)生李華，你校校園網(wǎng)需要招收英文網(wǎng)絡(luò)編輯(Web editor)，請你根據(jù)以下提示，用英語向外籍主編Chris申請這一職位。 1．關(guān)心時事，對新聞工作感興趣； 2．有做?？浾叩墓ぷ鹘?jīng)歷； 3．擅長英語，曾獲校英語寫作大賽一等獎。 注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右； 2．可適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫； 3．開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計入總詞數(shù)。 Dear Chris， _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Yours sincerely， Li Hua 【寫作指導(dǎo)】 本篇應(yīng)用文寫作是一篇申請函。寫作前，考生要仔細審題，認真審讀試題所提供的中文提示。寫作要求中提示了寫作要點，易于考生把握。考生寫作時要注意緊扣這三方面的寫作要點，即關(guān)心時事，對新聞工作感興趣；有過校刊記者的經(jīng)歷；擅長英語等。確定寫作要點后，考生便可開始寫作，注意文章用第一人稱，時態(tài)要用現(xiàn)在時。另外，考生要注意文章的層次，使其結(jié)構(gòu)清晰；恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眠^渡詞以使行文連貫?？忌趯懮暾埡瘯r還需注意語氣要委婉。 推薦用語：I’m writing to apply to be...，care a lot about，take great interest in，be good at，due to，get the first prize，in addition等。 【參考范文】 Dear Chris， I’m writing to apply to be a Web editor，which I saw advertised on our school website.I would like to work for you because I care a lot about current affairs and take great interest in journalism.I think I can do the job well due to my language skills.I’m good at English.Once I got the first prize in the English Writing Competition in our school.In addition，I worked as a reporter for our school newspaper last year，which will surely help me do the job better. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely， Li Hua Writing 3 作為班長，請你根據(jù)以下內(nèi)容給新任外教Mr.Smith寫一封信，向他表示歡迎并轉(zhuǎn)達同學(xué)們對英語課的希望： 1．介紹西方文化； 2．組織多樣活動； 3．關(guān)注學(xué)生發(fā)音。 注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右； 2．可適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫； 3．開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計入總詞數(shù)。 Dear Mr.Smith， _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Yours， Chris 【寫作指導(dǎo)】 本篇應(yīng)用文寫作是一封書信。寫作時，要緊扣書信結(jié)構(gòu)，結(jié)合內(nèi)容要點，形成開篇、主體和結(jié)尾三部分?？忌蛇m當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，做到內(nèi)容充實，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。時態(tài)方面以現(xiàn)在時為主。人稱方面以第一人稱為主。遣詞造句方面，考生應(yīng)注意合理使用連接詞，如first，besides，moreover，last but not(the)least等，以及情態(tài)動詞和較高級詞匯句式，如could，would like，we would appreciate it if you could...等體現(xiàn)誠懇、委婉語氣的表達，以提高作文的邏輯性和檔次。 【參考范文】 Dear Mr.Smith， I’m writing on behalf of my class to extend our warm welcome to you.Here are some of our expectations for your English class. First，we’d like to have topics in class about Western culture.We are all very interested in knowing more about culture behind the language. Besides，we’d appreciate various activities to get everyone involved in speaking English. Last but not least，please give us some guidance and training in our pronunciation，because we all hope to speak English fluently and clearly just as you native speakers do. Thank you very much.Looking forward to meeting you! Yours， Chris Writing 4 請你給外教Jeff寫一封電子郵件，內(nèi)容包括： 1．告訴他你在學(xué)校演講比賽中獲得了第一名； 2．感謝他在口語及演講技巧上給予的幫助。 注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右； 2．可適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫； 3．開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計入總詞數(shù)。 Dear Jeff， ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Yours， Li Hua 【寫作指導(dǎo)】 本篇應(yīng)用文寫作是一封電子郵件。內(nèi)容要點：1.告訴Jeff你在學(xué)校演講比賽中獲得了第一名；2.感謝他在口語技巧上給予的幫助。考生可以適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫。內(nèi)容比較簡單，注意表達要順暢，盡量使用一些高級結(jié)構(gòu)，給文章添彩，比如：賓語從句、介詞短語、現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式短語等。 推薦用語：take the first place，thank you so much for，advice on how to do，with your great help等。 