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履帶式液壓挖掘機(jī)回轉(zhuǎn)裝置設(shè)計(jì)姓名：XXX班級(jí)：XXXX學(xué)號(hào)：XXX指導(dǎo)老師：XXX時(shí)間：20XX年5月19日設(shè)計(jì)液壓挖掘機(jī)回轉(zhuǎn)裝置的意義1.1.液壓挖掘機(jī)的開(kāi)發(fā)和制造設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)械、液壓傳動(dòng)、冶金、液壓挖掘機(jī)的開(kāi)發(fā)和制造設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)械、液壓傳動(dòng)、冶金、石油化工、電氣等眾多行業(yè)，已經(jīng)形成了一個(gè)龐大的產(chǎn)業(yè)石油化工、電氣等眾多行業(yè)，已經(jīng)形成了一個(gè)龐大的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群。大力開(kāi)展對(duì)液壓挖掘機(jī)的研究和探索，對(duì)于提高國(guó)集群。大力開(kāi)展對(duì)液壓挖掘機(jī)的研究和探索，對(duì)于提高國(guó)家整體工業(yè)水平和加速?lài)?guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展具有重大的促進(jìn)意家整體工業(yè)水平和加速?lài)?guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展具有重大的促進(jìn)意義。義。2.2.回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)在時(shí)間上占整個(gè)工作循環(huán)時(shí)間回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)在時(shí)間上占整個(gè)工作循環(huán)時(shí)間50%70%50%70%，發(fā)熱量也占了發(fā)熱量也占了30%40%30%40%。因此，合理設(shè)計(jì)和選擇回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)，。因此，合理設(shè)計(jì)和選擇回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)，對(duì)于提高生產(chǎn)利用率和能源利用率有著重要的意義。對(duì)于提高生產(chǎn)利用率和能源利用率有著重要的意義。3.3.在回轉(zhuǎn)裝置的設(shè)計(jì)研究，有利于在回轉(zhuǎn)裝置的設(shè)計(jì)研究，有利于挖掘機(jī)變得更加完善挖掘機(jī)變得更加完善。12341234液壓挖掘機(jī)回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)分析液壓挖掘機(jī)回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)分析液壓挖掘機(jī)回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)的參數(shù)選擇液壓挖掘機(jī)回轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)的參數(shù)選擇液壓挖掘機(jī)回轉(zhuǎn)傳動(dòng)裝置設(shè)計(jì)液壓挖掘機(jī)回轉(zhuǎn)傳動(dòng)裝置設(shè)計(jì)液壓挖掘機(jī)回轉(zhuǎn)支承裝置設(shè)計(jì)液壓挖掘機(jī)回轉(zhuǎn)支承裝置設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容1234設(shè)計(jì)的主要計(jì)算由已知設(shè)計(jì)條件的挖掘機(jī)有由已知設(shè)計(jì)條件的挖掘機(jī)有一立方米斗容量，可以求出一立方米斗容量，可以求出此挖掘大約為此挖掘大約為2222噸，通過(guò)對(duì)噸，通過(guò)對(duì)其運(yùn)動(dòng)分析，可以選擇出合其運(yùn)動(dòng)分析，可以選擇出合適回轉(zhuǎn)馬達(dá)，再由馬達(dá)可以適回轉(zhuǎn)馬達(dá)，再由馬達(dá)可以設(shè)計(jì)出回轉(zhuǎn)減速器，及液壓設(shè)計(jì)出回轉(zhuǎn)減速器，及液壓系統(tǒng)、回轉(zhuǎn)支承裝置。系統(tǒng)、回轉(zhuǎn)支承裝置。THANKS!新浪微博：聯(lián)系我!? 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oduetofeon struetion alm aehinery,hydraul ieexc av atorPlaysani mPort antr oleineonstruetionofindustr ialan dei v ilbui l d ings,traf f ief aei l itie s,w ate re onser va neyf ac il itie s,hydroeleetriefaei l itiesan d而l it a ryf aeil ities.Withthe sustaine ddevelopmen tofthe nation a leeonomy,thede幻n a ndso ne xc av at or側(cè)11 in cre asesbya側(cè)demarginye a:by”a產(chǎn).In20 0 4,theproduetionv olumeofe xc avatorinChinare aehed27500sets,aeeountingf or27.8%ofthepr oduetionthroughoutthew orl d.AtPr esent,theissuesrelatingtoe nvir onme ntalPr otec tionan de ne rgye onse rvationha vear ousedagre atde alofpubl iee onee rn.Asar esult,higherrequirementsar eputforwardonr eliabi lity,eeonomieef fieienc y,funetionanda utor n ationofhyd ra ul ieex c av at or.Theh州raulieexc avatorPresentlyav a ilableont he口進(jìn)rket,howe ver,一hasthef ollo初ngd i s a dvant ages:(1 )助wdegr ee ofaut ot n ation:W henusinghydraul ie ex c av at ort oleveluPaf iel dordi gadit eh,sineethedrive rh astoe ontrolthebc om,日幻的andbu eketsimult ane ou sly,theintensityofhislab ou r15relativelyh igh,an dhe15als orequir edtobewel lski l led.