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邏輯推理 知識精講 一、邏輯推理題的分類 邏輯推理題可分為：反義推理、進一步推理、情感推理和態(tài)度推理四類。其中，前兩類主要是從做題技巧上進行的分類，而后兩類主要是從考查內(nèi)容上進行分類?？偨Y發(fā)現(xiàn)，中考完形填空的考點經(jīng)常是考查代表任務態(tài)度、觀點和事件發(fā)展走向的。通常情況下，同學們此部分題目的失分率相當高，要引起注意。 二、反義推理題 此類題型通常是指填空部分在語言表述上采用“否定之否定”的方式，進一步說明前后文或后文已表達的語義。例如上文表述“我欣賞自己天才的一面”，下文說“我厭惡自己_________的一面”。填空部分可以通過“欣賞”和“厭惡”兩詞反義，推知欣賞“天才”，而厭惡“平庸”。正確答案“平庸”與原文“天才”相對應。 這類題目通常以一對反義詞為線索，尋找另一對反義詞，從而推知正確的答案。通常，可以通過某條件不成立或有變化，從而推知結果相反或不同；可根據(jù)結果不同，從而推知原因不同；也可根據(jù)選擇A，從而推知不能選擇與A相反或相對的事物等等?？傊@類題型解題關鍵就是找出反義的對應詞。 三、進一步推理 進一步推理主要指根據(jù)上下文所提供的故事線索和已經(jīng)發(fā)生的故事脈絡，按照因果關系或常識等推斷故事走向的題目。如上文說“奶奶給我?guī)酌涝?，后文說“奶奶對我說，拿著_________去給需要的人買東西?！笨赏浦?，空格處是拿著錢去買東西。 此類題目數(shù)量最多，難度不一，相對比較復雜。有時是依據(jù)常識進行推理，大部分還是要根據(jù)上下文流露出的字里行間的語義進行合理推斷。 四、情感推理 此類題目主要是指通過上下文線索，推斷文章中人物的情感狀況和情緒變化的一類題目。情感通常是指喜、怒、哀、樂等各種情緒。 情感推理題是從完形填空考查內(nèi)容的角度進行分類。情感推理題的難點在于對各類不同情感的辨析，了解相近情感的差異。這類題目出現(xiàn)的頻率相當高，并且同學們的失分率也相對較高。 五、態(tài)度推理 此類題目主要是指通過上下文線索，合理地推斷文章中人物的態(tài)度及其變化。態(tài)度通常是指同意與否、喜歡與否、肯定與否、判斷和評價類等觀點性題目。從詞性角度分析，態(tài)度推理題主要考查動詞和形容詞。 三點剖析 考點：邏輯推理是中考完形填空考查的重中之重。因為中考考查的重點集中在語言知識和語言能力的理解運用上。完形填空正是檢驗學生們對于文章故事情節(jié)理解、判斷、推測的能力。在中考完形填空中，邏輯推理題大概占到60%~80%的比例，在北京等一些地區(qū)所占的比例會更高。隨著邏輯推理所占比重的增加，完形填空的整體難度也隨之不斷提高。 題模精選 題模一：反義推理題 例2.1.1Seasick means SICK BY THE MOVEMENT ON THE SEA．When you are homesick, the only place you want to be is at home. When you are seasick, _________ you want to be is at sea. A．the first place B．the last place C．the only place D．the safe place 例2.1.2Animals behavior scientists want to learn how animal behave in their wild homes. When animals live in cages or in zoos, they do not act the same as they do when they are _________. A．happy B．free C．sad D．a(chǎn)ngry 題模二：進一步推理題 例2.2.1On my way home I knocked into a stranger as he passed by. “Oh, I’m terribly sorry,” I said. “That’s all right. Please excuse me too; I wasn’t even ____1____ you. I wish I didn’t hurt you.” We were very ____2____. We said good-bye and went on our way. But at home we often ____3____ our loved ones in a different way. 1. A．saving B．helping C．calling D．noticing 2. A．sad B．a(chǎn)ngry C．polite D．proud 3. A．help B．treat C．criticize D．encourage 例2.2.2“I’ll do anything to get a good photo,” he often said. “I’ll go anywhere at any time, even if it is _________.” And he told the truth. He had photos of earthquakes, forest fires, floods and even wars. A．dangerous B．natural C．convenient D．