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2019-2020年高考英語二輪復習 專題整合突破七 情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣 七、情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣 真題試做 1．(xx山東高考，30)If we ______ adequate preparations, the conference wouldnt have been so successful. A．havent made　　　 B．wouldnt make C．didnt make D．hadnt made 2．(xx山東高考，25)I ______ have watched that movie—itll give me horrible dreams. A．shouldnt B．neednt C．couldnt D．mustnt 3．(xx山東高考，24)Thank you for all your hard work last week.I dont think we ______ it without you. A．can manage B．could have managed C．could manage D．can have managed 考向分析 1．考查情態(tài)動詞的基本意義和用法，特別是can，may，must，need，shall，should，had better，would rather等。要求把握情態(tài)動詞的語法特征和語義特征，區(qū)別意義相近、用法類似的情態(tài)動詞。 2．考查情態(tài)動詞表示推測、允諾、請求、判斷的用法，尤其是can，could，may，might，must表示推測的用法。要求準確把握說話者的語氣，深刻體會說話者的情感態(tài)度，結合情景做出合理選擇。 3．考查“情態(tài)動詞＋have done”結構的用法。要求掌握該結構中不同的情態(tài)動詞所表達的特殊意義。 4．考查虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法。要求掌握與現(xiàn)在、過去、將來三個不同時間的事實相反的虛擬語氣，以及省略if的虛擬倒裝句。 5．考查虛擬語氣在隱含的虛擬條件和錯綜時間條件句中的用法。要求識別由一些介詞或連詞提供的虛擬條件，明確主句和條件狀語從句謂語所發(fā)生的不同時間。 6．考查虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的用法，注意在這些固定句型中謂語所使用的形式。 熱點例析 考點一：can/could與be able to 1．can/could用來表示“一般能力”；be able to有多種時態(tài)，且用來表示在特定條件下的“具體能力”。如： My grandma is over seventy，but she can still read without glasses. They will be able to tell you the news soon. He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. 2．表示允許可用can或could，與may/might意義接近。could可用于現(xiàn)在時，只是語氣更加委婉、客氣，回答時則一般要用can而不用could。 —Could I have the television on? —Yes，you can./ No，you cant. 【典例分析】 (xx全國高考Ⅱ，17)Im going to Europe on vacation together with John if I ______ find the money. A．can　　　　　　　 B．might C．would D．need 答案為A項。can意為“能夠”；might意為“可能”；would意為“愿意”；need意為“需要”。句意：如果我能找到那筆錢，我打算和約翰一起去歐洲度假。 (xx陜西高考，23)I ______ thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home. A．wont B．cant C．can D．will 答案為B項。句意：我們不在家期間，你對我兒子的幫助我感激不盡。can not 或can never 與too much 連用表示“再……也不過分”。故選B項。 考點二：may與might 1．表示允許，意為“可以，許可”，用法基本上同can與could。如： May I use your bicycle? 2．表示可能性，意為“也許，可能”。 如： According to the weather forecast，it may rain tomorrow. 3．may可以放在句首，表示祝愿。如： May good luck be yours! 【典例分析】 (xx四川高考，19)I got close enough to hear them speaking Chinese，and I said “Ni Hao，”just as I______do in China. A．must B．might C．can D．should 答案為B項。must意為“必須，偏要”；might意為“可能”；can意為“能夠，可以”；should意為“應該”。句意：我走得近些，聽見了他們說漢語。因此我就像在中國可能打招呼的方式一樣，說了聲“你好”。 考點三：must與have to 1．must用來表示說話人的主觀看法；have to表示客觀的需要，強調外界壓力，不得已而為之。 如： He said that they must work hard.他說他們必須努力工作。(主觀上要做這件事) My brother was ill，so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟生病了，我只得半夜里把醫(yī)生請來。(客觀上需要做這件事) 2．表示“不必”，須用dont have to或neednt。must的否定式表示“禁止，絕對不可”。 如： You dont have to tell him about it.你不必告訴他那件事。 