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1、 密 級(jí) 分類(lèi)號(hào) 編 號(hào) 成 績(jī) 本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) (論文) 外文翻譯 原 文 標(biāo) 題 The construction and function of thenozzle nozzlennnozzle nozzle 譯 文 標(biāo) 題 吸嘴的構(gòu)造及功能 作者所在系別 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 作者所在專(zhuān)業(yè) 車(chē)輛工程 作者所在班級(jí) 作 者 姓 名 作 者 學(xué) 號(hào) 指導(dǎo)教師姓名 指導(dǎo)教師職稱(chēng) 講師 完 成 時(shí) 間 2017 年 3 月 北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制 譯文標(biāo)

2、題 吸嘴的構(gòu)造及功能 原文標(biāo)題 The construction and function of the nozzle 作 者 Fritz Klocke,Christian Brecher 譯 名 弗里茨、克里斯蒂安 國(guó) 籍 德國(guó) 原文出處 ScienceDirect 吸嘴是掃路車(chē)的一個(gè)重要工作裝置，它是把前方掃刷掃進(jìn)車(chē)輛中部的垃圾由地面輸送到垃圾箱體內(nèi)的一種垃圾導(dǎo)向輸送裝置。吸嘴結(jié)構(gòu)、性能的好壞直接影響到整車(chē)吸塵的效果。傳統(tǒng)吸嘴的結(jié)構(gòu)已越來(lái)越不適應(yīng)現(xiàn)在的道路條件，使用時(shí)間一長(zhǎng)，就暴露出許多缺陷。為提高掃路車(chē)清掃能力，改進(jìn)吸嘴結(jié)構(gòu)已迫在眉睫。 首先，分析

3、一下掃路車(chē)吸嘴的結(jié)構(gòu)原理。它是由四面金屬板圍成，呈扁平狀，與地面圍成具有一定容積的腔體。頂部開(kāi)口通過(guò)橡膠吸管與箱體相通，同箱體形成一個(gè)密閉倉(cāng)體，前面為垃圾吸人口。整個(gè)吸嘴體由左右側(cè)及后部的橡膠滾輪支撐，調(diào)節(jié)滾輪機(jī)構(gòu)使吸嘴底邊離地面間隙約為5—10mm。工作時(shí)，風(fēng)機(jī)不斷的抽吸，使密閉箱體處于真空狀態(tài)，這樣吸嘴的周邊就形成一定的負(fù)壓。前方由掃刷攏于車(chē)輛中部的垃圾受到真空吸力的吸引，沿著箱體通道而被收集在箱體內(nèi)。專(zhuān)用裝置停止工作時(shí)，吸嘴體通過(guò)提升機(jī)構(gòu)收到一定的高度，保證車(chē)輛運(yùn)輸行駛的安全性。因此針對(duì)吸嘴用途及使用環(huán)境，借鑒國(guó)內(nèi)外先進(jìn)掃路車(chē)吸嘴結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)傳統(tǒng)型吸嘴。 1地面不平坦時(shí)，保證吸嘴接地間除均

4、勻傳統(tǒng)吸嘴的提升機(jī)構(gòu)采用平行四邊形機(jī)構(gòu)。該機(jī)構(gòu)通過(guò)銷(xiāo)軸一端與吸嘴支耳相連，另一端與車(chē)架相連，通過(guò)鋼絲繩收放使吸嘴升降。吸嘴體通過(guò)銷(xiāo)軸可繞該機(jī)構(gòu)上下跳動(dòng)，前后左右方向無(wú)法擺動(dòng)。當(dāng)遇到地面高低不平時(shí)(如圖3)，由于吸嘴無(wú)法擺動(dòng)，隨著地面的升高，吸嘴體整體提升，而地勢(shì)低的一邊間隙就加大了，從而造成底部漏風(fēng)，吸力下降，地面無(wú)法清掃干凈。新型吸嘴就能克服這種道路條件帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題。吸嘴升降直接由油缸的伸縮來(lái)控制。油缸一端通過(guò)U形卸扣與吸嘴支耳相連，油缸為單作用缸，吸嘴放下時(shí)，活塞桿伸長(zhǎng)，腔內(nèi)無(wú)壓力，吸嘴隨路面高低而升降，油缸也會(huì)跟隨伸縮，使吸嘴不受約束。前方導(dǎo)向桿通過(guò)鉸接機(jī)構(gòu)與吸嘴相連。鉸接機(jī)構(gòu)由鉸接座和銷(xiāo)