impossible 題模三：情感推理題 例2.3.1Then he saw the rest of his family were still in the car--- in the water. He took a big breath and swam back to save first Mac, and then Rosie. Christopher, from England, said, “I didn’t think about it and only knew I had to get them out. I was _________, but it was all happening so fast, and I didn’t really think about the danger.” A．hurried B．frightened C．expected D．tired 例2.3.2A．young boy ran up to me, out of breath. He stood right before me with his head down and said _________, “Look what I found!” In his hand was a flower. A．sadly B．strictly C．a(chǎn)ngrily D．excitedly 題模四：態(tài)度推理題 例2.4.1Back home, I told Alice, “It’s time to answer your question.” I put one apple of each kind on the table. Then I looked at Alice, who had a _________ look on her face. “People all like apples. They e in all different colors, shapes and sizes. Some of the apples may not even look as the others.” As I was talking, Alice was examining each one carefully. A．worried B．confident C．proud D．strange 例2.4.2After he graduated, the famous inventor Thomas Edison asked him to work in his lab but George _________. He had other plans. He started an agricultural organization for black students in Alabama. A．a(chǎn)ccepted B．refused C．understood D．cared 隨堂練習 隨練2.1It was Friday. The football game was Saturday and we were very excited. My brother was going to be the quarterback（美式足球進攻組織者）for our team. It was the first he would be in that ____1____. He had been hoping to be the quarterback ever since he joined the team. He said, “That’s the big job. That’s the one that makes the big difference”. My mother said, “____2____, son. That’s the big target, too. You know the other ____3____ want to knock you down. You can get hurt.” “Don’t worry, I’m so ____4____ and I’m fast. Besides, I have great players who will ____5____ them from ing at me.” my brother said. I couldn’t ____6____ well the whole night. I worried about my brother. My mother was ____7____ ---he could get hurt. The next morning, he ____8____ early to get to the game. When we got there, it was about to start. The ____9____ ran out on the field. My brother looked great. He saw us and ____10____. Then it started. They were playing hard. One player in particular from the other team kept ____11____ at him. Then it happened. He knocked my brother down. My brother was slow to get up. My mother was screaming（尖叫）.The coach ran out on the field. He told my brother to ____12____ some time on the bench. He was afraid he had