You mustnt tell him about it.你絕不能告訴他那件事。 — Must we do it now？我們必須現(xiàn)在做嗎？ — No，you neednt.不，你們不必。 【典例分析】 (xx課標全國高考，30)I ______use a clock to wake me up because at six oclock each morning the train es by my house. A．couldnt B．mustnt C．shouldnt D．neednt 答案為D項。A項意為“不能夠，不可以”；B項意為“禁止，絕對不可”；C項意為“不應該”；D項意為“不必，不需要”。根據(jù)句意判斷應選D項，句意：我不必要使用鬧鐘把我叫醒，因為每天早晨六點鐘火車都要從我房子旁經過。 考點四：shall 1．用于第一、第三人稱的疑問句中，用來征求對方的意見或請求指示。如： What shall he do next? 他下一步干什么呢？ 2．用于第二、第三人稱的陳述句中，表示說話人的意愿，有“命令、警告、允諾、威脅、強制”等意思。如： He shall stay in bed.他必須躺在床上。 You shall have it back next week.下周一定還你。 He says he wont go，but I say he shall.他說他不去，但我說他必須去。 【典例分析】 (xx遼寧高考，24)One of our rules is that every student ______ wear school uniform while at school. A．might B．could C．shall D．will 答案為C項。句意：我們有一項規(guī)定，每位學生在校期間都要穿校服。shall可用于第三人稱的陳述句中，表示按照法律、條文、規(guī)定必須要做的事情，含有強制的意味。 考點五：will與would 1．will 用于各種人稱，表示“意志、意愿”或“決心”等。如： If you will keep your watch half an hour slow，it is hardly surprising that you are late for your appointments. 如果你想要讓你的表慢半個小時，你約會時遲到就不足為怪了。 2．will表示習慣性的動作，有“總是，慣于”的含義。如： An Englishman will usually show you the way in the street.英國人通常是會在街上給你指路的。 3．would可表示過去反復發(fā)生的動作。如： On Sundays he would get up early and go fishing.星期天他總是早起去釣魚。 【典例分析】 (xx江蘇高考，28)Days later，my brother called to say he was all right，but ______ say where he was. A．mustnt B．shouldnt C．wouldnt D．mightnt 答案為C項。mustnt意為“禁止；絕對不可”；shouldnt意為“不應該”；wouldnt意為“不愿意；不想”；mightnt意為“可能不；也許不”。句意：幾天后，我弟弟打電話說他很好，但是就是不說他在哪里。 考點六：should與ought to 1．should表示“建議”或“勸告”，有“應該”之意。如： You should learn from each other. 2．ought to表示根據(jù)某種義務或必要“應當”做某事。如： Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations. 3．should和ought to也可用來表示推測，意為“想必會……”。如： — When can I e for the photos？I need them tomorrow afternoon. — They should be ready by 12：00. 【典例分析】 What do you mean，there are only ten tickets？There ______ be twelve. A．should B．would C．will D．shall 答案為A項。由前句“你說什么，只有10張票？”可見說話者感到吃驚，由此判斷下句話的意思是“應該”有12張票。should表示“應該”，符合句意。 考點七：情態(tài)動詞表示推測 1．肯定句中用must(一定，很可能)，may(可能)，might/could(也許，或許)表示推測。表示對當前行為、情況或狀態(tài)的推測，用must/may/might/could＋do/be句型；表示對此時此刻正在進行的動作的推測，用must/may/might/could＋be doing句型；表示對過去發(fā)生的事情的推測，用must/may/might/could＋have done/been句型。如： I always meet him in the street.He must/may/might/could live quite near here. There is still light in his room.He must/may/might/could be studying at this time. I didnt hear the phone.I must have been asleep. 2．否定句中用can/could或may/might表示推測。如： Though he is busy，he cant/may not refuse your invitation because you are good friends. The room cant have been cleaned by Li Ping，because she left here half a year ago. 3．疑問句中常用can/could表示推測。如： — Can he be English? — No.He cant be English.He must be American. The dictionary has disappeared.Who could have taken it? 