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SY-025-BY-2 畢業(yè)設計（論文）任務書 學生姓名 熊加勇 系部 機電工程學院 專業(yè)、班級 機械設計制造及其自動化06-2班 指導教師姓名 孫曉娟 職稱 副教授 從事 專業(yè) 機械工程 是否外聘 □是■否 題目名稱 小型農(nóng)機旋耕機結構設計 一、設計（論文）目的、意義 隨著新的種植、耕作農(nóng)藝的發(fā)展和推廣，新系列旋耕機采用的新型旋耕刀，綜合了合理的速度 參數(shù)、 幅寬和復式作業(yè)功能，采用旋耕機基礎件組合式結構，可組裝再多種機型上，滿足不同的用途與農(nóng)藝要求。目前我國旋耕機的使用范圍不斷擴大，從南方水田到北方旱地以及牧場荒地和果林等都廣泛使用旋耕機進行耕耘作業(yè)。 二、設計（論文）內(nèi)容、技術要求（研究方法） 設計內(nèi)容： 1、分析研究題目的意義和發(fā)展狀況； 2、進行總結分析，確立設計方案， 3、小型農(nóng)用旋耕機總體設計； 擬解決的問題： 1、解決小型農(nóng)用旋耕機的總體結構設計問題 ，從而更合理地對不同地域的適應能力。 2、解決旋耕機的刀具分配的距離，刀具的工作壽命。 研究方法： 1、利用對比確定總體方案,根據(jù)機械設計理論和方法設計旋耕機結構； 2、進行零件的設計和校核； 三、設計（論文）完成后應提交的成果 1.提交材料：畢業(yè)設計說明書1份（不少于20000字），0號圖紙折合3張以上。 2.其他：為答辯需要，可提供相關調(diào)研報告。 四、設計（論文）進度安排 3月01號～3月20號 聽畢業(yè)設計講座 查閱資料 撰寫開題報告 3月21號～4月20號 確定方案設計、有關計算校核 4月21號～5月20號 畫CAD草圖、撰寫說明書 5月21號～5月30號 出CAD圖、整理說明書 更改并最終完成設計 6月1號～6月20號 提交指導老師審核、準備答辯 5、 主要參考資料 [1] 馬蘭.機械制圖.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社,2000．5 [2]鄭甲紅,朱建儒,劉喜平.機械原理.機械工業(yè)出版社,2006.1 [3] 彭國勛,肖正揚編著.自動機械的機構設計.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,1990 [4] 鄒慧君.機械系統(tǒng)設計原理.北京:科學出版社,2003 [5] 吳宗澤,羅圣國.機械設計課程設計手冊[M].3版.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.5 [6] 張春林.機械創(chuàng)新設計.2版.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,2007.9 [7] 呂志強,董海.人機工程學[M].北京:機械工業(yè)出版社2006.6 [8] 董敬，莊志，常思勤.汽車拖拉機發(fā)動機.3版.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,2000 [9] 吳官聚﹑楊志義編.新編耕種機械使用維修. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2001 [10] [聯(lián)邦德國] H.L.文內(nèi)爾著.現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)機械化技術. 北京：中國農(nóng)業(yè)機械出版社，1990 [11]周建來、李源知、焦巧鳳.農(nóng)機化研究2000.05，49～51，第2期國內(nèi)外旋耕機的技術狀況. [12]周宏明、鄭蓓蓉、薛偉.農(nóng)機化研究2002.08，85～87，第3期旋耕機總體參數(shù)的優(yōu)化設計. [13][日]山脅三平主編，郭殿福、裴克譯.林業(yè)機械手冊. 北京：中國林業(yè)出版社，1987 [14] Mi Bolin,Tu Chenghai, Guan yanling,Li Bai,Zheng Qiumei. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,Vol.5,No.1 48~54. Northeast Agricultural University Harbin [ [15]Suh C H,Radcliffe C W.Kinematics and Mechanisms Design.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1978 六、備注 指導教師簽字： 年 月 日 教研室主任簽字： 年 月 日 Selecting a Rotary Garden Tiller The right rotary tiller can make the job of gardening much easier, but if you choose the wrong tiller for the job, it can make your job more difficult. Tillers range in size from small hand-held models to those weighing several hundred pounds, with corresponding differences in capacity. There are several factors to consider in selecting the best tiller for your job. Size Several companies offer small, hand-held rotary tillers, typically with 2-cycle engines. These little tillers have star-shaped blades instead of separate tines. They are suitable for?light-duty tilling such as cultivating small vegetable or flower gardens. They are narrow and can get into tight places. They will not till deeply, nor will they handle much surface trash. Other garden tillers range from 3-5 hp front-tine models to 8-10 hp rear-tine models. Some semi-commercial rear-tine models are even more powerful. The larger units have