5、軸I、銷(xiāo)軸H組成。鉸接座的兩個(gè)銷(xiāo)孔成十字交叉布置，銷(xiāo)軸I連接導(dǎo)向桿和鉸接座，銷(xiāo)軸n連接鉸座和吸嘴體。吸嘴體可繞銷(xiāo)軸I前后擺動(dòng)，繞銷(xiāo)軸n左右擺動(dòng)。當(dāng)路面高低不平時(shí)，吸嘴始終與地面保持平行，這樣離地間隙也均勻不變，風(fēng)機(jī)吸力也不受影響，同時(shí)降低對(duì)地面撞擊的噪音，提高吸嘴的耐用性。 2提商對(duì)密度大、多而厘、有粘性的垃圾的吸力沙土型垃圾比較濕，壓實(shí)后對(duì)地面具有一定的附著力，傳統(tǒng)型吸嘴需靠提高風(fēng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速才能吸干凈。新型吸嘴尾部加裝臥式掃刷(如圖Zb)就能提高清掃效率。臥式掃刷裝在吸嘴后部，由5把圓形掃刷固定在心軸上，液壓馬達(dá)帶動(dòng)心軸使掃刷高速旋轉(zhuǎn)。如果垃圾具有一定的粘性，真空吸力不足以克服垃圾對(duì)地面附著力

6、，需通過(guò)掃刷的滾動(dòng)，使垃圾揚(yáng)起，真空吸力作用面積增大。根據(jù)壓強(qiáng)、壓力公式F-尸XS壓強(qiáng)不變，作用面積加大，壓力就變大，這樣在相同的風(fēng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速下，箱內(nèi)的氣體壓強(qiáng)一致，垃圾受到的真空吸力(即壓力)就大，就容易被抽吸進(jìn)垃圾箱體。此種機(jī)構(gòu)清掃潮濕地面上枯枝爛葉特別有效。根據(jù)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果，兩種吸嘴在相同路面作業(yè)時(shí)，新3提高滾輪的使用壽命，降低使用成本新型吸嘴尾部和車(chē)架之間裝有懸掛拉簧、調(diào)節(jié)筒和鏈條。安裝時(shí)，先調(diào)節(jié)好鏈條長(zhǎng)度，保持拉直狀態(tài)，使前后滾輪著地。調(diào)節(jié)筒由兩端左右旋螺桿和中部套筒組成，旋轉(zhuǎn)套筒使拉伸彈簧拉長(zhǎng)，直到彈簧拉力接近而略小于吸嘴的重力。吸掃式路面清掃車(chē)具有路面清掃范圍寬、連續(xù)工作里程長(zhǎng)、清掃保潔

7、效率高、適應(yīng)性好等特點(diǎn)。由于其吸掃裝置對(duì)微細(xì)垃圾及塵埃具有良好的吸拾、除塵和輸送效果,有效減少了清掃對(duì)環(huán)境的污染,同時(shí)能滿(mǎn)足高等級(jí)公路快速往返和低速作業(yè)的要求,因而是高等級(jí)公路路面保潔最理想的清掃設(shè)備。 大型吸掃式清掃車(chē)采用定型汽車(chē)底盤(pán)和雙發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)形式,其行走系統(tǒng)具有汽車(chē)行駛的獨(dú)立性和工作可靠性,同時(shí)副發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)又可滿(mǎn)足吸掃系統(tǒng)對(duì)動(dòng)力的要求。掌握清掃車(chē)的關(guān)鍵應(yīng)用技術(shù),正確使用,合理維護(hù),對(duì)保持清掃機(jī)械正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、提高出勤率和延長(zhǎng)機(jī)械使用壽命有著十分重要的作用。 合理選用吸掃裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)形式國(guó)產(chǎn)吸掃式清掃車(chē)的吸掃裝置有4種布置形式:中置四掃盤(pán)后置吸嘴式、中置四掃盤(pán)加后置臥刷吸嘴式、前置二掃盤(pán)加中置

8、二掃盤(pán)吸嘴式和中置二掃盤(pán)加中置臥刷雙吸嘴式。中置四掃盤(pán)后置吸嘴式清掃車(chē)是在吸收國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)實(shí)際情況開(kāi)發(fā)出的新一代路面清掃車(chē),具有清掃視線(xiàn)好、易操作、清掃效果好等特點(diǎn),其清掃寬度可達(dá)3.5 m,清掃速度可高達(dá)30 km/h,垃圾吸入粒度大(最大可達(dá)125 mm),掃凈度可高達(dá)97.2%,且對(duì)周?chē)h(huán)境污染小,最適合清掃剛性水泥或其它硬性路面。采用前置式掃盤(pán)的清掃車(chē)具有清掃直觀(guān)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),適合清掃城市道路和高等級(jí)瀝青路面,但在路面灰塵較多、壓塵不夠理想的情況下不宜使用,以免由于揚(yáng)塵影響駕駛員視線(xiàn)。由于揚(yáng)塵的影響,此種前置式掃盤(pán)清掃車(chē)的清掃速度受到一定限制,通常應(yīng)控制在3~20 km/h

