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2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)一輪 短文改錯(cuò)、書(shū)面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練（14） 專(zhuān)題復(fù)習(xí)- 短文改錯(cuò) 一．短文改錯(cuò)的主要特點(diǎn) 1．內(nèi)容大都是學(xué)生身邊或社會(huì)生活中常見(jiàn)的話(huà)題。以記敘文為主，有時(shí)也有說(shuō)明文或應(yīng)用文。 2．內(nèi)容相對(duì)獨(dú)立、完整。命題的總原則是整篇理解、分行解題。 3．語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)單易懂，沒(méi)有生僻的詞匯或繁難的句法結(jié)構(gòu)；短文的詞數(shù)為120左右。 4．考查要點(diǎn)覆蓋面廣, 分布合理。涉及詞法、句法、行文邏輯等三個(gè)方面。 二．短文改錯(cuò)的常見(jiàn)類(lèi)型 縱觀近幾年高考題中的短文改錯(cuò), 不難看出,其錯(cuò)誤形式基本上為：錯(cuò)詞占6行左右; 正確占1 行; 多詞和缺詞一般占3 行左右。錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型主要涉及動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞、冠詞、代詞、介詞、連詞、主謂一致、固定結(jié)構(gòu)等語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。其中, 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等是考查重點(diǎn)。 ***************************************************************結(jié)束 高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)要求學(xué)生通過(guò)審查文字提示、圖畫(huà)、表格等后進(jìn)行有一定控制性的寫(xiě)作。學(xué)生在這種題型上常犯的錯(cuò)誤之一就是：遺漏要點(diǎn)。 ●難點(diǎn)磁場(chǎng) 6月9日，星期天，你和朋友本來(lái)約好去看球賽，但未看成。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下列六幅圖畫(huà)寫(xiě)一篇日記。 注意：（1）日記必須包括所有圖畫(huà)內(nèi)容，可以適當(dāng)增減細(xì)節(jié)，使日記連貫； （2）詞數(shù)100左右。（3）開(kāi)頭已給出。 June 9,Sunday Fine It is Sudnay today.… ●案例探究 10月23日（星期五）中午在你上學(xué)途中發(fā)生了一件事情。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下列圖畫(huà)用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇日記。 注意：（1）日記須包括所有圖畫(huà)的內(nèi)容，可適當(dāng)增減細(xì)節(jié)，使日記連貫。 （2）詞數(shù)100左右。 命題意圖：本題考查學(xué)生的讀圖能力和運(yùn)用邏輯講述故事、傳達(dá)主旨的能力。 錯(cuò)解分析：（1）人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用不準(zhǔn)確；（2）主要內(nèi)容遺漏。 解題技巧與方法：（1）細(xì)讀文字說(shuō)明部分，弄清人稱(chēng)、時(shí)間、事件背景；（2）仔細(xì)觀察每一幅圖，確定文章中心，確定內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)：a.聽(tīng)見(jiàn)喊救命，下水救女孩 b.好心人相助 c.送女孩去醫(yī)院 d.上課遲到 e.感謝信 f.受表?yè)P(yáng)；（3）依據(jù)要點(diǎn)寫(xiě)出提綱，然后拓展成文；（4）檢查要點(diǎn)、格式、人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)、動(dòng)詞變化形式、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)等。 參考答案： October 23rd Friday Fine On my way to school at noon I heard loud shouts from the lake.I found a girl struggling in the water.I quickly jumped into the lake,swam towards the drowning girl and carried her to the bank.A kind woman also came to help.We immediately sent the girl to the nearest hospital.When I hurried to school,I was late for class.However,I didn’t explain to my teacher what had happened.But to my surprise,a letter of thanks to me was put up on the bulletin board in our school in the afternoon.So my teacher and classmates knew the whole thing and they praised me a lot.I felt a little shy but proud. *******************************************************結(jié)束 Passage *** It’s easy to go downhill than to climb uphill：so it’s 1．____ easier to fall into bad habits than into good one 2．____ Bad habits don’t e suddenly．It e little by 3．____ little．Schoolboys first picks up a little in school and on 4．____ the streets．When they cannot write their homework， they 5．____ copy from their schoolmate．If they see bigger boys 6．____ smoking， they also want learn to smoke．When they 7．____ get bigger， the habits bee stronger or 8．____ stronger， so that they can not longer get rid of 9．