(2)Whe nthehydr aul iee xc avator15runn i雌,i fthePowe rabs orbedbythehydr aul iesysteme xe eedst her atedp ow e rofthee ng ine,t heen gine側(cè)11st a llandevenstoP.Insuehc ase,theoPer ation alPe汀ort r進(jìn)n eeofe xc av ato rc an,tbebroughtintoful lplay,andthefuelc onsumption誡11alsoinere ase.(3) Owingtoits eompl ic atedstrueture andtheex treme oPer atin genvironment,hydr aul iee xc av atoren joysarelativelyh ighfaultrate.Whene ve raf aultoe eurs,m ainten ane eper sonnelhav etom akegre atef fortstoi denti fythec aus eoff ault,whiehme anstheexc avatorwi l lbeoutofservieef orlongti meandthustheuser誠(chéng)11ineurhuge eeonom ielosses.(4) Sineethe ex c av atorc an,tbebroughtunderrem otem onitoringan dm anagement,therationaldispatehingf orexc avat orc an,tbere al i z edandtheneedsofm oderneonstr uetionc an,tbesatisfied.Thankstotheextensiveappl ic at ionofeo mputerteehnologya ndintell igenteontrolteehn ology,c onstruetion alr n aehine ryhasde velope dfr omhydra ul ic al l y -c ont r ol ledtyPetodig it al i z edty Pewhieh15ofsi mPl i f ie dstruetur e,e asytoc ontrolandm oreintel l ige ntized.F orex ample,thePC 3oohyd raul ieex c av at orr r以n uf aetu re dbyJaPan -ba sedKOMA T S Uob面ns3一dimens iontra jeetoryeontrolabi litywiththehelpofthetilte dangles ensorsmountedatitsbo om,ar mandbueket,othe rhyd ra ul ieex c av ato r sm an uf aetu r edbyV OL VO,CAT,KO側(cè)護(hù)L T S Uand H IT A C Hobtainthe remotem on itor ingabi litythankstotheG P Sm ou nted.T heintelligentiz e dhydraulieexc avator15highlyintel ligenti z e d,autorn atedandinf or m ationi z ed.Its一521一醫(yī)比Inlyemb od ie dint hef ollo初眼aspeets:Itc anc ar ryoutautom ation;itre aliz esthetra jeetoryeontrolf orwor拓叮叫uipment,itre al iz e sthes elf -ad aPtingp owe rm ateh ingc ontr olbetwe ene ng in ea ndhyd r aul iepump;itc anc ar ryoutr em otedat atr a ns而ssion,r emotem onitor inga ndrem otem anag ement,itc anc ar ryo utf au ltd iagn o sisa ndmainten an e e.2C omp哈it io no fl nt e ll i羅n吐雙月Exc a v af o rs s st em瓏.2反he m atiediag r田舊 ofc ontr olle rAsin dic atedinF ig.l,thein tel l ige nt ize dh州r aulieex c av ator sy stem 15 eomPOsedofac ontr oller,aGPS(GlobalP OsitionSystem),GPRS(G ene r alPaeketRadioS er vie e),are rnotese rv er,arn onitor,a因r t ablef aultd i昭n osis syste mandet C .