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1、外文翻譯 Auto Transmission First, an overview of automotive transmission and the development trend Automobile available more than a century, especially from the mass production of motor vehicles and the automotive industry since the development of large, Car has been the economic development of

2、the world for mankind to enter the modern life and have had a tremendous impact on the immeasurable, The progress of human society has made indelible contributions to the great, epoch-making set off arevolution. From From the vehicle as a power plant using internal combustion engine to start, auto t

3、ransmission has become an important component. Is Generation is widely used in automotive reciprocating piston internal combustion engine with a small size, light weight, reliable operation and the use of The advantages of convenience, but its torque and speed range of smaller changes, and complex c

4、ondition requires the use of motor vehicles Traction and the speed can be considerable changes in the scope. Therefore, its performance and vehicle dynamics and economy of There are large inter-contradictions, which contradictions of modern automotive internal combustion engine by itself is insolubl

5、e. Because Here, in the automotive power train set up the transmission and main reducer in order to achieve the purpose of deceleration by moment. Speed The main function of performance: ⑴ change gear ratio of motor vehicles, and expand the wheel drive torque and rotational speed of the Fan Wai, in

6、order to adapt to constantly changing driving cycle, while the engine in the most favorable conditions within the scope of work; ⑵ no change in the direction of engine rotation, under the premise of the realization of cars driving back; ⑶ the realization of the free, temporary Interruption of power

7、transmission, in order to be able to start the engine, idling, etc.. Variable-speed drive transmission by the manipulation of institutions and agencies. Change the transmission ratio by way of transmission is divided into There are class-type, non-stage and multi-purpose three. Have class most widel

8、y used transmission. It uses gear drive, with a number of transmission ratio setting. Stepless transmission Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) transmission ratio of a certain The framework of multi-level changes may be unlimited, there is a common type of power and torque (dynamic fluid-type)

9、and so on. Continuously Variable Transmission Transmission development is the ultimate goal, because only it can make the most economical engine in working condition Can provide the best vehicle fuel economy and optimal power in order to provide the most comfortable By the feeling. Today's CVT i

10、s a typical representative of the CVT and IVT, however as a result of the reliability of Poor, non-durable materials and high cost issues, development is not very good. Comprehensive refers to transmission torque converter and the mechanical components have the level of transmission variable hydraul

11、ic mechanical Speed, the transmission ratio can be between the maximum and minimum range of a few discontinuous change for no class, but its Significantly lower transmission efficiency than the efficiency of gear drives. 2 By manipulation, transmission control type can be divided into mandatory, aut

12、omatic and semi-automatic control to manipulate three - Species . Mandatory on the driver to manipulate the direct transmission gear shift control for the majority of motor vehicles used Also known as Manual Transmission Manual Transmission (MT). Automatic transmission control selection of the trans

13、mission ratio (transmission) is carried out automatically. Just add the driver to manipulate Speed pedal, you can control the speed, also known as Automatic Transmission Automatic Transmission (AT). It is According to the speed and load (throttle pedal travel) for two-parameter control, stall in acc

14、ordance with the above two Parameters to automatically take-off and landing. AT and MT in common is that they are level transmission, but AT According to the speed of the speed shift automatically, you can eliminate the manual transmission "setback" of the shift feel. However, AT also have

15、 many drawbacks, such as body complex, mechanical efficiency is not high, high cost, reliability and control Sensitivity remains to be increasing . AMT (Automated Mechanical Transmission) is in the traditional dry clutch and manual transmission gear based on the transformation of form, mainly to cha

16、nge the part of the manual gearshift control. That is, the overall structure of the MT cases the same switch to electronically controlled automatic transmission to achieve. Semi-automatic control, there are two forms of transmission. A number of stalls is a common automatic control, and the remainin

17、g stalls manipulated by the driver; the other is pre-style, that is, pre-selected pilot stalls, the clutch pedal in the down or release the accelerator pedal, the for retirement or an electromagnetic device to shift the hydraulic device. In recent years, with advances in vehicle technology and road