tilling widths of 20-26 inches and can cut 6-8 inches deep under ideal conditions. Front or Rear Tines Rotary tillers can have the tines in front of the wheels (front-tine) or behind the wheels (rear tine). The two styles overlap in size (horsepower and tilling width). The wheels on front-tine models are usually not powered, but the wheels on rear-tine models usually are. The tines are usually covered with a shield on a rear-tine tiller, but exposed on a front-tine tiller. ?Larger rear-tine tillers will have the ends of the tine assembly as well as the top shielded. Most rear-tine tillers provide a flap or drag at the rear to keep feet out of the tines and to level the tilled soil. The powered wheels on the rear-tine tillers help hold the tiller back and provide a more uniform speed, while you will have to control the speed of front-tine models by brute force.? Depth control is generally easier with a rear-tine tiller since the depth control drag bar is generally effective. On front-tine models a drag bar is usually provided, but most depth control comes from how you hold the tiller. With a front-tine tiller, it is almost always necessary to walk right behind the tiller in the freshly tilled ground while fighting to control the machine. With a rear-tine tiller, it is often possible to walk to one side, controlling the tiller with one hand, and thus avoid walking in the tilled soil. Soil tilth is almost always better with a rear-tine tiller. Rear-tine models are more expensive but well worth the extra cost. Drive Type Tiller tines can be driven by a shaft or a chain. The clutching mechanism can be an actual clutch or clutching can be accomplished by slackening a belt drive. Many rear-tine tillers will have two or more forward speeds as well as reverse. In many cases, it is necessary to hold the reverse control in place while going backward, but some tillers?allow you to shift into reverse and operate just as you would in forward. The latter design is less safe. Forward or Reverse Tine Rotation Most tillers have the tines moving in a forward direction; in other words, the tines rotate in the same direction as the wheels. Some tillers turn the tines in reverse. The manufacturers who offer reverse tines claim that the reverse rotation is more effective at breaking up sod; however, reverse tine rotation should be avoided from the safety standpoint. With forward-rotating tines, if the tines "grab" on a root, rock, stump, etc., the tiller will jump forward - thus away from you. With reverse rotation, if the tines "grab" on anything, the tiller will jump backward - with the rotating tines coming at your feet and legs! Also, if you are maneuvering in tight quarters - in a fence corner or next to a building the tiller can come back at you, pin you against the obstacle and injure you. Forward rotation is much safer, and you should not purchase or use a reverse-rotation model. Reverse tine rotation should?be used only on tractor-mounted tillers. Quality Tillers, like other lawn and garden equipment, are available in different