嚨.1C om卯siti o nofh州r a u l i cv at orinte】 1運(yùn)entize drsystem2.1(勸nt洲目 】 e rA sindic ate dinF ig.2,thec ontr ol ler15c om卯se dofa ignala叫uisitionm odule,卯werd r ivem odule,m on it ormo duleandGPs /GPRSmodule,an dt ake sad ig it alsignalpr o ce ssor(D6P)asitse oree ontr olu垃t 2.Itssign ala equisitio nme duleme asu re sthetilte da呢le,pre ssure,sPe edandte mper atur eth ro呀hperipher a lsen s ors,andthe sesignalsa r ese nttothec ont r ol l e raf te rgoin gthr oughan alog -d ig itc onve rsio幾Inth isw ay,t her e a卜timeinf on刀atio nab out thee x Cav at or15obt a ine d.T hem onit or15u se dt od isplaythemaino沐rati呢P aram et ers suehas eng ine speed,th ee眼ine0 1 1temPerature,engl ne01 1Pres surea ndc o ol in gw ate rtempe rature,t od is Playf aultc odean dg iv ea nala r monthebasisofth aoPe r atin gc ondi t ionsoft heex c avator,andtod isplayre al -ti meinfor m ationab outp osi t ionandgestureofbueketinthef or mofdig itorf igureS ineethec ontr ollerc or n r nun ic atesw it hothe rP ar tsinCAN(偽ntr o l Are a Netw ork)m od e,alotof初rehasbe endispense d,an dthusthe519汕1一c ont r ol一522一rel iabilitya ndanti -inter fereneec aPaeityhavebeenimPr ove d.T heC A N buswhieh 15 adaPt a bletotheoPe r ati飛env iron m entofhy draul icex c av at orensuresthat thec ontr olc anbe carrle doutin a re alt im e,f ie范ble andexPan dablewayan dm akesite asyf orthec ontrollert of or mamult卜c ontrolle rnet、 v o rkt ogethe r誠(chéng)thotherper iPher a l dev iees.SineetheC A Nbusad optsthemess a獷bas edeneodingm ethodandthepr ior it獷 base dn ondestruc tivebusa r bit r ationteehn ology,iten joyshighanti-inte班ereneec apadty,hig hrel iabi l ityandrelativ elyhighre al -tim ec apa eity.T hec om munic ationproto c olobse rvedbyCANbusmeetsSAEJ1 939,t hephysic allayerofCANbusm eetsSAEJ1939/15,thec o r n mun ic ationrateofCANbus15250Kbit/s,a ndtheter mlnalr esist anc eofCANbus1512on3.F orthepu rpo seofmeetin gthere quire m ento neomfor t ab leoper atio n,theintel l igenthydraul ieex c av at or15四uippe d初thac ontr olhandledesignedinaec ord anee側(cè)ththePr in c iPleofhum aneng in e er ingAsindic ate dinF ig.3,a noptic alt即en on -c ontaetsw iteh15moun tedonthec ontr olh an dle.T hr oughth aC A N bus,thesign alrelatingtothed isPlac eme ntofthee ontrolha ndleandthesign a loftheoptic als誠(chéng)teha resenttothec ontr oller.T hebuttons onthe eontr ol handle areusedtoseleetoPerati吧mo de.Ifthem anualoPer atingm ode15 sele cte d,thee ontrolh andle15Fig.3C ontr olh an d lede si,曰ina c c or da nee嫩thhun坦ne側(cè),n e er i呢Pr in ci ple,theoPer atorinPutsoPeratingparametersthroughthem on it 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PModemviatheInternet.Remoteserv erw il lalsose nde omm andtothee ontr ol le r.Inthisw ay,therem otem onitoringonhydr aul iee xc av at or15re al iz ed.B etwee ntheGPRSIPModemandther em otese rve r15aC /S下下島 mo妞 Con U n陰i偽石On n nT T TCP幾Pe e e e竹竹Ot O閱!獷獷R R R S 2 3 2P o r t t tF ig.4 S tr u e t ur eofr e比I O teinf onl犯t i ont獷 已n 51而”幻n2.3AP Plic aUo no fG玲GPS 15 aglobalwirelessn avi gation andP os ition i雌systemc omp osedof 24arti fieial s atel litesa nde a rthstations.Withthehelpof G PSand G PR S,theremotemonitorin g,serv ie eandr n anageme ntonintel l ige nti名e de xc av at ora r ere aliz ed.B eside stheinfor matio nabo utPo sitio nofex c av ato r,thee ontr ol le rwhieh15equippedwithaGPS /GPRSmodulealsosendstheoper atingPa ramete rsoftheex c avatorsuehastemper ature,pressur eandworki呀hourstothe re mote server.