18、traffic density increased, the performance requirements of the transmission is also getting higher and higher. A large number of automotive engineers in improving the performance of automobile transmission study a great deal of effort devoted to the rapid transmission of technology development, such

19、 as AT, AMT, DCT, CVT and the emergence of IVT. 2003 Hyundai AT, AMT, DCT, CVT forum reached a consensus on the following:in the next Development, MT will continue to be the most widely used automotive transmission, AMT will increase the proportion of the application, AT also Will occupy a lar

20、ge market share, CVT's use of certain limitations, can only be due to a number of small displacement Car, DCT (dual clutch transmission) will also be the budding growth. From 2003 to now, vehicle speed The development of devices and the forum basically the consensus reached by consensu

21、s. By comparing the analysis, the traditional mechanical transmission is still the most widely used vehicle change Speed. Although it has many shortcomings, such as shifting the impact of large, bulky, cumbersome to manipulate and so on; however, it also There are many advantages, such as high trans

22、mission efficiency, reliable operation, long life, manufacturing processes mature and low cost. Therefore, if we can improve the mechanical transmission of the above-mentioned shortcomings, it still has great room for development. Second, Manual Transmission Fault Diagnosis Manual transmissi

23、on at the beginning of the fault diagnosis prior to Failure to confirm from other parts is not: to check the tire And wheels, to confirm the normal tire pressure, and the wheel is flat Value of; to confirm instead of noise and vibration from the engine. Clutch , And steering and suspension, etc..

24、 (A), skip file 1. Phenomenon Vehicle acceleration, deceleration, climbing or severe vehicle vibration, the gear lever neutral position automatically jump. 2. Reasons ① self-locking device of the ball did not enter the grooves or linked file does not meet the full-gear tooth

25、 meshing long; ② self-locking device worn groove ball or serious, self-locking spring is too soft or broken fatigue; ③ gear along the direction of tooth wear as a long cone-shaped; ④ one or two too松曠shaft bearing, so that one or two three-axis and the crankshaft axis of the heart o

26、r different transmission and clutch shell shell bonding plane of the vertical axis the relative change in the crankshaft; ⑤ Second Gear axis often axial or radial gap is too large; ⑥ the axis of axial or radial gap is too large. 3. Fault diagnosis and troubleshooting Jump to

27、file stalls Unascertained: After taking heat the entire vehicle, increase the use of continuous, slow approach to road test each file is determined. Will jump to the gear lever hanging file stalls the engine off, transmission cover removed carefully to observe the mating dance gear case file.

28、 ① engagement does not meet the length, then the resulting fault; ② to reach a total length of engagement, should continue to check; ③ check mating wear parts: wear into a cone, then failure may be caused by; ④ check b-axis of the gear profile and the axis of the axial and rad

29、ial clearance, clearance is too large, then failure may be caused by; ⑤ check self-locking devices, locking devices, if only a very small dynamic resistance, and even feel the ball is not plugged groove (the transmission cover caught in the vice, the hand-shaking shift stroke), the fault for t

30、he bad performance of self-locking ; Otherwise, the fault for the clutch and gearbox shell bonding plane and the vertical axis of the crankshaft caused by changes. (B), arbitrary files 1. Phenomenon Technical condition in the clutch normal circumstances, transmission at the same time put u

31、p or two files linked to the need to stall, the results linked to other stalls. 2. Reasons ① interlocking device failure: if the fork shaft, pin or interlocking interlocking ball too much wear and tear, etc.; ② the bottom of the arc gear face wear and tear is too large or fork axis o

32、f the allocated blocks wear groove is too large; ③ ball pin gear lever broken or the ball-hole, ball松曠wear too. In short arbitrary file transmission is mainly due to institutional failure manipulation. 3. Fault diagnosis and troubleshooting ① linked to the need to stall, the results

