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1、 目的論視角下紀(jì)錄片字幕翻譯的原則與策略——以《美麗中國(guó)》為例 Acknowledgments This paper would not have been completed without the invaluable help and support of many people. I would like to take this opportunity to show my heartfelt thanks to all of them. My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to my supervisor, Dr. Y

2、ang Shizhou. He gave me inspiring encouragement and illuminating instructions all through my writing. It is he who has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this paper could not have reached its present

3、 form. Secondly, I would like to express my thanks to Professor Li Qiang and every teacher who has helped me with useful advice and comments. My thanks also go to my friends and my fellow classmates, who always encouraged me when I felt upset or nervous in my process of writing this paper. Finally

4、, I also owe a special debt of gratitude to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. Abstract In recent years, with the rapid development of digital multimedia technology, and the deepening of cross-cultural c

5、ommunication, the exchange of film and television works has become more frequent. As a special form of film and television works, the documentary film becomes an important way of cultural communication with its authenticity and artistry. In order to help Chinese audience to understand English docume

6、ntaries more accurately, translation studies about documentary subtitles are very important. Based on the Skopos theory and its three rules—— Skopos rule, Coherence rule and the Fidelity rule—this thesis focuses on specific strategies of documentary subtitle translation, by taking the BBC documentar

7、y Wild China as an example. Key words: Skopostheorie; subtitle translation; principles; strategies; Wild China 摘 要 近年來(lái)，隨著日新月異的數(shù)字多媒體技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,以及跨文化交流的不斷深入,影視作品交流空前活躍。其中，紀(jì)錄片作為影視作品的一種特殊形式，以其真實(shí)性和藝術(shù)性成為文化傳播重要方式。為了使中國(guó)觀眾能夠更加準(zhǔn)確地理解英文紀(jì)錄片，紀(jì)錄片字幕的翻譯研究十分重要。本文以翻譯目的論為理論指導(dǎo)，以BBC紀(jì)錄片

8、《美麗中國(guó)》為例，從目的論的三原則（目的原則、連貫原則、忠實(shí)原則）出發(fā)，通過(guò)對(duì)案例中中英文字幕的對(duì)比研究，并結(jié)合具體實(shí)例探討紀(jì)錄片字幕翻譯的具體策略。 關(guān)鍵詞：目的論；字幕翻譯；原則；策略；《美麗中國(guó)》 iii Contents 云南民族大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))原創(chuàng)性聲明 i Acknowledgments ii Abstract iii 摘 要 iv I. Introduction 1 1.1 Background of the Research 1 1.2 Significance of t

9、he Research 2 1.3 Literature Review 3 1.3.1 Documentary Subtitle Translation Researches Abroad 4 1.3.2 Documentary Subtitle Translation Researches at Home 5 II. Skopos Theory 7 2.1 Basic Concepts of Skopos Theory 7 2.2 Historical Development of Skopos Theory 8 2.3 Three Rules of Skopos Theory

10、 9 2.3.1 Skopos Rule 9 2.3.2 Coherence Rule 9 2.3.3 Fidelity Rule 9 III. Documentary Film And Subtitle Translation 10 3.1 Documentary Film 10 3.1.1 Types of Documentary 10 3.1.2 Wild China 10 3.2 Documentary Subtitle Translation 11 3.2.1 The Significance of TV Documentary Subtitle Translati

11、on 11 3.2.2 Language Characteristics of TV Documentaries 11 3.2.3 The Present Situation of TV Documentary Subtitle Translation 11 IV. Translation Strategies And Case Study 13 4.1 Literal Translation 13 4.2 Liberal Translation 15 4.3 Simplification 17 4.4 Adaptation 18 V. Conclusion 20 Refer

12、ences 22 v I. Introduction 1.1 Background of the Research With the rapid development of globalization and mass media, intercultural communication becomes more prevalent between china and the other countries, which promoted the mutual import and export of cultural products. And as the main ca

13、rrier of cultural exchange, a large number of outstanding foreign film and television works has been spreading into China, and subtitle translation has become an essential process in cultural communication. As a special form of film and television works, the English documentary can present the rea