腸bl el戶(hù)乃司喊.寸P lannin gand州u a ll rl l,”u r曰喇u ef o rexc ava奴片i n510診州瀏耐n go講r atlo ne e e e e l () ) )氏(.) ) )么(.) ) )E E E E Exp戈t己Value e eMe asu r 已V a lue e 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niem ap pingsystem,50asthatthesatel l ite - -basedpositioning&traeki雌ofex c avator15 re alized.Gettingaeeesstothe rem ote server viatheInternet,theoPer atormaym onitortheoPe ratinge onditionsandobt ainPositioninf or m ationofthee xc av atorinare alti mew ay.3Int e ll l羅ntc o n加land f a u ltdi鮮貝傭i s3.1升川代協(xié)口c o nt,1f orwo歡in g叫u l pl r比ntT hea uto rnatiec ontrolo ne xc av ato rme an stoeo ntr olthewo rk ingequiPmentofex ea vato ra utom atic ally,5 0astomakethebueketofthee xc avatorrn ovealo眼a speei fietra jeetory.Ifthe exc avator15523一吧,thelab ou rinten sityofdr ive r15l ighte ne d,theope ra t i呀e f f ic ien cy15impr ove dan dthec o n struetion15 ac celer ate d.T hework ing叫uipmentof hyd raulie ex c av atoris alinkagem e c hanismc omp ose dof bo om,annan dbueket.Them ovementofe aehpa r t15re al l雙刁onthebasis oftheretraetionandeX tensionoftheeorresPondenthy draulieeyl inder.Asin dic ate dinF ig.5,regardthew or拓ng四說(shuō)pmentasame chan ic a lhandw it h3 degreesof freedom,re ga 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nentrelationshipam engthesel inks.A mon gthe sem eth ads,them ostwid elyu se d15the壓n av it -Hart enberg族thod(nH Methe d ),w her eby。44homoge ne ou str an sf or m atio nr n atr ix15u se dt ode s e ribethespatialr elatio n sh iPbetwe en2a d ja ce ntlinksa ndthe na neq uiv ale nthom ogen e ou stra n sfo r r n at ionm atrix15de riv edtod eter min et her efe r e n e eeo or din atesystemf orbuc kette et h.Ther elative卯sition relationshipbetwe enlin k1and l in k1 - 1eanbede ser ibe dbya4X 4h omogene ousc oordin atestransf or m ationt n atr ixAa sf ol lows.陰二O二a二P二。二二“n,O,a、P、”工一 A,A,A,A,一 一少一y一,了,(2 )n二。:a二P二Lo00IJThetr ans f on n ationm atr ix0T .repr esentsthe卯seof bueket te eth,5c o ord in atesystem(4relativetoitsre f eren c eeo ordin a tesystem0,n amelythek inel r巴tic ale qu atio nof bu eket.C滋rr如ngout tra jeetoryplanningandtra je ctoryc on t rol f orw orkin gequipmentofexc avatorme anstoc ontr olthe relative angle of boom,armandbuc ket .Afte rthem ov ingtra jeetoryofbueketteeth15Pre -set,thean gle6 0ofe aehjointatst artp ointa ndthea雌le6 jofe aehjointatst op pointc anbedetemline dbys ol v i眼theinversekinem atieale q u at ionofworki呢equipment,andthe nthem ov ingtra je ctor yc anber ePre se ntedbyasrn o othinte耳沁lati呀fun ctions(t).Inthec ourse ofre al -ti mec ontr ol,thes ensorswi l lme asu rethea呀ulardisplaeementofeaehiointintheworking叫uipment,a ndthec ontr ol le rwi l lc omPa rethean gulardisPlae eme ntaequiredw iththepre -s e tt a飽etvalue an dthendete蒯nethedrivinga r O Ounton thebasisofthe r es ultofc ale ulation.T he r ef or e,thew orkingequipmentwi l lm ovealongthePre -settra je ctory.T akethesloPe -tr im n ungsloPeofex c avatorf orex ample,theti lteda呀le ofbueketoverthe肛oun d15 setat300,theslopea nglea=600,theope ratin gh e ightH=3 00om m,an dtheexP eete dv alueandaetual l獷 me asuredvalueoftr a je ctoryinsloPe -tr im n ungoPerationarelistedinT able1.T hetestr esultreve alsthat them a對(duì)mumde viationintr a jeetoryw h ieh 15li m ite dto3050r n mme etsther equirem ents on operating perf or manee.3.2Po明理獷. .