33、linked to the other stalls: rocking gear lever, to check their point of view before, if in excess of the normal range, while the lower end of failure by the gear lever ball pin and the positioning groove ball with or松曠, the ball is too large holes caused by wear and tear. Swung shift 360 °, com

34、pared with a broken pin. ② If the pendulum angle to normal, still not on, or linked to more than picking file, then the lower end of failure by the gear lever away from the limitations arising from the groove in (due to break away from the bottom of the arc-shaped guide groove face wear and tea

35、r or wear). ③ At the same time linked to the two files: the fault caused by the interlocking device failure. (C), the difficulties linked to files 1. Phenomenon Clutch technical condition, but can not be linked smoothly linked file into the stalls, often percussive sound gear. 2

36、. Reasons ① synchronizer failure; ② Bending fork shaft, locking the spring strong, ball injury, etc.; ③ a shaft or a spline shaft bending injury; ④ inadequate or excessive gear oil, gear oil does not meet the specifications. 3. Fault diagnosis and troubleshooting ① Syn

37、chronizer check whether the fall to pieces, cone ring is conical spiral groove wear, whether worn slider, spring is too soft, such as elastic. ② If the Synchronizer normal, check whether the bending of a shaft, spline wear is severe. ③ check whether the mobile axis normal fork. (D), abno

38、rmal sound transmission 1. Phenomenon Transmission refers to transmission work abnormal sound when the sound is not normal. 2. Reasons 1) abnormal sound gear Gear wear off very thin gap is too large, the impact of running in; bad tooth meshing, such as the repair did not re

39、place the gear pairs. New and old gear with the gear mesh can not be correct; tooth metal fatigue spalling or damage to individual teeth broken; gear and the spline shaft with松曠, or the axial gear clearance is too large; axis caused by bending or bearing松曠space to change gears. 2) Bearing ring

40、 Serious bearing wear; Bearing (outer) ring with the journal blocks (holes) with the loose; Ball Bearing Ma break-up or a point of ablation. 3) ring made for other reasons Such as the transmission within缺油, lubricants have been thin, too thick or quality deterioration; transmission into th

41、e foreign body inside; some loose bolts fastening; odometer or the odometer shaft ring gear, such as fat. 3. Troubleshooting ① transmission issued metal dry friction sound, which is缺油and the poor quality of oil. Refueling and inspection should be the quality of oil, if necessary, replacem

42、ent. ② for moving into a file if the sound obvious, namely, the profile of gear tooth wear; If the occurrence of cyclical noise, while damage to individual teeth. ③ when the ring gap, and riding the clutch pedal under the noise disappeared after the general axis is a before and after the

43、bearing or regular engagement ring gear; if any files are changed into the ring, after more than two-axis bearing ring. ④ transmission occurs when a sudden impact the work of sound, most of the tooth was broken and should be removed timely transmission inspection cover to prevent mechanical da

44、mage. ⑤ moving, only for transmission of a file into the ring gear made in the above-mentioned good premise, it should check with improper gear mesh, if necessary, should be re-assembling a pair of new gear. In addition, it may be synchronizer gear wear or damage should be repaired or replaced

45、 depending on the circumstances. ⑥ when shifting gear ring made of impact, it may be the clutch or the clutch pedal can not be separated from stroke is incorrect, damaged synchronizer, excessive idling, gear improperly adjusted or tight-oriented, such as Bush. In such cases, to check whether t

46、he separation of the clutch, and then adjust the idle speed or the gear lever, respectively, the location, inspection-oriented with the bearing bushing and separation tightness. If excluded from the above examinations, the transmission is still made ring, should check the shaft bearings and s

47、haft hole with the situation, bearing the state of their own technology, etc.; as well, and then view the odometer shaft and ring gear is made and, if necessary, be repaired or replacement. (E), transmission oil 1. Phenomenon Around the transmission gear lubricants, transmission gear box t

48、o reduce the fuel can be judged as lubricant leakage. 2. Reasons and troubleshooting ① improper oil selection, resulting in excessive foam, or the volume too much oil, when in need of replacement or adjust the lubricant oil; ② side cover is too loose, damaged gaskets, oil seal dama