14、l picture for the audience and telling the true story, furthermore it also has the educational significance while entertaining the audience. Therefore, English documentary has become an important way for Chinese audience to understand the western worlds natural geography, customs, history and cultur

15、e. But because of language barriers, most Chinese audiences need to rely on subtitles in order to understand the story, so the importance of English documentary subtitle translation has become increasingly prominent. Thus, the English documentary subtitle translation is not only the conversion betwe

16、en the two languages, but also a process of cultural exchange. If English documentaries play an important role in intercultural communication, subtitle translation of English documentary is a bridge for intercultural communication. However, English documentary subtitle translation has not attracted

17、 enough attention, and research on documentary subtitle translation in China is still at a relatively weak position. The current researches are only limited to the principles, methods and techniques of documentary subtitling. There is no systematic science Theoretical guidance. The contradiction bet

18、ween the current situation and the demand has prompted me to have a more in-depth study of English documentary subtitle translation, and to learn about best practices in doing documentary subtitle translation. Only in this way can English documentaries meet the needs of the audience better, and make

19、 English documentaries a bridge of cultural communication. Skopos theory, which was put forward by German Functionalist School, aims for the purpose of translation, and offers a useful perspective for translation studies. Based on the Skopos theory and its three principles——the Skopos rule, the Coh

20、erence rule and the Fidelity rule—this paper focuses on specific strategies for documentary subtitle translation, by using the BBC documentary Wild China as an illustration. In consideration of time, space, culture and other aspects of the influence factors; this paper explores how to best translate

21、 documentary subtitles according to different translation purposes, and analyzes the translation from the literal translation, liberal translation, transliteration, combination and division and other translation strategies. Through this study of English documentary subtitle translation from the pers

22、pective of Skopos theory, the author hopes that more attentions will be attracted to English documentary film subtitle translation. And in the translation activities and practices, the translators should aim at the purpose of translation and take the understanding and acceptance of target language a

23、udience as a fundamental, and strive to improve the quality of translation. 1.2 Significance of the Research As an emerging field, subtitle translation attracts more and more scholars attention. In general, the research on English subtitle translation in China started late and the foundation is re

24、latively weak. The present research often lacks scientific guidance and systematic theory, and there is no complete standard for the English documentary subtitle translation. Therefore, there is a long way to go for China on the translation of documentary subtitle. In the context of today’s world c

25、ultural integration, documentaries have a special significance. Researches on English documentary subtitle translation can promote international cultural exchange and communication. The study of English documentary subtitle translation can study skills and summarize the rules, and then rise to the t

26、heoretical level, which is of vital importance to the improvement of the English documentary subtitle translation. And ultimately the purpose of cultural exchanges can be achieved. As English documentary subtitle translation is relatively started late in China and lacks a systematic guiding theory

27、, the translation principles and strategies in this paper can also provide a reference for the translation of English documentary subtitles. Furthermore, the study of subtitle translation of English documentaries can also help Chinese documentaries spread to the international market. The theoretical

28、 system of the documentary is interlinked. The subtitle translation study of the English documentary will provide theoretical reference and technical support for the Chinese documentary subtitle translation, which is of great significance for the promotion of Chinese documentaryies. 1.3 Literature

29、Review As an emerging field, subtitle translation attracts more and more scholars attention. In recent years, many scholars and practitioners are exploring ways to improve the quality of subtitle translation. Chen Huiling (Chen 2015: 304) thinks “In subtitle translation, domestication should be tak

30、en as a main strategy, combined with the use of alienation”. Zhangchi (Zhangchi, 2015: 102-105) believes that subtitle translation becomes more efficiently guided by the translation variation theory. Zhang Minmin ( Zhang Minmin, 2008: 34-35 ) says “Due to the limitation of time and space and the syn

31、chronization of sound and picture, the principle of subtitle translation is that the translator communicates the most relevant information in the limited time and space with the most effective way”. Together with Wang Xiaoling, Zhang Liwei had published an article named Subtitle Translation Strategi