____ them．What necessary it is that we get rid of the bad 10．____ habits in the beginning！ 【參考答案】Key 11 1．Easy--easier 2．(one)-ones 3．It--They 4．picks-pick 5．right 6．Schoolmate-schoolmates 7．to learn 8．or--and 9.not--no 10．What-How ******************************************************結(jié)束 *****************************************************結(jié)束 圖表式書(shū)面表達(dá)思路與技巧 圖表式書(shū)面表達(dá)是常見(jiàn)的一種寫(xiě)作形式,現(xiàn)筆者結(jié)合下面一則實(shí)例,談?wù)勗鯓訉?xiě)好這類(lèi)書(shū)面表達(dá)。 　　根據(jù)以下表格內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)以"HowtoReducethePresentCityPopulation"為題,用英語(yǔ)為雜志社寫(xiě)一篇短文,闡述你對(duì)這一問(wèn)題的見(jiàn)解。 建議I 具體措施:A.晚婚B.一對(duì)夫婦,一個(gè)孩子 目的:減少人口自然增長(zhǎng)(人口出生率) 建議II 具體措施:嚴(yán)格控制外地人進(jìn)城務(wù)工經(jīng)商 目的:減少外地人口對(duì)城市的壓力 建議III 具體措施:A.在郊區(qū),建造生活、商業(yè)、文教、衛(wèi)生、娛樂(lè)、休閑生活小區(qū)B.在城外建造衛(wèi)星城 目的:吸引城市居民到郊區(qū)和衛(wèi)星城工作和生活 注意: 1)詞數(shù):100左右。 2)參考詞匯:嚴(yán)格控制haveatightcontrol,衛(wèi)星城satellitetown 一、認(rèn)真審題,準(zhǔn)確把握提示要求。 1.審體裁。準(zhǔn)確把握體裁是寫(xiě)好一篇文章關(guān)鍵的一步。體裁的形式直接決定著考生用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)信息的途徑和形式,并影響著書(shū)面表述語(yǔ)句的正確性和準(zhǔn)確性。 2.審人稱(chēng)。根據(jù)體裁要求,要準(zhǔn)確把握人稱(chēng)的使用。是用第一、二人稱(chēng),還是用第三人稱(chēng)。 3.審時(shí)態(tài)。不同的體裁,其動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的使用也各有不同。一般情況下,故事、日記等體裁常以一般過(guò)去時(shí)為主要?jiǎng)釉~時(shí)態(tài);書(shū)信、便條、通知等體裁常以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主要?jiǎng)釉~時(shí)態(tài)。 分析以上實(shí)例,應(yīng)以第一人稱(chēng)的口吻進(jìn)行描寫(xiě)。從題目要求、表內(nèi)要點(diǎn)以及體裁可知,本文時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主體時(shí)態(tài)。 二、理清表內(nèi)要點(diǎn),進(jìn)行合理發(fā)揮。 圖表式書(shū)面表達(dá)其主要內(nèi)容常被列在表內(nèi)?？忌紫缺仨毨砬灞韮?nèi)內(nèi)容要點(diǎn),抓住主要信息進(jìn)行描寫(xiě)?？上劝驯韮?nèi)所提供的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)用英語(yǔ)列出,盡量使用一些較高層次的詞匯或短語(yǔ)以及所學(xué)過(guò)的句法結(jié)構(gòu)(如定語(yǔ)從句、分詞結(jié)構(gòu)等)進(jìn)行描述。例如上述實(shí)例圖表中的內(nèi)容可用英語(yǔ)列出以下幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)或句式: (1)practiceapolicyof"LateMarriage"and"OneCouple,OneChild" (2)reducethebirthrate (3)haveatightcontrolovercountrypeopleenteringcitiestodovariousphysicaljobs (4)lightenthepressureonthecitycausedbytheincreasingpopulation (5)buildapartmentblockswithshoppingcenters,schools,hospitals,aswellascinemasandtheatersaroundusorevenbuildsatellitetownsinthecitysuburbsorthecountiesroundthecities (6)encouragecitycitizenstomovetheretoliveandwork 三、正確使用過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ),提高文章的連貫性。 過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)的使用是語(yǔ)言的連貫性得以實(shí)現(xiàn)的最常用手段。在句子與句子之間,段落與段落之間恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡恍┏猩蠁⑾碌倪^(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)是非常必要的。例如上述實(shí)例,我們可在要點(diǎn)(1)前插入表示時(shí)間順序的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)first/firstly,在要點(diǎn)(3)前插入secondly,在要點(diǎn)(5)前插入finally。在要點(diǎn)(6)前可以插入表示終結(jié)關(guān)系的過(guò)渡短語(yǔ)inthisway/bythismeans?，F(xiàn)將中學(xué)課本中應(yīng)掌握的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)總結(jié)如下: 1.表示起始關(guān)系的有:firstofall,accordingto,sofar,asfaras,tobeginwith,inmyopinion等。 2.表示時(shí)間順序的有:first,then,later,intheend,finally,atlast,afterthat,sincethen,immediately,suddenly,soon等。 3.表示空間順序的有:ontheright/left,ononesideof,atthetop/foot/endof,inthemiddleof,infrontof,atthebackof等。 4.