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Choiceofwords Diction 1 Choiceofwords UsesuitablewordsGeneralwordsandspecificwordsAbstractwordsandconcretewordsLevelofwords 2 Usesuitablewords Eg Theskinnywomanslinkedin 瘦的皮包骨頭的女人溜了進(jìn)來(lái) Theslenderwomanglidedin 一位苗條的淑女飄然而至 3 Theyshouldadoptamore approachandinvestigatealternativeusesfortheirproperty Designingsiliconchipstomimichumanorganssounds fanciful imaginative Malcolmisa andrealisticbusinessman The criminalisdifficulttotrackdown cunning shrewd Theyhaveplentyofmoneynow buttheystilltendtobe She stoo tomakeadonation thrifty mean 4 Thecommitteeexpressedthankstoeveryonefortheir donations Woulditwouldbetoo tobuyboth extravagant generous ThePrimeMinisterappearedrelaxedand ofwinninganoverallmajority It s ofyoutoassumeyou llwineverytime confident arrogant 5 Childrenare abouttheoriginofmankind thestructureofatoms I vealwaysfoundherunbearably curious inquisitive nosey Alltheseconsiderationsmadehimevenmore toleadtheworldtowardarmsreduction Theconservativesshow resistancetoreform determined stubborn 6 TheMeaningofWords Themeaningofawordhastwoaspects denotativeandconnotative Aword sdenotationiswhatitliterallymeans asdefinedbythedictionary itsconnotationisthefeelingorideasuggested impliedbyit 7 Threeaspectsofconnotation NegativeneutralpositiveDisapprovingapprovingDerogatoryUnfavorablefavorable 8 Note 1 Whenusingaword youfirstneedtobesureaboutaword sdenotation otherwisemistakeswillbeunavoidableinyourspokenorwrittencommunication Eg CollegeEnglishspeechcontestprizepromulgationceremony2 greaterconcernshouldbeshowedforconnotationsofaword Onewordmayhaveseveralconnotations Thesamethingmayhavedifferentconnotativemeaningsindifferentculturalcontexts Eg thecolorwordyellowmaystimulateusChineseandanEnglishnativespeakertothinkofdifferentthings 9 Wordswiththesamedetonationbutdifferentconnotations 10 11 TheMeaningofWords 1 1 country nation state landcountry referstoanareaoflandanditspopulationandgovernmentnation thepeopleofacountrystate thegovernmentorpoliticalorganizationofacountryland moreliteraryandemotivecountry 12 TheMeaningofWords 1 anislandcountry neighbouringcountriesInareaChinaisthethirdlargestcountryintheworld apeace lovingnation theawakeningnationsofAfrica 13 TheMeaningofWords 2 Themodernizationprogrammehaswonthesupportofthewholenation stateorgans state ownedenterprisesChinaismynativeland 14 TheMeaningofWords 2 big large hugebig acommonwordlarge slightlymoreformalandmaybeusedtodescribethingsthatareunusuallybig soitismoreemphaticthanbighuge moreliterarythanthesetwowords meansextremelylargeandismoreemphaticthanlarge 15 TheMeaningofWords 3 abig largecity abig largehouseWuhanisaverylargecityinCentralChina Theteamhasgotahugemanovertwometrestall 16 TheMeaningofWords 3 small littleinterchangeable differentinemotionalcoloringbetweenthemsmall objectivelittle afeelingoffondness 17 TheMeaningofWords 3 Theylivedinasmalltown IcanneverforgetthelittletownwhereIspentmyhappychildhood 18 TheMeaningofWords 4 modest humblebothalackofpride differentintonemodest avirtue laudatoryhumble notavirtue oftenconnotesundueself depreciation derogatory 19 TheMeaningofWords 4 Modestandhardworking hemadeveryquickprogressatschool ClearlyGomperswasoverawedbyWilson Hisfacetookonaservilelook hisvoicewashumble 20 Ex Diction 1 Ineachsentences choosethemorepreciseofthetwoinitalics andexplainyourreasons 1 Afewlistenersweredisinterested uninterestedanddozedoff 2 Thoughshehasgrownup herbehaviorisoftenchildlike childish 21 Ex Diction 