9、。 采用中置二掃盤(pán)加中置臥刷滾掃裝置的清掃車(chē),由于掃盤(pán)間距偏窄(清掃寬度約為2.2m)清掃能力相對(duì)較低。通常其吸入粒度較小,二次污染較大,故清掃速度不宜過(guò)高,只適宜清掃城市 道路或灰塵較少的瀝青路面兩側(cè)。根據(jù)高等級(jí)公路路面性質(zhì)、路面狀況、地理環(huán)境和氣候等因素,合理選用清掃車(chē)吸掃裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)及布置形式,是提高路面清掃效率的首要問(wèn)題。最佳作業(yè)速度的選擇與控制如何選擇和控制清掃車(chē)主車(chē)的行駛速度和驅(qū)動(dòng)清掃工作裝置的轉(zhuǎn)速,對(duì)清掃使用效能有著直接的影響。實(shí)踐證明,灰塵覆蓋量和塵埃粒度大小、路面干燥程度和濕度狀況是調(diào)節(jié)、改變行駛速度與工作轉(zhuǎn)速的主要依據(jù)。通常,由于城市道路較窄,行人和障礙較多,故清掃城市道

10、路時(shí),其行駛速度一般應(yīng)控制在5~6 km/h；對(duì)于高等級(jí)公路路面,特別是高速路面,其清掃行駛速度應(yīng)提高到5~20 km/h,保潔行駛速度則可高達(dá)15~30 km/h。 Attracts the mouth is a sweeping machine important work installment, it is sweeps into the front scanning middle the vehicles trash to transport from the groun

11、d to the trashcan in vivo one kind of trash guidance feedway.Attracts the mouth structure, the performance quality directly affects the effect which vacuums to the entire vehicle.The tradition attracts the mouth the structure more and more not to adapt the present path condition, the period of revol

12、ution one long, exposes many flaws.In order to enhance the sweeping machine to sweep clear ability, the improvement attracts the mouth structure imminently already. First, analyzes the sweeping machine to attract the mouth the structure principle.It is becomes by the four sides metal hoarding, assu

13、mes the platy, encircles with the ground has certain volume housing.The crown opens the mouth through the rubber sucker and the box body is interlinked, becomes an airtight warehouse body with the box build, front attracts the population for trash.Entire attracts the mouth body by about side and the

14、 behind rubber hoop support, the adjustment hoop organization causes to attract the mouth base to leave the ground gap is approximately 5-10mm.When work, the air blower unceasing suction, causes the closed casing body to be at the vacuum state, like this attracts the mouth peripheral to form certain

15、 negative pressure.Front gathers together by the scanning middle the vehicles trash receives the vacuum suction the attraction, is collected along the box body channel in box in vivo.When special-purpose installment knock off, attracts the mouth body to receive certain altitude through the promotion

16、 organization, guarantees the vehicles transportation travel the security.Therefore aims at attracts the mouth use and the use environment, profits from the domestic and foreign advanced sweeping machines to attract the mouth structure, attracts the mouth to the tradition. But 2 proposes business i

17、n a big way to the density, many the thousandth of a Yuan, viscousness trash suction sandy soil trash quite is wet, the post-compaction has certain adhesion to the ground, the tradition attracts the mouth to have to depend on enhances the air blower rotational speed to be able to attract cleanly.New

18、 attracts the mouth rear part addition horizontal type scanning (e.g. chart Zb) to be able to enhance sweeps clear the efficiency.The horizontal-type scanning installs in attracts behind the mouth, by 5 fixes the circular scanning on the spindle, the oil motor impetus spindle causes scanning high sp

19、eed revolving.If trash has certain coherency, the vacuum suction is insufficient to overcome trash to the ground adhesion, must through the scanning trundle, cause trash to raise, the vacuum suction area of influence increases.Is invariable according to the intensity of pressure, the area of influen

20、ce enlarge, the pressure increases, like this under the same air blower rotational speed, in the box gas intensity of pressure is consistent, trash receives vacuum suction (i.e. pressure) big, easily is pumped the trashcan body.This kind of organization sweeps clear in the moist ground the deadwood