【典例分析】 (xx江蘇高考，34)—I left my handbag on the train，but luckily someone gave it to a railway official. —How unbelievable to get it back！I mean，someone ______ it. A．will have stolen B．might have stolen C．should have stolen D．must have stolen 答案為B項。句意：——我把我的手提包掉在火車上了。但幸運的是，有人撿到后交給了一位鐵路人員?！Ф鴱偷?，簡直難以置信！我是說，本來可能有人會偷了去。will have done sth.為將來完成時；might have done sth.意為“有可能做過某事”，表示對過去的推測，語氣較弱；should have done sth.意為“本應該做某事(而實際沒做)”；must have done sth.意為“一定做過某事”，表示對過去事情的肯定推測，語氣肯定。根據(jù)語境和語氣判斷應選B項，might have stolen表示“有可能偷了去”，語氣比較婉轉或不肯定。 考點八：“情態(tài)動詞＋have done”結構 1．must have done sth.用來表示對過去的肯定推測。如： Since the road is wet，it must have rained last night. 2．should/ought to have done sth.表示“(過去)本應該做某事(而實際上未做)”，一般含有責備的意味。如： You should have e here a little earlier. 3．could have done sth.表示“(過去)本能夠、本可以做某事(而實際上未做)”，一般也含有責備意味。如： Given more time，he could have done it better. 4．need not have done sth.表示“(過去)本不必、無需做某事(而已做)”。如： You neednt have e last night. 【典例分析】 (xx江蘇高考，35)—Happy birthday! —Thank you！Its the best present I ______for. A．should have wished B．must have wished C．may have wished D．could have wished 答案為D項。should have done意為“本應該做”；must have done意為“一定做過”；may have done意為“可能做過”；could have done意為“本能夠做，本可以做”。根據(jù)句意判斷應選D項，表示“這是我所能期望得到的最好的禮物了”。 (xx江西高考，22)We ______ have bought so much food now that Suzie wont be with us for dinner. A．may not B．neednt C．cant D．mustnt 答案為B項。句意：既然Suzie不與我們一起吃晚飯，我們原本不必買那么多食物。neednt have done表示原本不必要做某事，但事實上已經做了。 考點九：虛擬語氣在虛擬條件句中的用法 虛擬情況 從句謂語 主句謂語 例句 與現(xiàn)在事 實相反 過去式 (be用were) would/should/could/might do If he were here，he might be able to help.What would you do if you were in his place？ 與過去事 實相反 had done would/should/could/might have done If I had started a little earlier，I would have caught the train. I could have done it better if I had been more careful. 與將來事 實相反 過去式/ were to do/ should do would/should/could/might do If I were to do it，I would do it in a different way. I would certainly go if I had time. 1.在具體運用中，條件從句中有時可省略if而采用倒裝結構。如： Had it not been for your help，we wouldnt have achieved so much. 2．介詞without/but for、連詞but、副詞otherwise常用來表示某種假設條件。如： I wouldnt have made such rapid progress without your help. 3．有時候從句動作和主句動作發(fā)生的時間不一致，這時謂語動詞的形式要根據(jù)各自的時間來調整。如： If the weather had been more favourable，the crops would be growing still better. 【典例分析】 (xx湖南高考，29)Sorry，I am too busy now.If I ______ time，I would certainly go for an outing with you. A．have had B．had had C．have D．had 答案為D項。句意：很抱歉，我現(xiàn)在很忙。要是我有時間，一定會與你去遠足的。根據(jù)句意可知，此處表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬語氣，條件句中謂語動詞要用過去時。 (xx浙江高考，19)Had they known what was ing next，they ______ second thoughts. A．may have B．could have C．must have had D．might have had 答案為D項。句意：如果他們知道接下來會發(fā)生什么，他們可能就會再三考慮了。該題前半句為省略了if而構成倒裝的虛擬條件句，與過去事實相反，所以主句應用would / should / could / might have done的形式。 (xx安徽高考，31)Grace doesnt want to move to New York because she thinks if she ______ there，she wouldnt be able to see her parents very often. A．lives B．would live C．has lived D．were to live 答案為D項。句意：格雷斯不想搬到紐約去，因為她認為如果她住在那兒的話，就不能經常見到父母了。由句意可知，這是對將來事情的虛擬，所以條件句中可以用過去式 / were to do或should do的形式。 考點十：虛擬語氣在名詞從句中的用法 1．在wish后面的賓語從句中用虛擬語氣，從句謂語向前推一個時態(tài)。如： I failed in the exam.I really wish I had known the answers. 在it is wished that引導的主語從句以及名詞wish后面的表語從句、同位語從句中也要用虛擬語氣，謂語的形式同wish后面賓語從句的形式。如： It is wished that man could fly freely in the sky. 注意：wish的時態(tài)和后面從句的時態(tài)無關。 2．在insist(堅決要求)/suggest(建議)/remend/propose/order/demand/require/request等后的賓語從句中要用虛擬語氣，從句謂語用(should) do的形式。如： He suggested that we (should) start at once. 在it is suggested/proposed that引導的主語從句以及名詞insistence/suggestion/ proposal/order/demand等后面的表語從句、同位語從句中也要用虛擬語氣，謂語的形式同這些名詞相應的動詞后面賓語從句的形式。如： Their proposal is that their output (should) be increased by 20%. 3．在it is necessary/important/possible/strange/no wonder/a pity/a shame等后面的主語從句中要用虛擬語氣，謂語用(should) do 的形式。如： It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. 4．在it is time that后面的從句中用虛擬語氣，謂語用過去式或should do的形式，should不可省略。 It is time that we went / should go to bed. 5．在as if / as though后面的從句中也常用虛擬語氣。 She always talks to me as if she were my sister. 【典例分析】 (xx遼寧高考，33)Jack is a great talker.Its high time that he ______ something instead of just talking. A．will do B．has done C．do D．did 答案為D項。句意：杰克是個空談家。到了他做點事而不是夸夸其談的時候了。it is high time后面的從句中要用虛擬語氣，其謂語動詞多用一般過去時，或should do的形式，should 不能省略，故只有D項正確。 (xx北京高考，35)Dont handle the vase as if it ______ made of steel. A．is B．were C．has been D．had been 答案為B項。在as if 引導的條件句中應用虛擬語氣，表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反時用一般過去時，而且不論第幾人稱，be動詞都用were。句意：不要對待那些花瓶好像他們是由鋼制成似的。 誤區(qū)警示 1．情態(tài)動詞基本用法的易錯點 (xx重慶高考，25)— ______ you interrupt now？Cant you see Im on the phone? — Sorry Sir，but its urgent. A．Can B．Should C．Must D．Would 【錯混透析】C　must可表示與說話者主觀愿望相反或表示一種不耐煩情緒，意為“偏要，偏偏”，根據(jù)語境可知說話者正忙著打電話，不滿意對方的打攪，所以選C項。句意：——你現(xiàn)在偏要打攪我嗎？難道你沒看見我正在打電話嗎？——對不起，先生。但是有急事。can表示“能夠，可能”；should表示“應該”；would表示“將要，愿意”。均不合題意。 【解題指導】 對于考查情態(tài)動詞基本用法的題目，首先要掌握各選項的基本意義和用法，其次要注意結合情景特征，體會說話者的語氣和態(tài)度，不要放過任何細節(jié)，利用有效信息，作出最佳選擇。 2．情態(tài)動詞表示推測的易錯點 (xx江西高考，23)It ______ be the postman at the door.Its only six oclock. A．mustnt B．cant C．wont D．neednt 【錯混透析】 B　mustnt“不許，不可以”，表示禁止；cant“不可能”；wont“將不會”；neednt“不需要”。后一句表明現(xiàn)在時間僅僅是六點，only一詞肯定語氣強烈，所以選B項表示否定的推測，這么早絕不可能是郵遞員。 【解題指導】 遇到考查情態(tài)動詞表示推測的題目，可通過三步作出判斷。首先看是肯定句、否定句還是疑問句?？隙ň渲幸话阌胢ust/may/might；否定句和疑問句中一般用can/could。然后看是對什么時間的推測：表示對現(xiàn)在的推測用“情態(tài)動詞＋do”，表示對過去的推測用“情態(tài)動詞＋have done”。最后看句子語氣的肯定程度，must(十分肯定)＞may(不太肯定)＞could/might(可能性較小)。 3．“情態(tài)動詞＋have done”結構的易錯點 (xx北京高考，33)We ______ the difficulty together，but why didnt you tell me? A．should face B．might face C．could have faced D．