【參考范文】 Dear Jeff， I can’t wait to tell you that I took the first place in the Speech Contest.I know that without your help，I could have gone nowhere.Thank you so much for helping me with my pronunciation and offering me the advice on how to make the speech impressive.With your great help，I faced the challenge confidently.I really appreciate what you’ve done for me.Thank you very much! Yours， Li Hua Writing 5 假定你是李華，從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上看到一個國際中學(xué)生家教組織將面向中國招聘兼職中文家教(tutor)的廣告，歡迎中國學(xué)生參加。請寫一封電子郵件申請參加。 內(nèi)容主要包括：1.自我介紹(包括中英文能力)； 2．參加意圖(幫助別人學(xué)習(xí)中文和介紹中國文化)； 3．希望獲準。 注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右； 2．可以適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫。 Dear Sir or Madam， _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Yours sincerely， Li Hua 【寫作指導(dǎo)】 本篇應(yīng)用文寫作屬于提綱類作文，其文體優(yōu)勢在于要點明確，內(nèi)容貼近生活，這樣能保證絕大多數(shù)考生有話可說。不過此類文章的寫作難點在于考生要注意理順要點，適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，使用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡詞句，以使文章語句邏輯連貫、條理清楚；同時還要注意仔細斟酌，認真選詞，盡量使用一些較高級的短語、固定句式來確切地表達意思，避免漢語式的表達。 【參考范文】 Dear Sir or Madam， I’m Li Hua，a senior middle school student from the People’s Republic of China.I happened to read the advertisement that you have posted on the Internet，employing Chinese students as part－time tutor of the Chinese language.I am interested in it and I’d like to take part in it. Chinese is my native tongue and I’m excellent at it.Besides，I have a good command of spoken and written English.I’m willing to help foreigners learn Chinese and introduce Chinese culture to them as well. I hope I will be accepted and I’m looking forward to your reply! Yours sincerely， Li Hua Writing 6 假如你是李華，有一個好朋友叫王剛，進入高三后，他的學(xué)習(xí)壓力越來越大，常常熬夜，而白天卻打不起精神聽課，學(xué)習(xí)成績每況愈下，為此他很痛苦，寫信求助于你。請你寫一封信給他，提出一些自我調(diào)整的建議。 注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右； 2．可以適當(dāng)增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫。 Dear Wang Gang， _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Yours truly， Li Hua 【寫作指導(dǎo)】 本篇書面表達是一篇書信體應(yīng)用文。話題熟悉，貼近考生生活，容易下筆。書信的格式已經(jīng)給出，無需考慮。首先，在構(gòu)思過程中，要仔細審題，明確立意和要求。其次，在寫作過程中，要對所給信息進行分析，做到層次清晰，邏輯性強，有針對性和說服力。切忌大而空，擺花架子。時態(tài)要以現(xiàn)在時為主，人稱以第二人稱為主，第一人稱穿插使用。最后，在語言上，要使用亮彩的語言和經(jīng)典句型來提升文章檔次。當(dāng)然，通過使用一些恰當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡性副詞或連詞能夠使行文連貫，給人印象深刻。 【參考范文】 Dear Wang Gang， How are you getting along with your study recently？Here are some advice，hoping they are helpful for you. Firstly，you should follow your teacher’s advice，as it’s the first time for us to go through the College Entrance Examination while our teachers have so much experience.Secondly，you are advised to have a good sleep because a lack of sleep may make you have a hard time catching up in your studies.Thirdly，it’s necessary for you to make full use of daytime.In a word，relax yourself and believe in yourself，I do believe you can be successful! Yours truly， Li Hua Writing 7 假如你是星光中學(xué)的學(xué)生李華，將參加主題為“My Chinese Dream”的英語演講比賽，請撰寫一篇演講稿，主要內(nèi)容包括： 1．介紹自己的夢想：成為一名山村教師，幫助山村孩子； 2．解釋擁有這個夢想的原因：山區(qū)偏僻，教育落后； 3．遇到的阻礙：父母和朋友都反對； 4．我會…… 注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右； 2．開頭和結(jié)尾已為你寫好，不計入總詞數(shù)。 Good morning，everyone! _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Thank you! 【寫作指導(dǎo)】 本文是一篇提綱類應(yīng)用作文，內(nèi)容是要求考生以“My Chinese Dream”為主題寫一篇演講稿。寫作內(nèi)容主要包括：一是介紹自己的中國夢；二是解釋擁有這個夢想的原因；三是要實現(xiàn)這個夢想的障礙；四是表明自己的愿望和決心。本文的話題符合時代需求，具有一定的現(xiàn)實意義。考生在審題時主要應(yīng)考慮以下幾個方面：動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)、主謂一致和寫作要點。這篇文章應(yīng)以一般現(xiàn)在時和第一人稱為主。在寫作過程中，考生思路要清晰，語句通順，可適當(dāng)增添細節(jié)以使文章更流暢，可以運用一些復(fù)雜句型，如定語從句、名詞性從句和狀語從句等，還可以運用一些高級詞匯和非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣有助于提高文章的得分檔次。 