表示并列關(guān)系的有:and,or,also,too,aswellas,neither...nor,notonly...butalso,either...or,not...but等。 5.表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的有:but,yet,however,while,onthecontrary等。 6.表示因果關(guān)系的有:because,since,as,for,thanksto,thus,therefore,asaresult(of),onereasonisthat...anotherreasonisthat...等。 7.表示條件關(guān)系的有:if,unless,as(so)longas,onconditionthat等。 8.表示讓步關(guān)系的有:although,though,evenif,inspiteof,afterall,infact,what(who,when,where,how...)ever等。 9.表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的有:whatsmore,furthermore,besides,whatsworse,tomakethematterworse,also,still,ontheonehand...ontheotherhand等。 10.表示列舉事實(shí)的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)有:forexample/instance,suchas,take...forexample,asfollows,andsoon等。 11.表示總結(jié)性的有:inshort,inbrief,inaword,onthewhole等。 12.表示過(guò)渡性的插入語(yǔ)有:Ithink(believe,suppose,imagine,guess...),Imafraid,youknow,asisknowntousall,asweallknow等。 根據(jù)以上圖表式書(shū)面表達(dá)題寫(xiě)作思路,上述實(shí)例可整理成文如下: 　　HowtoReducethePresentCityPopulation 　　Ourmoderncityiscrowded,andtosolvetheproblem,threeproposalsareputforward.Mostofthepeoplethinkthatweshouldfirstpracticethepolicyof"Latemarriage"and"OneCouple,OneChild"inordertoreducethebirthrate.Secondly,thecitygovernmentsmusthaveatightcontrolovercountrypeopleenteringcitiestodovariousphysicaljobssoastolightenthepressureonthecitycausedbytheincreasingpopulation.Finally,moreandmorepeoplesuggestthatweshouldbuildapartmentsubdivisionswithshoppingcenters,schools,hospitals,aswellascinemasandtheatersaroundthemorevenbuildsatellitetownsaroundthecities.Inthisway,citycitizenswillbeencouragedtomovetheretoliveandwork.Ifthesethreeproposalsarewellcarriedout,thepopulationwillbegreatlyreduced。 *********************************************************結(jié)束 高考英語(yǔ)作文精選范文（看圖作文類(lèi)） 8. 假如你叫王平，根據(jù)圖表提示，給你的加拿大網(wǎng)友Smith 寫(xiě)一封信，介紹你的寒假生活（共20天），可根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際情況添加細(xì)節(jié)。 注意：1．詞數(shù)：100左右； 2．開(kāi)頭已經(jīng)給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。 Dear Smith, How are you? How time flies! Now the winter vacation was over and I have e back to school again. We had 20 days in all for the holiday, during which we had the most important Chinese Festival—the Spring Festival. It took me nearly a week to visit my relatives and attend family parties, as it is a traditional custom in China. Of course, I spent most of the time doing my lessons. As you know, I will take the National Examinations in June and it’s only a few months away. Every day I did some English reading, practiced writing positions, worked out a number of science problems and so on. When I got tired, I would do something to relax myself, like playing basketball with my friends, listening to music, surfing the Internet, playing games, and everything that helped to recover my energy. In a word, I had a full, busy and wonderful holiday. How about you? I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon. Yours, Wang Ping *****************************************************結(jié)束 高考英語(yǔ)作文精選范文（看圖作文類(lèi)） 9．根據(jù)下列圖示以 “The New Grading System in Our School”為題為你校英語(yǔ)報(bào)寫(xiě)一篇短文,說(shuō)明這一舉措以及你對(duì)學(xué)校實(shí)施這一舉措的認(rèn)識(shí). 要求: 1.詞數(shù) 100左右, 已給出部分不包括在內(nèi). 