49、ge, damage to seals and oil seals should be replaced with new items; ③ release and transmission oil tank and side cover fixed bolts loosening, tightening torque should be required; ④ broken gear-housing shell or extended wear and tear caused by oil spills, must be replaced; ⑤ odome

50、ter broken loose gear limit device must be locked or replaced; gear oil seal oil seal oil should be replaced. Third, the maintenance manual gearbox Santana is now as an example: Santana used to manually synchronize the entire, multi-stage gear transmission, there are four forward one block

51、 and reverse gear. Block are forward-lock synchronizer ring inertial, body-wide shift synchronizer nested engagement with a reasonable structure, the layout of a compact, reliable, long life and so on. However, if the use and maintenance is not the right way to do so, failure may occur at any time.

52、      The proper use of Synchronizer:      1, the use of addition and subtraction block off both feet. Block addition and subtraction, if the clutch with one foot, then the speed at the time of addition and subtraction block must be correct, the timing shou

53、ld be appropriate and, if necessary, to addition and subtraction can be blocked off both feet, so that addition and subtraction method can reduce the block with Gear speed difference between the circumference, thereby reducing wear and tear Synchronizer to extend the life of Synchronizer.  &#

54、160;   2, prohibited the use of tap-shift gear lever when the method (that is, a push of the operation of a song). Hand should always hold down the shift, this can greatly reduce the synchronizer sliding lock Moreton Central time and reduce wear and tear.      3, no s

55、tate in the gap off the use of force掛擋synchronizer start the engine. Moment of inertia as a great engine, the friction torque Synchronizer also small, so the time synchronization process is very long, so that lock ring temperature increased sharply, it is easy to burn synchronizer.   

56、60;  4, is strictly prohibited by synchronizer clutch instead of the initial (that is, the use of non-use of the clutch friction synchronizer start掛擋role), control speed and braking.      The correct use of lubricants:      Santana at the factory, the

57、 transmission has been added to the quality of lubricating oil, under normal circumstances, the level of the transmission lubrication need to be checked. However, when normal travel 100,000 kilometers 10,000 kilometers -20 after the first lubricating oil must be replaced. Santana grade lubricants us

58、ed in transmission as follows: Gear Oil API-GLA (MIL-L2105), SAE80 or SAE80W-90 grade 汽車變速器 一、汽車變速器概述及發(fā)展趨勢 汽車問世百余年來，特別是從汽車的大批量生產(chǎn)及汽車工業(yè)的大發(fā)展以來，汽車己為世界經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展、為人類進入現(xiàn)代生活，產(chǎn)生了無法估量的巨大影響，為人類社會的進步作出了不可磨滅的巨大貢獻，掀起了一場劃時代的革命。自從汽車采用內(nèi)燃機作為動力裝置開始，變速器就成為汽車重要的組成部分?，F(xiàn)代汽車上廣泛采用的往復活塞式內(nèi)燃機具有體積小、質(zhì)量輕、工作可靠和

59、使用方便等優(yōu)點，但其轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速變化范圍較小，而復雜的使用條件則要求汽車的牽引力和車速能在相當大的范圍內(nèi)變化。故其性能與汽車的動力性和經(jīng)濟性之間存在著較大的矛盾，這對矛盾靠現(xiàn)代汽車的內(nèi)燃機本身是無法解決的。因此，在汽車傳動系中設置了變速器和主減速器，以達到減速增矩的目的。變速器的主要功能表現(xiàn)為：⑴改變汽車的傳動比，擴大驅(qū)動車輪轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速的范圍，以適應經(jīng)常變化的行駛工況，同時使發(fā)動機在最有利的工況范圍內(nèi)工作；⑵在發(fā)動機旋轉(zhuǎn)方向不變的前提下，實現(xiàn)汽車的倒退行駛；⑶實現(xiàn)空檔，暫時中斷動力傳遞，以便發(fā)動機能夠起動、怠速等。變速器由變速傳動機構(gòu)和操縱機構(gòu)組成。按傳動比變化方式，變速器分為有級式、無級式和綜