【參考范文】 Good morning，everyone! I’m Li Hua from Xingguang Middle School.The topic of my speech is “My Chinese Dream”． As we know，the education of rural areas falls behind other areas.And the children there are longing for knowledge.Therefore，the problem of lacking teachers is especially serious.However，my parents and friends object to my idea of being a rural teacher.They think I’m foolish.I understand their thoughts and feelings，but I think rural children need me greatly.I will study hard to realize my dream. I won’t regret my choice.I will struggle for my dream.Come on and join me! Thank you! 8 專題一應(yīng)用文寫作 怎么考依據(jù) 普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語科考試說明 高考綜合改革試驗省份試用第一版 以下簡稱 新考試說明 可知 浙江新高考英語試卷的寫作部分發(fā)生了特大變化 由原來的短文改錯和書面表達變成了應(yīng)用文寫作和讀后續(xù)寫或概要寫作 其中 應(yīng)用文寫作旨在考查考生對所學(xué)語言知識的實踐應(yīng)用 是測試考生的語言交際能力和語言運用能力的有效題型 該題要求考生在較短的時間內(nèi)寫出一篇80詞左右的英語短文 并要求語言恰當(dāng) 表述規(guī)范 行文有較強的邏輯性 并且詞匯和句式的運用要符合英語語言習(xí)慣 其難度不小 怎么學(xué)針對 新考試說明 中應(yīng)用文寫作要求 我們一定要加強基本功的訓(xùn)練 1 遣詞造句 句子是構(gòu)成文章的基本單位 遣詞造句是寫作的第一基本功 也是衡量考生表達能力最基本的標準 遣詞造句能力就是對已有詞匯的調(diào)動和組織能力 是寫作的起點 2 組織結(jié)構(gòu) 英語寫作還有一個重要的要求 就是文理通順 文理就是文章的組織 文理通順就是指文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)要有條理 其中 連接成分的使用技巧非常重要 恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眠^渡詞語可以體現(xiàn)句與句之間的各種邏輯關(guān)系 同時可以避免文章結(jié)構(gòu)松散 層次不清等問題 使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊 層次分明 通順自然 渾然一體 怎么寫掌握一些常見文體的寫作方法和技巧是十分必要的 寫作技巧是達到寫作目的的方法 針對不同目的 運用不同的寫作技巧 盡管不同的文體有不同的要求 但一般的英語寫作有如下幾個步驟 1 審題 審題包括定題 拿到題目后 首先要認真審題 判斷要寫的文章屬于什么體裁以及所要用的人稱 要按照所提供的信息去思考 要把內(nèi)容要點概括到文章中去 審好題后 必要時要給文章選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)念}目 2 構(gòu)思和組織材料 在確定文章標題后 就可以對文章本身進行構(gòu)思和組織材料了 這時應(yīng)盡量把能夠想得到的與主題有關(guān)的材料寫下來 關(guān)鍵是抓住要點 進行歸納 切不要隨意發(fā)揮 經(jīng)過認真構(gòu)思之后 這篇文章的基本輪廓就在腦中形成了 3 擬定提綱 構(gòu)思好文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)后 要通過列提綱使要寫的內(nèi)容條理化 可以逐條列出要求表達的各個要點 哪些先寫 哪些后寫 如何寫等方面 都要有全面的安排 4 寫出初稿 在寫作過程中 最大的工程就是寫初稿 擬好提綱后 要根據(jù)提綱所擬的要點去寫 把題干中所提供的內(nèi)容組句成文 由于高考寫作有詞數(shù)限制 每個要點大約用兩三句話來寫 主要內(nèi)容要詳寫 次要內(nèi)容可以略寫 在寫作過程中要特別注意人稱與數(shù)的一致 動詞時態(tài)與語態(tài)的正確使用 成分要完整 句意要清楚 考生要根據(jù)一定的邏輯關(guān)系恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\用連接詞 過渡詞 以使文章自然 連貫 流暢 5 修正初稿 初稿完成后 考生要仔細通讀一遍全文 認真檢查所寫內(nèi)容是否符合試題的各項要求 是否遺漏了要點 句子是否有錯誤 時態(tài)和語態(tài)的使用是否正確 標點 格式 大小寫是否有誤等 通過細致的修正與調(diào)整 力爭使文章在各個方面都萬無一失 紙上得來終覺淺 絕知此事要躬行 不管怎么分析 怎么講 考生必須付諸實踐 親自操作 才能獲得更好的效果 實踐出真知 下面以 新考試說明 中的樣題為例 分析應(yīng)用文寫作的題型特點 該題型要求考生根據(jù)所給情景 寫一篇80詞左右的短文 情景包括目的 對象 時間 地點 內(nèi)容等 提供情景的方式有提綱 圖畫 圖表等 閱卷時主要考慮的內(nèi)容為 內(nèi)容要點 應(yīng)用詞匯和語法結(jié)構(gòu)的豐富性和準確性及上下文的連貫性 假定你是李明 上周末學(xué)生會組織部分學(xué)生去附近社區(qū)進行了一次義務(wù)勞動 受到居民的歡迎 請你給校園英文報寫一篇報導(dǎo) 活動內(nèi)容包括 1 打掃衛(wèi)生 2 澆灌花木 3 幫老人干家務(wù) 注意 1 詞數(shù)80左右 題目已為你寫好 2 可適當(dāng)增加細節(jié) 以使行文連貫 Students VoluntaryWorkinaNeighbourhood 寫作指導(dǎo) 本篇應(yīng)用文寫作要求考生根據(jù)要點寫一篇報導(dǎo) 報導(dǎo)學(xué)生會組織學(xué)生去附近社區(qū)進行義務(wù)勞動的事情 內(nèi)容包括打掃衛(wèi)生 澆灌花木 幫老人干家務(wù) 本文人稱以第三人稱為主 時態(tài)為一般過去時 考生首先應(yīng)當(dāng)仔細閱讀題干要求 明確要點 確保行文時不遺漏 明確文體 根據(jù)文體特征寫作 本文可分為兩段 首段先介紹事情的主要情況 接著按照要點敘述義務(wù)勞動的經(jīng)過 第二段敘述義務(wù)勞動的意義 在遣詞造句上 考生應(yīng)盡量使用一些高級詞匯 短語和復(fù)雜句型 此外 還應(yīng)注意恰當(dāng)使用連接詞 以提高文章的邏輯性和層次感 參考范文 Students VoluntaryWorkinaNeighbourhoodLastweekend somestudentstookpartinanactivityorganizedbytheStudentUnion Theydidsomevoluntaryworkinanearbyneighbourhood Oncetheygotthere theydividedthemselvesintosmallgroupstododifferentjobs Somecleanedthestreetcorners somewateredtheplants othershelpedtheelderlywiththeirhousework Theactivitywasmuchpraisedbytheneighbourhoodandthestudentsalsoenjoyedit Theygottoknowthesocietybetterandlearnedhowtohelppeoplearound 專題三 概要寫作 Writing 1 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。 