奴州n gc on?！眑加t we enhydr au l lcp仙叩叨d .回ne產(chǎn)s 8 .15 1誠(chéng)八:=l。LO一 s i毗c o s ac os 6 tc os a5 1】沁0s in 6 .s i勿一c o喊s in aC OS ai0a、c o喊asin 6 .d1( 1 )I n t h i s e q u a t i o n,伏me ansthein clude da吧le一524一Un derthepre c ond itionth atthe e呢in eruns atratedp ow e r,thep owe rm ateh i呢c ontrol lerintheintell igentlzed hydr aulie ex c av at or嫩11,adoptingthee呼n亡Pu mPinte gra te dc ont r ol mode,e ontr olthed ispla eem entofpumponthebasisofthee nginesPee d5 0a st om akethee ngineandpumPmatehwithe aehothe rration al ly.The ref ore,thepowerofenglne15broughtint oful lPlay,theoperating口ef f ieieney 15i m pr ovedandthefueleonsumption15r edueed.Them odelof卯w e rm atehi叮c ontr ol15 asindic ated inFig.6.Fig.6P Ow err n ate壇吃c ontr O Iofex c avat orT estedun derdi ff erentope r atingc ond itions,thee雌ineal waysoPeratesar oundtheoptimumoper ating point,whiehm e ansthep owe rofe呀ine15broughtintoful lplayon onehandande呀inestalling15 ef feetivelyavoi dedonthe otherhand.T he resultof hydr auliepu娜&e呀ine spe edc ontroltest15 asindic ated inF ig.7.T heref ore,thepurposeofene rgys avin g15re al izedbe c ausethespe edad justin gd ev ic eo fthee雌ine15c ontr olledonthebasis ofa c tualoper ati呢c onditions5 0astom akethe eng ine run ata state of low fuelc onsumPtion.Whenthe ex c av at ordo esn otw ork,itc anredue etheenginespe edaut Ol r比tic ally.F ou rt osixse eo nds afterthec ontr olh and le15tu rne dt othen eutralP ositio n,thee吧in ew illente r intoidle stateautom atic ally,5 0astoPr even ttheen erg y105 5ofhydraul iesystema ndthewe arofenginea ndthusr edue efuelc onsumptionan dn oiseofen gine.Asso onastheex c av atorworksa加n,theen ginewi l lr eturntonor m alrunnl呢st ate側(cè)thin onet otw ose conds,5 0a stoe nsur ethen or m alprogressof,。rk.h州rauli。syste ma ndele etr ic alc o ntr olsystem.Adopt ingthef aulttre eba sedd iagn osisalg orith m,thef aultdiagn osissystemc ani denti fythec auseoff aultquieklyan daeeur ately,a sse sstheoPe ratingc onditionsofex c av at oronthebasisofthee卻ertdatabase and helpm aintenaneepersonneltoele arthef ault.T hef aultdi呀n osis system羅tsitsaPpl ic ations oftwarepr ogranune d初ththeob je ct - or ientedprogr ar n n u呀language andM ier o s of tsqlsev e r2000orMieros of taeeessdatabase,anditsf unetion alstruetur e15asindi c atedinF lg.8.F ig.8Fun ction als tr ue tur eoff aultdia矛均51522( X )T he卯r tablef aultdiagnosis systemc orr e ctstheparametersinthe eont roller untilthe exc avatorw orks at thebestst ate,mon itorstheop er atin geond itionsofthehydr aul ieexc avatorinre alti me,re adsthedatame asuredbye ontr ol lerinre alti me,anddisPlaystheoper atinge onditionsoftheex c avatorsueha se ng inespe ed,fuelle v el,eng ine01 1pre ssureandeool ingw atertemper atureinthef or mofd igitorf igur e.Me anwhi le,thef aultdiagnosissystemc ante ste aehsystemandpart,maint ainandman ageinlor mation,sto rea ndan alyZ ehistor ic alinf or m ation,5 0a stohelPm ainte nane eper son nelele arf aulta e e uratelya ndquiekly.