been hurt. My mother ran down to ____13____ on my brother. But all he did was a smile. “It’s just a bruise（瘀傷）. I’m fine. And don’t worry, I’ll be back. This is ____14____. I love leading the team.” After that game, my brother plays quarterback every Saturday. But my mother is still ____15____. She can’t go to the games. She just waits at home and hopes to see him walking in smiling. 隨練2.2It is important to have positive feelings in our daily life. pared ____1____ some unhappy people, those who are always pleased and relaxed are less likely to suffer from colds, ____2____ a new study. The researchers from New York University said, “____3____ helps the body prevent diseases.” “It seems that positive feelings may reduce the ____4____ of illness,” said the chief researcher Sheldon Cohen. In an earlier study, Cohen found that people who were ____5____ caught colds less often. And they seldom t old their doctors that they felt ____6____. In this study, Cohen’s team interviewed 193 adults every day for two weeks. In this ____7____, the people told researchers about ____8____ happy or sad feelings that day. Two weeks later, all of them were made to catch colds by doctors, and they had to stay ____9____ in a room for six days. The results ____10____ that each in the study was equal to fall i ll. ____11____ people who were lively and relaxed said they felt happy during the research. Their illnesses were less serious and lasted for a ____12____ time. Cohen believes that ____13____ people have positive feelings, their body may produce a kind of chemical that helps to ____14____ illnesses. So if you ____15____ your health, please look on the bright side and make yourself happy all the time 隨練2.3The first note I ever wrote for my mother said “Hi, Mom! Have a nice day! Love, Marie! ”. I was twelve when I wrote it, and I folded the ____1____ into her change purse. My mother worked as a cleaner in a clothing factory. I knew that when she ____2____ meals in the dining hall, she would have to look for change in her purse. I didnt know that she would ____3____ that note, and always carry it with her. From the day that I ____4____ folded the small piece of paper into my mothers change purse, she and I left each other ____5____ notes. They would be put in the fridge, under a lamp, or beside the TV set. I ____6____ found one hidden in my shoe. From the outside, our notes may have been general ____7____ of our days, ideas and wishes. But