Yesterday Matt was sick.I picked up Archie from the sitter and Eloise from school and decided to run to Target for a few things.I had hoped to be in and out quickly. I found a line with just one person ahead of me and began organizing my items on the conveyor.After placing my items，I looked up to see that the person ahead of me was an elderly woman. She was paying for her items with change and wanted to purchase each separately.I was frustrated with this woman and the inconvenience she had placed on me. But then I watched the young employee with this woman.I watched him help her count her change，ever so softly taking it from her shaking hands. When she asked if she had enough to buy a reusable bag，he told her she did and went two lines over to get one for her and then repackaged her items.Never once was this employee angry.He was nothing but patient and kind. As I was watching him，I saw that Eloise was too.She was standing next to the woman，watching the employee count the change.I realized I hadn’t been inconvenienced at all.That my daughter was instead witnessing kindness and patience and being taught this valuable lesson by a complete stranger. When the woman was finished，the employee began ringing up my items and thanked me for my patience.I then thanked him for teaching us patience and kindness by his treatment of that elderly woman.When he was finished I pushed my cart through the store trying to find the manager.I wanted her to know of the employee’s kindness and patience and how much it meant to me.After tracking her down and sharing the story with her，we left Target with a cart full of consumable items，but what is more，a heart full of gratitude for such an invaluable lesson. If you are ever in the Glendale Target，give Ishmael a smile and a nod.The world could use more people like him. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 【寫作指導(dǎo)】 要寫好記敘文的概要，先要找到以下兩個問題的答案：(1)誰做了什么？(2)結(jié)果如何？如果是夾敘夾議文，還要加上這個故事給人們的啟示或教育意義。就該題而言，本文的概要應(yīng)該包含：作者購物的時間、地點、結(jié)果以及從本次購物中得到的啟示，最后用自己的語言串聯(lián)起來。 【參考范文】 The passage tells us an experience of shopping.(要點1)One day，the author with two children went to Target for shopping.(要點2)While waiting in line，she found an old lady was troublesome，but the young employee treated her patiently.(要點3)Seeing that，the author was touched by his kindness and patience and she thought her children would learn a lot from this experience.(要點4) Writing 2 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。 Sugars are popular in the processed food industry because they add taste，colour and thickness to food products. The studies have shown that sugars can provide a source of energy.The body breaks down the sugar into simple forms that can be readily used in the body.But too much sugar can contribute to health problems like obesity and tooth disease. Having too much sugar is not the only reason for obesity or being overweight，but it does add to the amount of kilojoules in food.Eating too much of any food，without doing enough exercise，will cause you to become overweight. Governments in the United States and United Kingdom are waging a war on sugar in the interests of public health.Both countries claim that the overconsumption of sugar by much of the population is harmful to people’s health.On Thursday，the U．S.government issued new dietary guidelines that strongly recommend people receive less than 10 per cent of their daily calorie intake from added sugar.On the same day，British Prime Minister David Cameron said he has not ruled out the idea of a tax on sugar to encourage consumers to buy food with reduced levels of the sweet.Politicians in the U．