must have faced 【錯混透析】C　句意：我們本可以一起面對困難的，但是你為什么不告訴我？could have done意為“(過去)本可以做某事(但實際上沒做)”；should do意為“(現(xiàn)在)應該做”；might do意為“可能做某事”，must have done意為“(過去)一定做過某事”。根據(jù)句意判斷應選C項。由于忽視后面句子的時間，該題易誤選A項。 【解題指導】 “情態(tài)動詞＋have done”結構是高考中經?？疾榈膬热?。要分清不同的情態(tài)動詞所構成的結構表達的不同含義。 (1)must have done表示“過去一定做過某事”。 (2)may/might have done表示“過去也許做過某事”。 (3)should/ought to have done表示“過去本應該做某事(而實際上未做)”。 (4)could have done表示“(過去)本能夠做某事(而實際上未做)”。 (5)need not have done表示“(過去)本不必、無需做某事(而已做)”。 4．隱含虛擬條件中虛擬語氣的易錯點 (xx陜西高考，22)I ______ through that bitter period without your generous help. A．couldnt have gone B．didnt go C．wouldnt go D．hadnt gone 【錯混透析】 A　句意：如果沒有你們的慷慨相助，我不可能度過那段艱辛的歲月。without...表示該句應用與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣，應用would/could/should/might＋have done，故選A項。 【解題指導】虛擬語氣的題目有時并不出現(xiàn)if條件句，而是通過without/but for/or/otherwise等暗示虛擬的語境。 5．固定句型中虛擬語氣的易錯點 (xx北京高考，28)—Where are the children？The dinners going to be pletely ruined. —I wish they ______ always late. A．werent B．hadnt been C．wouldnt be D．wouldnt have been 【錯混透析】 A　wish后面的賓語從句中，與現(xiàn)在事實相反時，謂語用一般過去時；與過去事實相反時，謂語用過去完成時。題干中出現(xiàn)always，從句應使用一般過去時。 【解題指導】 要想做好固定句型中虛擬語氣的題目，既要熟記這些句型，又要記住不同的句型中虛擬語氣的表達方式，即謂語用什么形式。 1．Reading without thinking is like eating without digesting.Never accept whatever is written in a book easily，for even experts ______ make mistakes. A．must　　　　　　　　　　 B．should C．will D．can 2．—I ______ thank you enough for what you have done for me. —Youre wele. A．can not B．will not C．must not D．may not 3．(xx山東棗莊期末，27) You ______ either go with her or stay at home.It all depends on yourself! A．will B．must C．should D．may 4．Doctors say that exercise is important for health，but it ______ be regular exercise. A．can B．will C．must D．may 5．(xx山東日照月考，28)— What does the sign over there say? —No person ______ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette，cigar or pipe in this area. A．will B．shall C．may D．must 6．—Im very sorry.I havent brought you the pen you lent me yesterday. —Forget it.You ______ not return it to me as I have got an extra one. A．must B．need C．can D．should 7．(xx山東濰坊壽光現(xiàn)代中學月考，23) Its said that there are plenty of hotels here.There ______ be any difficulty for you to find somewhere to stay. A．mustnt B．neednt C．wouldnt D．shouldnt 8．(xx山東桓臺二中月考，31)— John，how did your monthly exam go? —I thought I ______，but in fact I was among the top 5% of the students. A．should have failed B．couldnt have failed C．might have failed D．neednt have failed 9．(xx山東濟寧月考，24)—Mary had a traffic accident and has been sent to the hospital.Did you tell her boss about it? —Yes，but I ______ her husband first. A．should have told B．shouldnt have told C．must have told D．neednt have told 10．—The traffic is heavy now，so Mike ______ e late. —Lets wait ten more minutes. A．can B．need C．may D．shall 11．