32、es of English Videos it explained five feasible strategies (literal translation, free translation, literal plus free translation, condensed translation and cooperative) to avoid as much potential translation trouble as possible. In their works, Skopos theory is less used in study of subtitle transla

33、tion. Some scholars at home and abroad specialize in the detailed interpretation of principles and techniques of English documentary subtitles translation. English documentary subtitle translation has long been in a forgotten position, although it belongs to the category of film and television works

34、 subtitles translation. This paper mainly focuses on principles and strategies documentary subtitle translation from the perspective of Skopos theory. 1.3.1 Documentary Subtitle Translation Researches Abroad Jorge Diaz-Cintas comments, “Most studies into concentrates on films, forgetting a myriad

35、of other audiovisual programs that are considered inferior, such as documentaries, cartoons or series”. (Jorge Diaz-Cintas, 2004, 50). Thus, documentary subtitle translation has been ignored. Nevertheless, the researchers have also made their contributions in the English subtitles documentary trans

36、lation area. In 1995, Gottlieb extensively studied subtitle translation, and he has published many books and articles on subtitle translation, and pointed out some terms for subtitle translation, such as its definition, classification, translation strategies and technical constraints. In 2001, Yves

37、Gambier published a work, which named (Multi) Media Translation: concepts, practices and research. In this book, he has discussed the preferences of subtitle translation and its causes in different countries. In 2003, he published a book called Screen Trans adaptation: Perception and Reception. The

38、political influence of subtitle translation has been studied in this book. In 2005, his new book Subtitling against the Current: Danish concepts, English minds was published, the strategies for translating English subtitles into Danish has been discussed. Influenced by the skopos theory, Matamala fo

39、und the difficulties, which lays in translating different types documentary subtitles (biography, history and culture, geography and so on). And it takes Matamala two years (2006-2007) to translate 20 English documentaries into Catalan, and in 2009, the main features of English documentary subtitle

40、were further analyzed. In 2010, Juan Jose Martinez-Sierra regarded English documentary subtitle translation as a special form of audio-visual works in her book Science and Technology on Screen, and pointed out that the type of English documentaries and the three modes of documentary subtitle transla

41、tion——Narration, Dubbing and Subtitle Translation, while emphasizing the importance of correct translation strategies in the translation of documentary subtitles. Nowadays subtitle translation has been paid more attention. In 2004, the international symposium on language transfer on screen was held

42、in London; in 2005, University of Bologna hosted the international conference on the latest research on audiovisual translation. European Association for Studies in Screen Translations (EASST) was established in 1995 as the most influential academic organization in this field, aiming to stimulate an

43、d facilitate the communication among the researchers, teachers and professors in this field. 1.3.2 Documentary Subtitle Translation Researches at Home Comparing with other countries, studies on documentary subtitle translation in china started relatively late, and some progress has been made in re

44、cent years. However, there are still some limitations: Firstly, most studies are limited to translate some subtitles of films and TV dramas, while less attention is paid to emerging forms such as documentaries. Secondly, most of subtitle translators are the on-line subtitle groups, and its translati

45、on quality is lack of authority and accuracy. Thirdly, a systematic theoretical analysis framework explore subtitle translation has not been stablished yet. Fotios Karamitroglou once pointed out a fact: the status of film translation has not always been regarded as important as literary translation

46、. Qian Shaochang, a well-known Chinese film and television translator, also deeply believes that the position translation of subtitles in film and television works is less dominant than that in literary translation. He also pointed out: The aspects like the relevant courses offered in Colleges, the

47、publication of relevant papers in academic journals etc. which has been reflected are not compatible with the social role of film and television translation (Qian Shaochang, 2000:61). In 1998, Zhang Chunbai summed up the nature, principles and skills of film and television drama translation. He be

48、lieves that subtitle translation should focus on the target language audience, and to take full account of the target language audience level of language and cultural awareness (Zhang Chunbai, 1998: 50-53). In 2001, Li Yunxing, from Tianjin Normal University, wrote an article named Strategies for Tr

49、anslating Subtitles and has it published in Chinese Translators Journal. He pointed out the basic requirement for subtitle translation is to provide relevant information to the target audience in limited time and space. The article also analyzes the characteristics of subtitle translation and the co