levels of quality from different manufacturers. A quality tiller can easily cost?two to three?times as much as a comparably sized cheap tiller. Since tillers are work hard under adverse conditions, a high quality model is generally a good investment. Ergonomics There are big differences in the ergonomics of tillers. Some tillers that at first seem to be?similar may, in fact, have?different ergonomics. Some clutches are much easier to use than others, some reverse mechanisms are much easier to engage than others, some depth controls are easy to move and some require tools and a struggle, some operator presence controls (OPCs) are easy to use and some are not.?Try out a tiller or talk to an owner before buying a tiller. It is hard to evaluate ergonomics while looking at a tiller in a store (or a catalog); it takes personal experience to separate the good designs from the awkward designs. Remember, if you have a small garden you may be better off with a good garden spade and a scuffle hoe, and thus eliminate the cost and maintenance hassles of a tiller. If you really do need a tiller, a rear-tine model is much easier to use and does a better job. A small, hand-held tiller may be satisfactory for?small jobs. Use of a Rotary Garden Tiller Whether you buy, rent or borrow a tiller, you will find that it has many uses. In some countries, particularly in Southeast Asia where farms are small, a rotary tiller is a general purpose farm tool. It can be a general purpose garden tool for you. Attachments Some tillers can be fitted with attachments to do jobs other than garden tilling. Some of the small hand-held models can be equipped with dethatching tines or rotary brushes. Some of the larger rear-tine tillers can handle a snow/dirt blade or a middle buster (lister); and can have the entire tiller assembly replaced with a sicklebar mower, a shredder/grinder or even a generator. These attachments can be useful, but may not work as well as separate machines. You have to decide whether this capability will be useful for you. Preparing the Garden Rotary tillers can be used for primary tillage (working up the garden in the spring), secondary tillage (breaking up clods and preparing the soil for planting) and for cultivation while the crop is growing. Under ideal conditions, one pass with the tiller may provide both primary and secondary tillage, leaving a good seedbed. Under other conditions, multiple passes may be needed to chop up existing vegetation and then prepare the seedbed. If vegetation is heavy, it is often helpful to make one or two passes and then leave it alone until after the next rain before tilling again. This process will help the vegetation to break down. Primary tillage requires the slowest speed (lowest gear) available, but you can sometimes use a higher gear for secondary tillage. You should always run your tiller at full engine rpm and then shift up or down as needed. Garden Cultivation Tillers can be effective at cultivating around crops, and the cultivation can usually be done at a higher ground speed than