K.are debating how a reduction in the intake of sugar could help reduce Britain’s rising rates of obesity. The American and British governments both refer to a study conducted in Mexico that showed a tax on sugary，carbonated drinks led to a reduction in consumption.The tax was carried out on January 1，2014 and purchases of the taxed drinks went down by 12 per cent by December of that year.Sales of mineral water increased by 4 per cent over the same period.An alternative to taxing sugared drinks is to reduce the level of sugar in them.Researchers at Queen Mary University in London say that reducing the sugar content in sugar－sweetened drinks by 40 percent over five years could prevent one million cases of obesity in the U．K.Researchers say people might not even notice the changes. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 【寫作指導(dǎo)】 本文是一篇說明文，講述了人體攝入過多糖分會影響健康。英國和美國政府都號召人們不要攝入過多糖分，甚至考慮通過增收糖稅來減少糖的食用。讀懂原材料是寫好概要的關(guān)鍵，在理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，用盡可能簡潔的語言集中概括原文的主要觀點及思想，但不能簡單重復(fù)原文，同時，對各要點的概括要詳略得當(dāng)，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹，表達明確，語義準確簡練，避免空泛、含混之詞。 【參考范文】 Sugar is useful for our body，but too much sugar does harm to our health，which probably leads to health problems.(要點1)As for this，governments in the United States and United Kingdom call on people not to take in too much sugar.(要點2)British Prime Minister even planned to put a tax on sugar.(要點3)A study showed that the tax on sugar helped reduce the consumption of sugar.(要點4)Researchers also think reducing the sugar content slightly would not be noticed.(要點5) Writing 3 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。 Dieters have long sworn that grapefruit helps them lose weight.The Grapefruit Diet，also called the Hollywood Diet，dates back to the 1930s and has a host of celebrity fans including singer Kylie Minogue.It involves having grapefruit or grapefruit juice with every meal while cutting back on calories. Now，scientists are beginning to believe them. A study has found that drinking grapefruit juice when eating fatty food lowers the amount of weight put on by up to a fifth. The research also suggested that grapefruit could be as good as prescription drugs at keeping blood sugar levels under control—a key part of managing diabetes. The experiments were conducted on mice—but researchers say the results justify studies on humans.Professor Joseph Napoli，of the University of California，Berkeley，said，“We see all sorts of scams about nutrition. But these results，based on controlled experiments，warrant further study of the potential health－promoting properties of grapefruit juice.” The researchers found that when the mice were fed fatty food for three months，those given grapefruit juice to drink gained up to 18 percent less weight than those given water. They also had lower blood sugar and insulin levels—despite eating the same number of calories and doing the same amount of exercise as the mice who drank water. In fact，grapefruit juice was as good at controlling insulin as the widely used diabetes drug metformin，the journal PLOS ONE reports. However，the fruit juice only had an effect on weight when the animals ate fatty food.The researchers said they did not know how grapefruit stops the pounds from piling on. Spokesman Mariette Abrahams，a dietician，said until then it is too early for people to try grapefruit diets.“Grapefruit should be part of a healthy balanced diet，but it shouldn’t be the focus of the diet，” she said. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 【寫作指導(dǎo)】 本文是一篇科普類說明文，主要介紹了葡萄柚的減肥功效。第一段介紹了葡萄柚用于減肥的歷史背景；第二至七段的內(nèi)容是：研究表明，葡萄柚對人的身體健康有很多好處；第八段介紹了葡萄柚汁減肥的局限性；最后一段對葡萄柚飲食提出了不同的意見。考生在作答時，應(yīng)注意條理清晰，避免混亂性語句；語言簡潔，要點全面，可將原文中涉及的人名、地名等非重要信息忽略，以節(jié)約詞數(shù)。另外，考生在作答時應(yīng)注意語言的準確性和語句間的銜接性。 【參考范文】 Dieters think grapefruit juice helps lose weight and the Grapefruit Diet or the Hollywood Diet was a popular way of losing weight in the 1930s.(要點1)The experiments conducted on mice，which can also apply to humans，shows that grapefruit juice benefits the loss of weight and the control of blood sugar and insulin levels.(要點2)However，the fruit only takes effect when the animals eat fatty food.(要點3)The opposite view doesn’t think eating grapefruit can be the focus of the diet.(要點4) Writing 4 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。 In fact，great white sharks are not white. The name is thought to have come about because these sharks are white in one circumstance when they are lying dead on the deck of a boat. It would be more proper to call this species the “black shark”．They have a dark upper surface，which means their prey(獵物) are difficult to spot them approaching from the dark depths. Speaking of prey，they have been recorded dining out on a wide range of species，including whales，squid(魷魚)，turtles and occasionally penguins. “If you make a list of everything that’s been found in a white shark’s stomach，you’d get a variety of things，” says marine biologist George Burgess of the University of Florida in Gainesville.But what’s clear is that their tastes change as they age. “They are almost just fish－eaters until they are 7，8，9 feet long，” says Burgess.“As they get bigger，they will begin to start eating mammal prey if they get the opportunity.” These older sharks prefer seals，sea lions and walruses.When they strike from below，at speed，white sharks can clear the surface by as much as 3 m. To locate their prey，white sharks use almost every trick in the book.“They have a series of senses，” says Burgess. In a 1963 study，researchers hung a speaker over the edge of their boat off Miami to see if they could attract sharks with sound. No great white sharks were spotted in this study，but it’s reasonable to assume they have good hearing too. As a great white shark gets closer to its prey，its sense of smell begins to kick in.A study of the brains of different species of sharks shows that the great white’s olfactory bulb (嗅球) is especially large. Their vision is not bad，either.“They see particularly well，” says Burgess. They also have two less familiar senses.Their lateral lines，which run along their sides，can detect changes in water pressure that reveal their prey’s movements. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 【寫作指導(dǎo)】 本文是一篇說明文。說明文的概要寫作一般有三種參考模板：(1)描寫某事物的性質(zhì)功用。即“對象＋性質(zhì)功用＋利好”：(In the passage) the writer introduces...to us，especially its...，from which we know...(2)針對某個問題提出解決方法或措施。即“問題＋解決方法”：The passage tells us...，including...(3)介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因和結(jié)果。即“現(xiàn)象＋原因＋結(jié)果”：(The author/writer said/talks about)．..of...，because/but...。本文可以采用第一種模板。 【參考范文】 The passage introduces something about white sharks，such as the origin of the name and how they get their prey.(要點1)When they are lying dead on the deck of a boat，they are white，but they have a dark upper surface.(要點2)What they eat are various，including a wide range of species.When they are small they eat fish.As they become bigger，they eat mammal prey.(要點3)Their senses such as hearing，smell and vision are good.(要點4) 7