60、合式三種。有級式變速器應用最為廣泛。它采用齒輪傳動，具有若干個定值傳動比。無級式變速器Continuously Variable Transmission(CVT)的傳動比在一定的范圍內(nèi)可按無限多級變化，常見的有電力式和液力式(動液式)等。無級變速器是變速器發(fā)展的終極目標，因為只有它才能使發(fā)動機處于最經(jīng)濟的工作狀況，才能為整車提供最優(yōu)的燃油經(jīng)濟性和最優(yōu)的動力性，才能給人們提供最舒適的乘坐感覺。當今無級變速器的典型代表就是CVT和IVT，然而由于工作可靠性差、材料不耐用和成本高等問題，發(fā)展不是很好。綜合式變速器是指由液力變矩器和機械式有級變速器組成的液力機械式變速器，其傳動比可在最大值和最小值之

61、間的幾個間斷范圍內(nèi)作無級變化，但其傳動效率明顯低于比齒輪傳動效率。2按操縱方式，變速器又可分為強制操縱式、自動操縱式和半自動操縱式三種。強制操縱式變速器靠駕駛員直接操縱變速桿換檔，為大多數(shù)汽車所采用，也稱手動變速器Manual Transmission（MT）。自動操縱式變速器的傳動比選擇(換檔)是自動進行的。駕駛員只需操縱加速踏板，即可控制車速，也稱自動變速器Automatic Transmission（AT）。它是根據(jù)車速和負荷（油門踏板的行程）來進行雙參數(shù)控制，檔位根據(jù)上面的兩個參數(shù)來自動升降。AT與MT的共同點，就是二者都是有級式變速器，只不過AT能根據(jù)車速的快慢來自動實現(xiàn)換檔，可以消

62、除手動變速器“頓挫”的換檔感覺。但是，AT也有很多缺點，如機構(gòu)復雜，機械效率不高，成本高，可靠性和操縱靈敏性還有待提高等。AMT(Automated Mechanical Transmission)是在傳統(tǒng)干式離合器和手動齒輪變速器的基礎上改造而成，主要改變了手動換檔操縱部分。即在MT總體結(jié)構(gòu)不變的情況下改用電子控制來實現(xiàn)自動換檔。半自動操縱式變速器有兩種形式。一種是常見的幾個檔位自動操縱，其余檔位則由駕駛員操縱；另一種是預選式，即駕駛員預先選定檔位，在踩下離合器踏板或松開加速踏板時，換退一個電磁裝置或液壓裝置來進行換檔。近年來，隨著車輛技術的進步和道路上車輛密度的加大，對變速器的性能要求也越

63、來越高。眾多的汽車工程師在改進汽車變速器性能的研究中傾注了大量的心血，使變速器技術得到了飛速的發(fā)展，如AT，AMT，DCT，CVT和IVT的出現(xiàn)。 2003年現(xiàn)代汽車AT、AMT、DCT，CVT論壇中達成了如下一些共識：在未來發(fā)展中，MT仍將是使用最為廣泛的汽車變速器，AMT的應用比例會增加，AT也會占有相當大的市場份額，CVT的使用有一定的局限性，只能由于一些小排量的汽車，DCT（雙離合器變速器）也將萌芽生長。從2003年到現(xiàn)在，汽車變速器的發(fā)展情況基本上和論壇所達成的共識一致。通過對比分析得到，傳統(tǒng)機械式變速器仍然是目前使用最為廣泛的汽車變速器。雖然它有諸多缺點，如換檔沖擊大，體積大，操