you would use for primary or secondary tillage. Be careful to use a very shallow depth setting when cultivating to avoid damaging crop roots. It is best to avoid walking on the cultivated ground since weeds will germinate and/or re-establish better in your footprints. Growing and Incorporating Organic Matter A rotary tiller can contribute to the health of your garden soil by incorporating cover crops and green manure crops. In our climate, it is difficult to?increase organic matter permanenly, but you can?improve structure and tilth by incorporating vegetation and/or compost. A tiller can also be used in planting cover crops. After a seedbed is prepared, you can broadcast seed and then run the tiller over the ground at high speed and minimum depth to cover the seeds. A tiller is most effective at covering larger seeds such as peas. Small cover crop seeds such as ryegrass may be covered too deeply by a tiller; raking or dragging is more effective for small seeds. Middlebusting Probably the most useful accessory for your tiller is a wide sweep or middlebuster (sometimes called a "furrower"). This tool attaches to the rear of the tiller (with the tines still in place) and allows you to dig a shallow furrow. Two adjacent passes with a sweep or middlebuster will throw up a raised bed, which can be?important in many parts of Louisiana. You can then level the top of the raised bed and plant your crops there. The furrow from a single pass is ideal for planting Irish potatoes. You can then run the sweep beside the row to cover the potato seed and again later to throw soil up on the plants. You can throw soil on sweet corn roots the same way. Trenching Tillers also have uses outside of the garden. A tiller can be? helpful when digging a ditch or trench. Just run the tiller over the ditch lineto loosen the soil, then shovel out the loosened soil and repeat until you reach the desired depth. Tillers are useful garden helpers. It is difficult to manage a large garden without one. Proper use can make your gardening experience more pleasant and productive. Rotary Tiller Safety and Maintenance To get the best performance and longevity from your tiller, you need to?maintain it properly. You also need to be aware of some of the dangers involved in using a tiller and take steps to protect yourself and others. Engine Maintenance You will need to maintain the engine on your tiller carefully. Because your tiller operates in dust and dirt, oil and filter changes are more critical than for lawn mowers and most other lawn and garden machines. At the very minimum, you should change the oil after 50 hours of use or at least once a year. If the oil looks dirty, change it more often. Keep any grease fittings properly lubricated. Check the oil in the gearcase or chaincase, and add as needed.? Your air cleaner will need to be cleaned or replace often - perhaps as often as after 1-2 hours of use in dusty conditions. Occasionally, you will need to blow or brush the dust and dirt out of the cooling fins on the engine and flywheel. Tiller Maintenance