2 3 Iamquitejealous enviousofyouropportunitytostudyatsuchafamousuniversity 4 Herclothes thoughmadeofcheap inexpensivematerial arequiteelegant 5 Iamsorrytorefuse declineyourinvitation 22 Ex Diction 3 6 Hewassurprised shocked stunnedtofindthatlittlesisterhadbecomeapretty slim skinnyyoungwoman 7 Thisservilemanwasespeciallymodest humblewhenhewastalkingwithhissuperiors 23 Ex Diction 4 8 Thishomely uglyoldmanisawell knownmusician 9 Myunclebecamefat stoutashegrewolder 10 Isthatold elderlywoman ladysittingonthebenchyourmother 24 Ex Diction 1 5 11 Theenemytroopsweredrivenbackwhentheyattempted triedtocrosstheborder 12 Theyallfeltsympathy pityforthevictimsofthedisasterandmadedonations 13 EmpressDoeagerCixiwasfamous notoriousforhercruelty 25 Generalwordsandspecificwords Generalword agroup classSpecificword amemberofthatclassAttention Thisclassificationofwordsintogeneralorspecificisrelativeintheirreference 26 GeneralandSpecificwords Specificwordsprovideprecise sensory orconcretedetails Generalwordsconveyinexact intangible andoftenabstractconcepts Comparativelyspeaking generalwordsaremorevagueandabstractinmeaningthanspecificwords Professionals forinstance ismoregeneralthanscientists doctors teachers lawyers journalists etc allofwhicharemorespecific Althoughbothgeneralandspecificwordsareuseful astudentlearningtowriteshouldmakeanefforttomasterandusespecificwordswhereverpossible Specificwordshelptomakewritingclear exact vivid andstriking Fortheyaremoreinformativeandexpressivethangeneralwords 27 Example Thepresident sknowledgeofdomesticissuesissuperiortohisunderstandingofforeignpolicy Hehasbeenmoresuccessfulwithwelfarereform forexample thanwithpeaceintheMiddleEast Inthiscontext Domesticissues and foreignpolicy areusedinageneralsenseinthefirstsentence Thewriterthenelaboratesbyclarifyingspecifickindsofissues welfarereform and peaceintheMiddleEast referredtobythemoregeneraltermsintheearliersentence 28 Hyponymy TheRelationshipBetweenGeneralandSpecificWords 上義詞 superordinate vehicle下義詞 subordinate car truckFlower tulip jasmine daffodil rose lily carnation daisy edelweiss violet forget me notGeneralandSpecificWordsvs abstractandconcretewords 29 GeneralandSpecific Itiseasytoseethatthespecificwordsontherightaremuchmoreconcreteandcolorfulthanthegeneralones Theyseemtomakethereadersee hear orfeelwhatthewriterwishestodescribe 30 GeneralandSpecificwordsagoodmovie asuspenseful terrifying lightheartedmovieanicesmile awinning angelic purposefulsmilesomeoneIknow afriend anacquaintance acolleague acoworkerWalk pace strut stroll march 31 Substitutethepreciseverbslistedbelowforlookat saidanddiscussthedifferentconnotationofeachverb 1 Sebastianlookedatthewomanseatednexttohim StaredatGlaredatLeeredatGazedatPeeredatAdmiredstudied 32 2 Hurryup Jolenesaid ShriekedDemandedSnappedSangseethed 33 GeneralandSpecific 1 34 GeneralandSpecific 2 35 GeneralandSpecific 3 36 GeneralandSpecific 4 gaze glance glimpse glare peek peer stare watch goggle leer scowl 37 GeneralandSpecific 5 annoyed desperate enraged furious infuriating irritated outraged sullen 38 Englishoffersafascinatingvarietyofspecificwordsformanyactivitiesandinterests Whenwesayamaniswalking wecanalsosaythatamanismarching pacing patrolling stalking striding treading tramping steppingout prancing strutting prowling plodding strolling shuffling staggering sidling trudging toddling rambling roaming sauntering meandering lounging loitering orcreeping Buteachofthemconveystousaslightlydifferentmeaning Nomatterwhichwordweuse