(xx山東濟寧梁山二中月考，33) If no passersby ______ a blind eye to the injured little Yueyue in Foshan，Guangdong，she ______ alive now. A．turned；would be B．had turned；would have been C．turned；would have been D．had turned；would be 12．—puters are being more and more important these years. —Yes.Without them human life ______ quite different. A．would be B．is C．will be D．would have been 13．(xx山東濱州鄒平四模，12) Do you think the football match would be put off ______ tomorrow? A．were it to rain B．would it rain C．could it rain D．had it rained 14．—Had we been more careful，the accident might not have happened. —But we ______ at that time. A．hadnt B．didnt C．werent D．might not 15．(xx山東濟南一模，12) I give him a piece of advice that he ______ a blue or grey suit to the interview. A．wears B．should wear C．wore D．will wear 參考答案 七、情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣 命題調研明晰考向 真題試做 1．D　考查虛擬語氣。在if引導的虛擬條件句中，與過去情況相反時條件句用had done的形式，主句用“情態(tài)動詞 ＋ have done”的形式。句意：如果我們沒有做好充分的準備，會議也就不會那么成功。 2．A　考查情態(tài)動詞。shouldnt have done sth.意為“本不該做某事(而實際上做了)”，表示與過去事實相反。句意：我本不應該去看那部電影—— 這會讓我做噩夢的。neednt have done sth.意為“本不必做某事(而實際上做了)”；couldnt have done sth.意為“不可能做過某事”，是對過去發(fā)生的事情的推測；must have done sth.在肯定句中表示“一定發(fā)生了某事”，但mustnt have done sth.為錯誤形式。 3．B　考查虛擬語氣。句中的介詞短語without you表示了與過去事實相反的虛擬條件，所以謂語應用could have done的形式。 創(chuàng)新模擬預測演練 1．D　must意為“必須”；should意為“應該”；will意為“愿意”；can可表示可能性，意為“也許，可能”，此處應選D項表示“甚至專家們也有可能犯錯誤”。 2．A　句意：——你為我做的一切我無論怎么感謝都不為過。——不用謝。will not “不愿意”must not “禁止”may not “或許不”。cannot...enough表示“再……也不為過”。故A項正確。 3．D　will意為“愿意”；must意為“必須”；should意為“應該”；may意為“可以，許可”。句意：你或者可以和她一起去，或者也可以待在家里。由你本人決定。 4．C　can表示“能夠，可能”；will表示“將要，愿意”；must表示“必須”；may表示“可以”。根據(jù)句意可知應選C項。 5．B　shall可用于第二、第三人稱的陳述句中，表示說話人的意愿，有“命令、警告、允諾、威脅、強制”等意思。此處表示警告。 6．B　must表示“必須”；need表示“需要”；can表示“能夠，可能”；should表示“應該”。根據(jù)句意判斷應選need，表示“你不必還我”。 7．D　mustnt意為“禁止，絕對不可”；neednt意為“不必”；wouldnt意為“不愿意”；shouldnt意為“不應該，想必不會”。第二句句意：你找到住的地方想必不會有什么困難。 8．C　A項意為“本該不及格”；B項意為“本不可能不及格”；C項意為“也許會不及格”；D項意為“本不必不及格”。根據(jù)句意判斷應選C項，與后半句在邏輯上保持一致。 9．A　should have done意為“(過去)本該做某事(而實際上沒做)”；shouldnt have done意為“(過去)本不該做某事(而實際上做了)”；must have done意為“(過去)一定是做了某事”；neednt have done意為“(過去)本不必做某事(而實際上做了)”。根據(jù)語境判斷應選A項，表示“我本該先告訴她丈夫的”。 10．C　句意：現(xiàn)在交通繁忙，所以邁克可能會遲到。那讓我們再等10分鐘吧。此處may表示“(有可能但不肯定)也許，可能”；can表示“能夠”；need表示“需要”；shall用于第二、三人稱的陳述句中，表示“警告、命令、威脅”等語氣。因此選C項。 11．D　該題的條件狀語從句與過去事實相反，所以謂語用had done的形式；主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反，謂語應用would do的形式。 12．A　該題中Without them表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬語氣，所以謂語動詞應用would be。 13．A　該題是與將來事實相反的虛擬語氣，從句中謂語應用過去式、were to do或should do的形式，此處省略了if，were提前構成了倒裝。 14．C　第一個人的話用的是與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣，第二個人用but轉折后說明那時的事實情況，應用一般過去時。 15．B　表示建議、命令、要求的suggestion，proposal，advice，order，request等名詞后面接同位語從句、表語從句、主語從句時，從句通常使用虛擬語氣，謂語用(should) do的形式。