One of the most important things you can do for your tiller is to keep it clean. Wash the tiller, particularly the tines and housing, after each use (be careful not to spray water on a hot engine!). For continued effectiveness, you will need to replace the tines when they become worn down. You may occasionally need to adjust the control linkages. See your owner’s manual for instructions. Your tires should be maintained at the recommended pressure. End-of-season Storage Like many pieces of lawn and garden equipment, tillers are used seasonally and then stored for the winter.?It is a good idea to change the oil before storing them. You should either run the gasoline tank dry or fill it with fresh gas containing a stabilizer. Check the spark plug and regap or replace if needed.? If you are?storing the tiller for several months, it is a good idea to squirt a teaspoonful or so of clean engine oil into the spark plug hole and then pull the starter rope to rotate the crankshaft a time or two before replacing the spark plug. Be sure to use a torque wrench to tighten the spark plugs. Many small engines are made of aluminum, and it is very easy to strip the threads when tightening the spark plug. Clean or replace the air filter. Check the oil in the gearcase or chaincase and refill (or replace if dirty). Be sure the tiller is clean before storage, then store it out of the weather. Be sure it is not stored in direct sunlight,?because the UV light will degrade the tires. Safety Tiller tines are aggressive! They can chew up a hand or foot just as easily as a patch of bermudagrass. Stay away from rotating tines! Keep bystanders, particularly children, away from tillers. Watch out for roots, stumps, rocks, buried pipes, etc. that might cause the tiller to "grab" and jump. Even if it jumps away from you, it can cause a sprained back. A 200-pound tiller leaping forward can really jerk an operator.? Avoid areas where electric or gas lines might be buried. Most tillers now have operator presence controls (OPCs) which consist of a lever or handle that must be held in place while operating or the engine will die (or the tines stop rotating). Don’t try to defeat the OPC on a tiller. It is there to protect you. Remember, your tiller works?hard under some?dirty conditions. You will need to be?conscientious about maintenance to overcome the effects of the tilling environment. Remember, too, that tillers are potentially dangerous. Treat them with respect. 選擇小型農(nóng)用旋耕機 選擇了合理的旋耕機能使你的田間作業(yè)事半功倍，相反，如果你選擇了不合適的旋耕機，那么你的田間工作只能事倍功半了。 旋耕機的尺寸系列從手扶式小型農(nóng)用旋耕機到幾百磅的大型農(nóng)用旋耕機種類繁多，并且各有各的用途，你應當從多方面考慮選擇對你最有幫助的旋耕機。 尺寸 很多公司提供了小型、手提式、及典型2-循環(huán)發(fā)動機旋耕機，這些小型旋耕機用星形刀片代替齒狀刀片。它們適合輕負載的耕種，例如，在小菜園或花園里耕作。它們耕作時既不會耕太深也不揚起很大的塵土。其它的小型旋耕機系列從3-5馬力的前置式到8-10馬力的后置式旋耕機不一。一些半貿(mào)易型后置式旋耕機的馬力甚至更大。大型旋耕機的耕寬為20-26英寸，并且在理想條件下耕深能達到6-8英寸。 前置或后置式旋耕機 旋耕機有的彎刀在輪子前面，有的在輪子后面，這兩種樣式在參數(shù)（馬力和耕寬）上重疊。輪子在前刀軸上的通常動力不大，而在后刀軸上的動力卻很大。彎刀經(jīng)常被后置的防護罩遮擋，相反，前置式卻暴露在外面。大型后置式旋耕機將刀柄像防護罩一樣集中在一起，大部分后置式旋耕機帶有防護罩和拖板，以防止腿腳受傷或泥土濺出。當你通過蠻力來控制前置式旋耕機后退時，后置式旋耕機刀軸上的動力輪幫助你拉著機器以一個恒定的速度后退。 