itshouldmatchourthoughtandsuittotheoccasion 39 stalk 高視闊步 大踏步走stride 大踏步走 跨過(guò)tread 步行于 在 上走 踩 爛 踐踏trudge tr d v 沉重地走 蹣跚地走prance pr ns v 騰躍 歡躍 昂首闊步shuffle fl 拖曳 慢吞吞地走Sidle saidl v 偷偷地 側(cè)身而行saunter s nt v 閑逛 漫步lounge laund v 閑蕩 懶洋洋地躺臥loiter l it v 閑蕩 虛度 徘徊creep kri p v 爬 徐行 蠕動(dòng) 40 Moreexamples 1 Thedrunkardstaggered 蹣跚 fromthecoffeeshopandclungtoalamp post 2 Thehikersreachedthetownafteralongwalkandplodded 重步行走 wearilytothehotel 3 Themanwhosewifewasexpectingthefirstbabywaspacing 踱步 nervouslyupanddownthehospitalcorridor 4 Afterclass thechildrendidnotgohomedirectbutloitered 游蕩 ontheway 5 Themanagerstrode 大步走 intotheofficeandaskedwhowaslateforwork 6 Thepuppystrayed 迷途 fromitshomeandwascompletelylost 7 Thecockisstrutting 昂頭闊步 upanddownthefarmyard 8 Afterdinner Iwentrambling 漫步 inthepark 9 Thethiefhasbeenlurking 潛行 inacornerforhisunsuspectingvictims 10 Notwishingtobenoticed theboycrept 爬行 downstairs 41 11 Attheweekend Tomandhisfriendswentstrolling 閑逛 inthetown 12 Inherhurry themaidstumbled 絆倒 andfellflatonthefloor 13 Thefarmertrudged 艱難地走 homewithhishoe 14 Themountaineersscrambled 攀爬 upthehillside 15 Thecarlurched 搖擺不定 forwardacrossthegrass 16 Withoneleghurt Johnlimped 跛行 home 17 Beastscomeouttoprowl 四處覓食 aftertheirpreyatnight 18 Beforebabiescanwalk theycrawl 爬行 19 Thevictoriousarmymarched 邁進(jìn) intotheconqueredcity 20 Thepedestriansrushed 快步走 hereandthereintherain 42 笑的種種說(shuō)法laugh giggle chuckle grin guffaw beam smile Laughloudlytolaughinanervous excited orsillywaySmilewidelyshowingyourteethtolaughquietlyLaughmaliciously不懷好意地笑Laughlightly輕松地笑Laughhappily Giggle音調(diào)高或尖聲地笑 常指兒童或女孩咯咯笑Thegirlswhisperedandgiggledtogether Chuckle輕笑 暗笑 常用比喻意義 指覺(jué)得滿意Hewaschucklingtohimselfoverwhathewasreading Hemustbechucklingathissuccess Grin指露齒而笑Hegrinnedbroadlyatme Guffaw放聲大笑 哄笑Thecompanyguffawedatthesillyanswer beam笑逐顏開(kāi)Herfacebeamedwithjoy Smile微笑 反義詞frownHesmiledtoseethechildrenplay 43 GeneralandSpecific Ihaveatoolinmyhand Ihaveanaxeinmyhand Amaniswalkingdownthestreet Amanisstrollingdownthestreet Thatwasaverywonderfulmovie Thatwasaveryinstructivemovie Theproposalcoversallimportantaspectsoftheproblem Theproposalcoverscost materials methodology andpersonnel 44 killMurderTomurdersomeoneistokillthemdeliberatelyandunlawfully Thekeywitnesswasmurderedbeforehecouldtestify MassacreMassacreisusedwhenyoutalkaboutthedeliberatekillingofalargenumberofpeople especiallypeoplewhocannotdefendthemselves WholenativepopulationsweremassacredwhentheEuropeansettlesarrived SlaughterSlaughterisusedwhenyoutalkaboutthedeliberatekillingofalargenumberofpeople especiallyinaparticularlycruelway Menranthroughthevillageburninghousesandslaughteringanyonethatgotintheirway Toslaughterananimalistokillitforitsmeat skinetc oraspartofareligiousceremony Thechildrencouldn tunderstandwhythecattlehadtobeslaughtered 45 ExecuteToexecutesomeone orputsomeonetodeathistokillsomeoneasapunishment accordingtothelaw KingCharlesIwasexecutedon30thJanuary1639 AssassinateToassassinatesomeoneistodeliberatelykillaveryfamousorimportantpersonsuchasapoliticalleader PresidentLincolnwasassassinatedbyJohnWilkesBooth Apersonwhodoesthisisanassassin CommitsuicideTocommitsuicide ortakeyourownlife istodeliberatelykillyourself Ratherthanbetakenprisoner theypreferredtocommitsuicide DestroyTodestroyananimal orhaveitputdown tosleep istokillinawaythatdoesnotcausepain especiallybecauseitissickorinjured Thecathaddevelopedcancerandhadtobedestroyed Culltoremoveorkill theinferiororsurplus animalsfromaherd 46