50、rresponding translation strategies from three aspects: time and space constraints, information functions and cultural factors (Li Yunxing, 2001:38-39). In 2002, On the basis of years of translation practice, CCTV editor Zhao Chunmei wrote an article named Translation into Chinese of Film Scripts and

51、 Scripts of TV Drama Series---Four Main Conflicting Demands. In this paper, she summarized four contradictions in the translation of film and television works: the contradiction between content and mouth, the contradiction between the word order and picture, the contradiction between localization an

52、d foreignization, the contradiction between the spoken language and the written language. (Zhao Chunmei, 2002: 49) In summary, the translation of Chinese film and television works subtitles do have some progress. But there are still many problems. On the one hand, there are few studies about subtit

53、le translation of film and television works, and there are fewer studies focus the English documentary subtitles translation. On the other hand, although some scholars and researchers share their translation experience from the aspects of translation strategies and translation principles, they are m

54、ostly general abstraction. Throughout the research status quo of English documentary subtitles translation both abroad and at home, the English documentary subtitle translation has attracted more attention. However, it is worth noting Skopos theory is less used in the researches on documentary subt

55、itle translation, this study analysis the principles and Strategies of documentary subtitle translation from the perspective of Skopos theory, which has its new special theoretical significance. The translator and the researcher should try to improve the quality of translation and ensure the effect

56、of translation based on the purpose of translation, so that the documentary can become a bridge of cultural communication. II. Skopos Theory Translation Skopos theory has been widely researched and applied to various fields of translation since it was proposed in the 1970s in Germany, an

57、d it has achieved a good translation effect. Translation Skopos Theory is a new model of translation studies from the perspective of translation, which is oriented to the function and practicability of target-text. Translation Skopos theory believes that translation is a cross-cultural human communi

58、cation activity with definite purpose. Translation Skopos theory has three main rules, they are: Skopos rule, Coherence rule and Fidelity rule. 2.1 Basic Concepts of Skopos Theory Skopos theory was first proposed by Hans J. Vermeer in his paper named Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation

59、, The author holds that translation is a kind of intercultural human communication with clear purpose and intention, based on the source text. As Christiane Nord pointed out: “Skopos is the Greek word for ‘a(chǎn)im, purpose’, and the basic principle of Skopos theory is that the (intended) purpose of the

60、target text determines the choice of method and strategy in the translation process.” “The target-text purpose is defined by the translation commission, or rather: translation brief. In professional settings, the ‘brief’ is often not sufficiently explicit because commissioners are no translation exp

61、erts and therefore they are not aware of what kind of information the translator needs to produce a text that fulfils the needs and expectations of the client and/or the prospective target-text audience.” (Nord, 2006:30) In the theoretical framework of Skopos theory, the most important factor in d

62、etermining the purpose of translation is the audience—the intended recipient of the translation, they have their own cultural background, expectations for the translation and communication needs. And according to Christiane Nord, “the translator’s decisions in the translation process should be gover

63、ned by the function or communicative purpose the target text (TT) is intended to fulfil in a particular target-culture situation.”(Nord, 1997:41) So the purpose of target text determines which translation strategy to choose. The emergence of Skopos theory breaks the traditional translation principl

64、e of linguistic meaning in a narrow sense. It is a principle that analyzes translation from the perspective of communication. The skopos theory holds that the purpose is to determine the strategy to be used to translate the text. The effect of film and television works to achieve is different from s

65、ome other literature works. So while translating, the purpose of translation must be focus on, and then some corresponding translation strategies and techniques can be used. Based on the three principles of Skopos theory, the purpose of this paper is to reproduce the content of the documentary for

66、the audience. The translator should follow the principles of Skopos theory, take the intentionality and acceptability of translation consideration, according to the needs and background of audience. And to ensure the effective dissemination of information, while bring the audience a sense of beauty. 2.2 Historical Development of Skopos Theory Skopos theory is one of the representatives of the German Functionalist School of Translation. And it is one of the core theories of functionalist tr