耕深的控制對于后置式旋耕機來說非常容易，它通過控制拉桿來有效的控制耕深。前置式旋耕機也有拉桿，但是耕深往往要你自己來完成。用前置式旋耕機，你需要努力的控制機器并且走在合適的地方，以免踩到剛耕過的土地。用后置式旋耕機，需要你走在一邊單手扶著它，這樣是為了避免踩到剛耕過的土地上，用后置式耕過的土地比前置式耕過的要好。多花點錢買一臺貴一點的后置式旋耕機是很劃算的。 驅動類型 旋耕機的彎刀是通過聯(lián)軸器傳動到刀軸或鏈上的動力驅動的。很多后置式旋耕機有2個或更多的前進或倒退速度，在很多情況下，旋耕機要前進時必須靠人操縱倒退，但是很多旋耕機有換檔裝置，可以換成反轉就像前進時一樣，但是后一種設計部適很安全。 彎刀的正轉與反轉 很多旋耕機只能向前進方向移動，換言之，彎刀的旋轉方向與輪子旋轉方向一致。一些旋耕機能把彎刀旋轉方向改變。那些能提供反轉彎刀的制造商宣稱反向轉動對打碎草地很有效，然而，反向轉動應該避免安全的問題。用正向旋轉彎刀時，如果碰到石塊、樹根、殘茬等，旋耕機可能避開。 用反轉式旋耕機時，如遇到什么東西，旋耕機將會彈回傷到你的你的腿腳，也或許你在一個較窄的地方或有籬笆的地方或墻角，旋耕機或許能彈回來傷著你。正轉旋耕機較安全，你不必非買一個帶反轉的旋耕機，翻轉式的旋耕機只用拖拉機牽引的形式。 質量 旋耕機與其它農(nóng)具一樣隨制造商的不同它們的質量也不同。一臺質量高的旋耕機，通常是同尺寸的普通旋耕機的價錢的兩到三倍。用于相同的工作條件下，一臺高質量的旋耕機通常是一項不錯的投資項目。 人機工程學 旋耕機的人機工程學有很大的不同。一些旋耕機一眼看上去很相似，但實際上由不同人機工程學的運用，一些是扶手好用，一些是反轉比其它的好用，一些是深度控制器比其它的好用，一些是現(xiàn)場控制器比其它的好用。在你買之前最好能試一下或詢問一下又旋耕機的人。在商場購買很難評價一臺旋耕機的性能，它只能憑借著個人經(jīng)驗去識別好的設計和不好的設計。 記著如果你有塊小田地你最好用鐵鍬或鋤頭，這樣既可以避免花銷又可避免麻煩的維護工作。如果你覺得你需要一臺旋耕機，買后置式的它很容易操作并且耕地也很好，小型手扶的旋耕機適合小塊地的工作。 使用小型農(nóng)用旋耕機 無論你是買、租還是借一臺旋耕機，你都發(fā)現(xiàn)它的用途很廣。在很多國家，尤其是在農(nóng)場很小的東南亞，一臺小型旋耕機是用途廣泛的農(nóng)場工具，它也能成為用途廣泛的田園農(nóng)具。 附件 一些旋耕機能與附件配合做很多工作，比園林翻土機更有效。一些手扶式旋耕機能夠和彎刀等裝配在一起。一些大型后置式耕作機具能帶動中間破土犁，并且整個旋耕機的組合能集割草機、碎土機甚至是發(fā)電機的功能于一身，雖然這些附件很有用，但是它們工作起來可能稍遜色于單獨的成型機。你應該注意一下這些附件的功用是否適合你。 準備田園 旋耕機用于初耕（春天在土地上耕種）、復耕（打碎土塊并且準備耕種）及種莊稼時的耕作，在理想條件下旋耕機一次耕作可擁有初耕、復耕及平整的壟，在其它條件下，復合耕作或許需要去去除存在的草本植物，然后呈現(xiàn)出壟。 假如草本植物旺盛的話，來兩次的耕作很有益，然后，擱置起來等到下完雨后再耕作，這個過程能夠幫你打碎那些草本植物。雖然初耕需要合適的低速，但常常你應該經(jīng)常是你的發(fā)動機處在最大馬力上，一旦你需要什么速度是你就可以隨心所欲了。 田園耕作 旋耕機在耕種莊稼時比什么時候都有效，這是耕種往往比初耕、復耕時速度要高，這時耕作務必用淺耕裝置，以免毀壞了莊稼的根部。最好不要走在剛耕過的地方，以免草的種子、草被踩實后重新生長。 生成有機物質 旋耕機通過合并覆蓋莊稼和綠肥是你的土地的土壤變的肥沃，在我們的這種氣候中，很難增加潛在的有機肥料，但你能通過覆蓋草本植物或綠肥來提高你土地的土壤結構性能和耕種。當土地平整完畢，你就可以播種，然后用高速檔去耕地翻土，用深土覆蓋種子。旋耕機是最有效的來種豌豆種子。用旋耕機翻土深埋小的種子如黑麥草的種子可能會埋得很深，對小種子應用耙或耠的方式比較有效。 開溝破土犁 對旋耕機來說有一個寬大的開溝破土犁大有益處（常常成為開溝犁），這種附件裝載后刀柄上后，你能挖開淺溝，兩個相鄰的來回耕作能產(chǎn)生一個畦，這種方法在路易斯安那州非常重要。你能在產(chǎn)生的畦上種莊稼或花草。開溝犁的一次耕作對威爾士的土豆是一種理想的生長的場所。你能操作拖板覆土，然后在植物上撒上土，你也可以把土撒在玉米根上。 開溝 旋耕機也可在田園外使用，在挖溝或挖排水溝時，旋耕機大有幫助。只要你在要開溝的路線上走幾個來回，松松土，然后把土鏟除，重復做幾次，直到溝挖到你覺得合適為止。旋耕機是田園助手，對于一個大的莊園來說沒有旋耕機很難。恰當?shù)氖褂眯麢C能夠使你的園藝技術提高并且工作起來很愉快。 旋耕機的安全與維修 為使旋耕機經(jīng)久耐用，你需要恰當?shù)谋ｐB(yǎng)。你必須意識到使用旋耕機時的危險并且逐步學會保護自己和他人。 發(fā)動機的維護 你必須仔細的保養(yǎng)你的旋耕機上的發(fā)動機。由于旋耕機工作中有大量塵土，因此，汽油、過濾器的更換比割草機和其它的農(nóng)具要多。你應該在用了50小時后或一年一次的更換汽油。如果汽油看起來很臟，那就必須多更換幾次了，并且給某些地方適當?shù)纳嫌?，檢查齒輪箱及鏈輪箱并適當?shù)纳蠞櫥蜐櫥? 空氣清潔器也需要更換當在塵土條件用了1到2小時時就需要更換一次， 偶爾，你也需要去吹一下或刷一下發(fā)動機上的塵土，并且去除風扇和飛輪上的塵土。 耕作的保養(yǎng) 最重要的事情就是保持你的耕作機的清潔，每用一次就沖洗旋耕機，尤其是刀柄和刀座（注意不要把水潑在熱的發(fā)動機上）。為了繼續(xù)保持耕作效率你需要替換壞掉的彎刀，偶爾需要調(diào)整一下控制連桿。參照說明書，你的輪胎應保持在合理的氣壓下。 季節(jié)結束時的儲藏 像其它農(nóng)具一樣，旋耕機的使用也有季節(jié)性。在儲藏前要把汽油換一下，應該把汽油放干或者填充滿新汽油，檢查火花塞看是否需要替換，假如你需要儲藏幾個月，最好在火花塞洞內(nèi)噴點油，然后把機軸替換火花塞前轉一兩次。無臂用力去擰緊火花塞，很多小發(fā)動機是鋁制品，它們很容易在擰火花塞時把螺紋擰壞。 清洗或更換空氣過濾器，檢查齒輪箱和鏈輪箱里的潤滑油，并且上潤滑油（或更換臟的潤滑油）。務必使旋耕機潔凈，然后儲存。由于紫外線分解輪胎的橡膠，所以，務必不要把旋耕機放在陽光下。 安全 彎刀很具有攻擊性，它們切斷手或腳就像切斷地上的草木，你最好離旋耕機的彎刀遠些，并且是旁邊的人尤其是孩子遠離旋耕機，把石塊、碎木頭、木樁等引起旋耕機彈回的東西揀出去，即使它彈向你，它也能造成你要背的扭傷。一臺200磅的旋耕機猛往前推也能造成操作者的扭傷。 避免有電線或煤氣管道的地方，它們可能燒著。大部分旋耕機有現(xiàn)場控制器，它們由杠桿或把手組成，這些杠桿或把手被集中在一起來點火或熄火（或是彎刀停轉）。不要試圖在旋耕機更換現(xiàn)場操作器，它們可能保護你。 記著在很臟的工作條件下你的旋耕機可能很費力，你需要經(jīng)常不斷地保養(yǎng)以減少惡劣條件下對旋耕機造成的影響，同時也記著，它們有潛在的危險。帶著敬意相信它們。