64、縱麻煩等；但是，它也有很多優(yōu)點，如傳動效率高，工作可靠，壽命長，制造工藝成熟和成本低等。所以，如果能改善機械式變速器上述的缺點，它還是有很大的發(fā)展空間的。 二、手動變速器的故障診斷 在開始對手動變速器進行故障診斷之前，要確認故障不是來自其他部分的:要檢查一下輪胎和車輪，以確認輪胎氣壓正常，且車輪是經(jīng)過平衡的;要確認噪聲和振動不是來自發(fā)動機。離合器、轉(zhuǎn)向系和懸架等的。 （一）、跳檔 1．現(xiàn)象 汽車在加速、減速、爬坡或汽車劇烈振動時，變速桿自動跳回空檔位置。 2．原因 ①自鎖裝置的鋼球未進入凹槽內(nèi)或掛檔后齒輪未達到全齒長嚙合； ②自鎖裝置的鋼球或凹槽磨損嚴重，自鎖彈簧疲勞過軟或折斷

65、； ③齒輪沿齒長方向磨損成錐形； ④一、二軸軸承過于松曠，使一、二軸和曲軸三者軸線不同心或變速器殼與離合器殼接合平面相對曲軸軸線的垂直變動； ⑤二軸上的常嚙合齒輪軸向或徑向間隙過大； ⑥各軸軸向或徑向間隙過大。 3．故障診斷與排除方法 先確知跳檔檔位：走熱全車后，采用連續(xù)加、減速的方法逐檔進行路試便可確定。 將變速桿掛入跳檔檔位，發(fā)動機熄火，小心拆下變速器蓋，觀察跳檔齒輪的嚙合情況。 ①未達到全長嚙合，則故障由此引起； ②達到全長嚙合，應繼續(xù)檢查； ③檢查嚙合部位磨損情況：磨損成錐形，則故障可能由此引起； ④檢查二軸上該檔齒輪和各軸的軸向和徑向間隙，間隙過大，則故障可能由

66、此引起； ⑤檢查自鎖裝置，若自鎖裝置的止動阻力很小，甚至手感鋼球未插入凹槽(把變速器蓋夾在虎鉗上，用手搖動換檔桿)，則故障為自鎖效能不良；否則，故障為離合器殼與變速器接合平面與曲軸軸線垂直變動等引起。 （二）、亂檔 1．現(xiàn)象 在離合器技術狀況正常的情況下，變速器同時掛上兩個檔或掛需要檔位時，結(jié)果掛入別的檔位。 2．原因 ①互鎖裝置失效：如撥叉軸、互鎖銷或互鎖鋼球磨損過甚等； ②變速桿下端弧形工作面磨損過大或撥叉軸上撥塊的凹槽磨損過大； ③變速桿球頭定位銷折斷或球孔、球頭磨損過于松曠。 總之亂檔的主要原因是變速器操縱機構(gòu)失效。 3．故障診斷與排除方法 ①掛需要檔位時，結(jié)果掛

67、入了別的檔位：搖動變速桿，檢查其擺轉(zhuǎn)角度，若超出正常范圍，則故障由變速桿下端球頭定位銷與定位槽配合松曠或球頭、球孔磨損過大引起。變速桿擺轉(zhuǎn)360°，則為定位銷折斷。 ②如擺轉(zhuǎn)角度正常，仍掛不上或摘不下檔，則故障由變速桿下端從凹槽中脫出引起(脫出的原因是下端弧形工作面磨損或?qū)Р勰p)。 ③同時掛入兩個檔：則故障由互鎖裝置失效引起。 （三）、掛檔困難 1．現(xiàn)象 離合器技術狀況良好，但掛檔時不能順利掛入檔位，常發(fā)生齒輪撞擊聲。 2．原因 ①同步器故障； ②撥叉軸彎曲、鎖緊彈簧過硬、鋼球損傷等； ③一軸花鍵損傷或一軸彎曲； ④齒輪油不足或過量、齒輪油不符合規(guī)格。 3．故障診斷與排除方法 ①檢查同步器是否散架、錐環(huán)內(nèi)錐面螺旋槽是否磨損、滑塊是否磨損、彈簧彈力是否過軟等。 ②如果同步器正常，檢查一軸是否