to my mother and ____8____, they were a lifeline-a munication with each other that no one else ____9____. On October 20, xx, my mother died after a long illness. I stood near her bed, ____10____ her hand. I didnt cry the day my mom died, ____11____ I didnt cry a week later when I went to collect her things. I was so thankful that she no longer had aches and ____12____. Recently, I found a note that my mom. had ____13____ me．It had been hidden in the ____14____ of my favorite childhood book for years. It read “Dear Marie, I love you always. Miss you a lot. Dont forget me. Be ____15____! Love, Mom” That day, I cried. 答案解析 邏輯推理 題模精選 題模一：反義推理題 例2.1.1 【答案】B 【解析】考查了反義推理。本題把“homesick”與“seasick”相對照。在homesick的情況下“the only place you want to be is at home”，反義推理可知homesick時，sea是“最不想呆的地方”。故選B。 例2.1.2 【答案】B 【解析】考查學生反義推理。該空前半句“When animals live in cages or in zoos”，表示“不自由”，由后文“do not act the same”可推知填空處與前文相反，表示“自由的”。故選B。 題模二：進一步推理題 例2.2.1 【答案】DCB 【解析】1. 考查進一步推理。前文提到“On my way home I knocked into a stranger as he passed by”，后文第1空給出了“撞到”的原因。根據(jù)常識可推知是沒“注意到”。故選D。 2. 考查進一步推理。后文“Oh, I’m terribly sorry,”I said.”“That’s all right. Please excuse me too...”到此為止兩個人說話都很客氣，可以推知第2空答案應該是“polite”有禮貌的。故選C。 3. 考查進一步推理。But表示轉折，可推知下文描述的是“同樣的狀況，不一樣的態(tài)度”。第3空選項help幫助，treat對待，criticize批評，encourage鼓勵。只有treat表示雙方相互之間的態(tài)度，符合語義。故選B。 例2.2.2 【答案】A 【解析】考查進一步推理。后文提到“He had photos of earthquakes, forest fires, floods and even wars.”，描寫的都是非常危險的時刻，可推知該空表示“危險”。故選A。 題模三：情感推理題 例2.3.1 【答案】B 【解析】考查情感推理。后文“... but it was all happening so fast, and I didn’t really think about the danger”說明事情發(fā)生的非常突然，盡管我的情緒是負面的，感到非常害怕，但為了救人，顧不得考慮其中的危險。故選B。 例2.3.2 【答案】D 【解析】考查情感推理。由前文“ran up to me, out of breath”和后文小男孩的話“Look what I found”可推知小男孩迫不及待地想跟作者分享新的收獲，情感是正面積極的。故選D。 題模四：態(tài)度推理題 例2.4.1 【答案】D 【解析】考查態(tài)度推理。根據(jù)后文愛麗絲聽我說話時的表現(xiàn)“Alice was examining each one carefully”可推知愛麗絲不明白我要做什么，對我把蘋果擺在那里的舉動感到很奇怪。故選D。 例2.4.2 【答案】B 【解析】考查態(tài)度推理。前文提到“the famous inventor Thomas Edison asked him to work in his lab”，后文but表示轉折，可推知他對此事的態(tài)度是否定的，沒有接受這個工作。故選B。 隨堂練習 隨練2.1 【答案】DCBDA CACBC DABCC 【解析】本文講述了作者的哥哥是他們團隊的四分衛(wèi)。這是他第一次在那個位置上。自從他加入球隊，他一直希望能當四分衛(wèi)。他的媽媽擔心他會受傷。比賽開始后另一隊的一個球員撞倒了他。但他所做的只是一個微笑。 1.考查名詞及語境理解。game“比賽”，list“清單”，show“表演”，place“位置，地方”根據(jù)上下句的quarterback（美式足球進攻組織者），可以知道是第一次打這個位置，故選D。 2.考查短語及語境理解。go ahead“進行，先行一步”，take it easy“放松”，be careful“小心”，well done“做得好”。根據(jù)上下文可知，媽媽讓哥哥要小心一點，故選C。 3.題考查名詞及語境理解。parents“父母親”，player“球員”，fans“粉絲”，stranger“陌生人”，根據(jù)上下文可知，是指“其他的球員想要擊倒你”，故選B。 