生詞: 評(píng)分體制grading system 參與participation（n.） ① tests ④ class participation ② notes ⑤ team work ③ homework The New grading system in Our School In order to help students develop their abilities in all fields, our school now has asked the teachers to make some changes in the grading system. This chart shows how it works. The students’ final score will be made up of 5 parts. About 30% of it will e from their test results. The rest of the score is decided by the performances of the students in the following parts: 20% es from your notes, and another 20% is decided by how you do your homework. If you take an active part in classroom activities, you can get another 20% of the score. Teamwork in class is also important. If you want a higher score, you should be good at working together with your classmates. In my opinion, our school has made a good decision. This new grading system will certainly help to improve ourselves on all sides. ********************************************************結(jié)束 Smoking which is a widespread habit even among school children. 76. The number of young smokers are increasing. It is reported that 77. over two-fifth of the students in a certain school smoke, and 78. some of whom even steal money to buy cigarettes. This is terrible. 79. As we all know, smoking is harmful to our health. So its 80. even harmful to middle school students for it does great harm not 81. only to their health but also for their mind. Middle school students 82. are future builders of the country. They should spend their time 83. learning useful knowledges. So its really time that these young 84. smokers made up their minds give up smoking. 85. 【參考答案】(五) 76．去掉which 77.are → is 78. two- fifth → two-fifths 79. whom → them 80.So → But 81. ∧harmful → more 82.for → to 83. √ 84.knowledges → knowledge 85. minds ∧ → to ***************************************************************結(jié)束 (6)(25 min.) (xx師大附中一模)假設(shè)你是李華，下圖是你對(duì)本校學(xué)生興趣愛(ài)好的調(diào)查結(jié)果。請(qǐng)寫(xiě)一篇英文報(bào)告給學(xué)校，說(shuō)明調(diào)查結(jié)果，并談?wù)勀愕目捶ā? 注意： 1. 文章內(nèi)容不少于120詞。 2. 標(biāo)題和開(kāi)頭已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。 3. 提示詞： 餅狀圖 pie chart 百分比 percentage A Survey of Students Hobbies and Interests Dear Sir， Ive conducted a survey recently, which shows what the students of our school like to do in their spare time. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 參考范文 One possible version： A Survey of Students Hobbies and Interests Dear Sir， I ve conducted a survey recently , which shows what the students of our school like to do in their spare time. As the pie chart reveals, we can see 34% of the students like surfing the Internet. The rest popular activities for students are dancing and singing, doing sports and reading, which is 22%, 20% and 18% respectively. The percentages of the three are close to each other. Besides these, a few students, about 6 percent of them, are fond of doing other things, such as collecting stamps, travelling, handwriting, and so on. From my point of view, high school students should have more healthy and instructive hobbies and interests. As surfing the Internet keeps us informed of the latest news and current affairs in the world，sometimes necessary guidance on surfing the Internet should be given to students and ways must be found to arouse students interests in reading, because reading is invariably the most efficient way to gain knowledge. *********************************************************結(jié)束