巾任、210 ( )Fig.7T est in g&E叼c urv eofhyd rau liepu jmpn es鉀曰。n t r o3.3F知u lt出硯貝傭婦S ineemanyadditionaleleetr ic alc ontr olsystems areintlinkuee dintothehydr aul ieexc avator,記enti f ic ation of f aultc ausebec omes rO0 red i ff ieult.T heref ore,it15ne ce ssa rytom on itoroPe ratinge onditionsofandc a r ryoutf aultdiagnosisf ore xc avator.Ine onsi der at ionoft hefe ature sofhydraul ieex c avator,thef aultdlagnosisineludesdiagnosisonf aultsofe呼nem anageroents”tem,4Ex a mPl eo fa PP liC ationTheCLG920Ca ndCLG925 Cintel l ige nti z edhydraul ieexc avatorha vee nteredintothest ageofm assPr oduetion.Fig.9showsthefiel d -le vel l i呢oPeration ofintell igent ized hydraulie ex c av ator.T hepraetic alappl ic ation reve alsthat:T heintell igentize dhydraul ieex c av atorhasrelativelystro雌perf or m anee andrelativelyhighoper atingeffieieney;the stoppage ofexc avat orc aused byengine stalling15 ef fe c tivelyav oi de d,thefu ele o n s umptio n15obvio u slyr edu e ed,thec aPa eitytod iagn os ea ndele a rf ault15gre atlyimpr o v ed5 0thattheo ut一of -serv ieedurationc ause dbym aintenaneeandr ePair15sh ortene d;therem ot emonitoringandm anagementonexcav atorarere alized.一525一色閱be aPPl i e dt o eonstruetion a ll r比ch in erym or ea ndm ore初dely,a ndintel l ige ntize dc onst ruetion alm aeh ine ryw il lsu re lybe c omet hedevelopi呀direc tion.T han ksf orhelpandassist aneefr omR esearchInstituteunderGua呢元Maeh ineryC o.,Ltd.an dGui l inUrEleetr on ieT eehn olo盯,an dthan ksf ors-theNational863Pr ogr amPro je ctNumbe r:2003AA43 0190).及chn ol og yL iug o n gF ig.9Fi e l小le v el l i雌。沐rat io nof int e llige nt訪(fǎng)記h州r a u l ie ex c av at or( APPr oval5o mClu sionSineethein telligen tized hy擊aulie ex c av ator re al iz e sautom ation,getsitsfuelc on sumPt ionreduee dand15b roug htunde rrem otem耐to r i呀,f aultd iagnos isa ndm ainten an ce,itrneetsthenee dsofme der nc onstruetion,inc re ase sthete chn olo gyeo nt enta ndinte rn ation alc omPetitivepowerofe nte印r ise,sPro duets,pushe sthea utom ate ddegre eandintel l ige ntde盯e eo fente印rise,5pro duetsontoanewstage.Withthedevelopmentofs cien ceandte chn ology,theinf or m ationte chn ology,aut om ationte chnologya ndar ti f ieialintel l igen tte chn olo盯誡1112.L.C hen,F Or m ation,L地代loPment,“A ctu alityan dPr osp ec tofEx c a v atorIn du st r yinC hin a”,G州3tructi傭加血認(rèn)iner,升認(rèn)加109,&施皿g翻曰材,v ol.(11),25-29.( 2004).Y.Zh an,OSP腸瓜陽(yáng)lle ra耐It:APPI藝c ati流,氏刃i昭:C hin a Maeh inePr創(chuàng)始,pp.11一32,(2001).SAE引叭N D A R D.VehieleAppli c ati o nL ayerSA EJ1939/73 Is su曰,(1998).J.x .F認(rèn)R峨記泊tic s.B e幼in g:C h in a段ienc ean d口1飛ehnol o gyPre ss,pp.1任5 5,(1989). IJ工J e s, J,曰八J月啥I J 1.一526一