4.考查形容詞及語境理解。handsome“帥氣的”，healthy“健康的”，brave“勇敢的”，strong“強壯的”，由上下文可知哥哥認為自己是強壯的并且速度很快。故選D。 5.考查動詞及語境理解。stop“阻止，停止”，help“幫助”，protect“保護”，hide“隱藏”，根據(jù)上下文可知，哥哥是指自己有一群隊友將會幫助他阻止對方球員靠近他。故選A。 6.考查動詞及語境理解。behave“表現(xiàn)”，play“玩，踢（足球）”，sleep“睡覺”，dream“做夢，夢想”，根據(jù)上下文，作者因為擔心哥哥，所以無法睡好。故選C。 7.考查形容詞及語境理解。right“對的”，sad“悲傷的”，angry“生氣的”，excited“興奮的”，由上下文可知，作者想要表達媽媽是對的，故選A。 8.考查動詞及語境理解。rest“休息”，exercise“鍛煉”，left“離開”，return“返回，歸還”，根據(jù)上下文，哥哥是很早離開家去參加比賽，故選C。 9.考查名詞及語境理解。family“家人”，team“隊友，團隊”，coach“教練”，crowd“群眾”，根據(jù)文章可知我看到的是我的brother，他屬于team中一員。故選B。 10.考查動詞及語境理解。laugh“大笑”，nod“點頭”，great“問候”，cheer“歡呼”。通過文章可知這里是問候，故選C。 11.考查動詞及語境理解。point“指著”，shout“大聲叫喊”，look“看”，rush“沖向”，通過下文可知，把哥哥撞倒，應該是“沖向”，故選D。 12.考查固定搭配及語境理解?；c時間在長椅上休息一會兒，花時間take some time; waste some time浪費時間；save some time節(jié)約時間；kill some time打發(fā)時間。故選A。 13.考查固定搭配及語境理解。句意：媽媽沖下去檢查哥哥的傷勢，檢查check on。故選B。 14.形容詞辨析及語境理解。從哥哥后面的話說，他喜歡帶領這個團隊可以看出，哥哥現(xiàn)在的感覺是great。故選C。 15.考查形容詞及語境理解。根據(jù)文章：那場比賽之后，哥哥依舊是足球隊的組織者，但是母親依舊很擔心他，答案為anxious。故選C。 隨練2.2 【答案】BDADC BCBAD ACDBA 【解析】在我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪?，擁有積極的情緒很重要。研究表明，活躍、快樂的人不容易生病，就是生病了也不嚴重，持續(xù)的時間也短。因此，如果你關心自己的健康，請看到事物陽光的一面，每天開心吧。 1.考查介詞及語境理解。pare A．to B，把A比作B，把A與B作比較（之比較兩者中的相似處）；pare A．with B，把A與B作比較（比較兩者中相似和非相似處），把平時快樂的人與不快樂的人作比較，是對其相似及不相似處都做對比，用pare with，故選B。 2.考查短語介詞及語境理解。句意：根據(jù)一項新的研究。A．a(chǎn)s for至于，對于；B．because of 因為，后跟短語；C．instead of而不是，代替，后跟名詞及名詞性短語；D．a(chǎn)ccording to根據(jù)， 據(jù)……所說。根據(jù)一項新的研究，用according to。故選D。 3.考查分詞短語及語境理解。句意：高興幫助身體預防疾病。A．Being happy高興 ；B．Being careful細心；C．Being angry生氣；D．Being nervous焦慮。根據(jù)研究結果，開心放松者比不開心者少感冒，可以推測出，高興可以幫助身體抵御病魔。故選A。 4.考查名詞及語境理解。句意：好像積極的情緒可以減少疾病：A．hope希望；B．safety安全；C．freedom自由；D．danger危險。根據(jù)短文大意，可以推測出，情緒好，不易生病，可以減少生病的危險。故選D。 5.考查形容詞及語境理解。句意：在一份更早的研究中，寇恩發(fā)現(xiàn)高興的人更少得感冒。A．painful痛苦的；B．proud驕傲的；C．cheerful高興的；D．clever聰明的。短文指出心情高興的人更少生病，故選C。 6.考查形容詞及語境理解。句意：而且他們很少告訴醫(yī)生，他們感到不舒服。A．a(chǎn)ctive活躍；B．unfortable不舒服；C．scared害怕；D．fortable舒服。根據(jù)語境，很少說出“消極”的詞，告訴醫(yī)生，可以推測出是不舒服：unfortable。故選B。 7.考查介詞及語境理解。句意：寇恩的小組對193位成年人兩周內(nèi)每天采訪，在這期間，人們給研究員講述那一天他們高興或悲傷的感受。A．moment片刻；B．field領域；C．period期間；D．times時代。在那兩周里，在那個期間里，用period。故選C。 8.考查代詞及語境理解。句意：在這期間，人們給研究員講述那一天他們高興或悲傷的感受。A．themselves他們自己，反身代詞；B．their他們的，形容詞性物主代詞，后跟被修飾的名詞；C．its 它的，指動物或事物；D．theirs他們的，名詞性物主代詞，后不跟被修飾詞。本句后跟了“feelings”，用形容詞性物主代詞their。故選B。 9.考查副詞及語境理解。句意：兩周后，所有人都因為醫(yī)生而得了感冒，并且他們不得不在一個房間里呆六天。A．a(chǎn)lone單獨地；B．hardly幾乎不；C．lonely孤獨地；D．brave勇敢的。因為得了感冒，不得不單獨留在房間里，單獨：alone。故選A。 10.考查動詞及語境理解。句意：結果表明研究中的每個人都同樣生病了。A．expected期待，預料；B．reminded提醒；C．a(chǎn)greed同意 ，贊同；D．showed出示，顯示。研究結果顯示出，每人都生病了。故選D。 11.考查連詞及語境理解。句意：但是有活力的輕松的人們在研究中會感到快樂。大家都生病了，但是輕松有活力的人們感到快樂，表示含義轉折，用but。故選A。 12.考查形容詞及語境理解。句意：他們的病不嚴重，而且持續(xù)了較短的時間。A．longer更長的；B．fewer更少的，修飾可數(shù)名詞；C．shorter更短的；D．more更多的。根據(jù)語境和短文含義，心態(tài)好的人們不易生病，生病也不嚴重，病的持續(xù)時間較短。故選C。 13.考查關系詞及語境理解。當……情緒積極時，就有一種可以幫助戰(zhàn)勝疾病的化學藥品產(chǎn)生于體內(nèi)。表示時間，故選D。 14.考查動詞及語境理解。句意：當人們有積極的情緒時，他們的身體內(nèi)會產(chǎn)生一種戰(zhàn)勝疾病的化學藥品。A．a(chǎn)fford負擔得起；B．fight戰(zhàn)斗；C．cost花費；D．support支持。產(chǎn)生一種可以與疾病作戰(zhàn)的化學藥品，故選B．。 15.考查動詞短語及語境理解。句意：所以，如果你關心你的健康，請看事物光明的一面并且使自己永遠快樂。A．care about關心，關注；B．look for尋找；C．pick up拾起，撿起；D．get over戰(zhàn)勝，克服。對自己的健康“關心”：care about。故選A。 隨練2.3 【答案】ACBAC CDBAD ABDCB 【解析】本文敘述了作者和她的媽媽之間一直用便條進行交流，這也是她們之間的秘密，她們彼此之間都互相祝福和鼓勵，生活中充滿了樂趣。 1.考查名詞及語境的理解。句意：我把便條折疊好放進了她的零錢包里。這里根據(jù)The first note I ever wrote for my mother可知，是作者第一次給媽媽寫的便條。故選A。 2.考查動詞及語境的理解。句意：我知道當她在餐廳買飯的時候，她用在錢包里的零錢。根據(jù)she would have to look for change in her purse可知，用錢當然是買飯。故選C。 3.考查動詞及語境的理解。句意：我不知道她總是保存便條，并且隨身帶著它。根據(jù)always carry it with her可知，能隨身攜帶，當然是保存著這張便條。故選B。 4.考查副詞及語境的理解。句意：從那天起，我就仔細地折疊小紙片放進媽媽的錢包。根據(jù)she and I left each other _________ notes.可知，作者和她的媽媽寫的這些便條是她們之間的秘密，所以作者每次疊紙條的時候都非常地認真。故選A。 5.考查形容詞及語境的理解。句意：我和她彼此留有這個秘密。根據(jù)I _________ found one hidden in my shoe.可知，作者和她的媽媽之間的便條成了她們之間的秘密。故選C。 6.考查副詞及語境的理解。句意：我甚至發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個藏在我鞋里的便條。根據(jù)They would be put in the fridge，under a lamp，or beside the TV set可知，這里敘述的是便條一般放的地方。所以這里空格處應該是甚至，故選C。 7.考查名詞及語境的理解。A．programs程序；B．courses課程；C．excuses借口；D．records記錄。句意：從表面外，我們的便條是我們的日子、想法和希望的記錄。根據(jù)of our days，ideas and wishes.可知，這里指的是便條的內(nèi)容。故選D。 8.考查代詞及語境的理解。句意：對于我和我的媽媽來說，這些便條是我們的生命，也是我們之間彼此交流的方式，是不可以和其他的人所分享的。這里and連接的是兩個并列的成分，都作介詞to的賓語，所以用賓格，根據(jù)上文一直提到的是作者，所以用賓格me。故選B。 9.考查動詞及語境的理解。句意：對于我和我的媽媽來說，這些便條是我們的生命，也是我們之間彼此交流的方式，是不可以和其他的人所分享的。根據(jù)she and I left each other _________ notes.可知，這是兩人之間的秘密，所以是不能與其他的人分享的，故選A。 10.考查動詞及語境的理解。句意：我站在床邊，抓著她的手。根據(jù)my mother died after a long illness可知，媽媽去世，作者拉著媽媽的手。故選D。 11.考查連詞及語境的理解。句意：我媽媽去世的時候我沒有哭，并且在一周后當我整理她的東西的時候，我還是沒有哭。從空格前后的句意來看，前后敘述的都是作者沒有哭。故選A。 12.考查名詞及語境的理解。句意：我很感謝她不會再有疼痛和痛苦了。根據(jù)she no longer had aches可知，疼痛和痛苦是并列的，故選B。 13.考查動詞及語境的理解。句意：我發(fā)現(xiàn)了媽媽留給我的一張便條。這里根據(jù)上文可知作者和她的媽媽之間一直有便條來交流。故選D。 14.考查名詞及語境的理解。句意：這些年它一直藏在我最喜歡的兒童書里。根據(jù)favorite childhood book可知，是在書里面夾著一張便條，故選C。 15.考查形容詞及語境的理解。句意：不要忘了我，高興點。根據(jù)常識推知，媽媽當然愿意讓自己的孩子高興點，故選B。