21、rotten leaf to be specially effective.According to the test result, two kinds attract the mouth when the same road surface work, new 3 enhances the hoop the service life, reduces the use cost new to attract between the mouth rear part and the frame is loaded with the hand extension spring, adjusts t

22、he tube and the chain link.When installs, adjusts the good chain link length first, the maintenance pulls the straight condition around, causes the hoop to be well-grounded.Adjusts the tube the spiral pole and middle the sleeve is composed by the both sides about, the rotating sleeve makes to stretc

23、h the spring to elongate, approaches until the spring pulling force is smaller than slightly attracts the mouth the gravity.Attracts sweeps the type road surface to sweep clear the vehicle to have the road surface to sweep clear the scope width, the continuous working course long, sweeps clear maint

24、ains cleanliness the efficiency high, the compatibility good and so on the characteristics.Because it attracts sweeps the installment has to tiny trash and the dust good attracts ascends, the dust removal and the transportation effect, reduced effectively has swept clear to the environment pollution

25、, simultaneously could satisfy the first-class highway fast round-trip and the low speed work request, thus was the first-class highway road surface maintains cleanliness the most principle to sweep the equipment. Large-scale attracts sweeps the type to sweep clear the vehicle to use the stereotypi

26、a motor car chassis and the bimotor actuation form, its undercarriage system has the automobile travel independence and the operational reliability, simultaneously the auxiliary engine may attract satisfiedly sweeps the system to the power request.Grasping sweeps clear the vehicle the key applicatio

27、n technology, the correct use, the reasonable maintenance, to maintains sweeps clear the machinery normal work, enhances the attendance rate and the extension machinery service life has the extremely vital role. Selects reasonably attracts sweeps the installment the structural style domestic produc

28、t to attract sweeps the type to sweep clear the vehicle to attract sweeps the installment to have 4 kind of arrangement forms: Sets four sweeps the plate postpositioned to attract the mouth type, sets four sweeps the plate to add postpositioned lies brushes attracts the mouth type, pretage two sweep

29、s the plate to add sets two sweeps the plate to attract the mouth type and sets two sweeps the plate to add sets lies brushes double attracts the mouth type.Sets four sweeps the plate postpositioned to attract the mouth type to sweep clear the vehicle is in the absorption overseas vanguard technolog

30、y foundation, the union domestic actual situation develops the new generation of road surface sweeps clear the vehicle, has sweeps clear the line of sight well, easy to operate, to sweep clear the effect well and so on the characteristics, it sweeps clear the width to be possible to reach 3.5 m, swe

31、eps clear the speed to be possible to reach as high as 30 km/h, trash inspiration granularity in a big way (may reach 125 mm most greatly), sweeps only may reach as high as 97.2%, also pollutes slightly to the environment, sweeps clear the rigid cement or other rigid road surface suitably.Uses preta

32、ge -like to sweep the plate to sweep clear the vehicle to have sweeps clear and so on the merits intuitively, sweeps clear the urban road and the high-grade bituminous pavement suitably, but are many in the road surface dust, presses in the dust insufficiently ideal situation to use not suitably, be

33、cause in order to avoid raises the dust to affect the pilot's line of vision.Because raises the dust the influence, this kind of pretage -like sweeps the plate to sweep clear the vehicle to sweep clear the speed to receive certain limit, usually should control in 3~20 km/h. Uses sets two sweeps the

34、 plate to add sets lies brushes rolls sweeps the installment to sweep clear the vehicle, because sweeps the plate spacing to be narrow (sweeps clear width approximately is 2.2m) sweeps clear ability relatively low.The usual its inspiration granularity is small, two pollution is big, therefore sweeps

35、 clear the speed not to be suitable excessively high, is only suitable sweeps clear the city. Path or dust few bituminous pavement both sides.According to first-class highway factors and so on road surface nature, road surface condition, geographical environment and climate, select reasonably sweep

36、 clear the structure and the arrangement form which Che Xisao installs, is enhances the road surface to sweep clear the efficiency the most important question.How does the best work speed choice and control chooses and the control sweeps clear the vehicle owner vehicle the moving velocity and the ac

37、tuation sweeps clear the work installment the rotational speed, to sweeps clear the operating effectiveness to have the direct influence.The practice proved that, the dust cover quantity and the dust granularity size, the road surface dry degree and the humidity condition are the adjustment, the cha

38、nge moving velocity and the work rotational speed main basis.Usually, because the urban road is narrow, the pedestrian and the barrier are many, when sweeps clear the urban road, its moving velocity should control generally in 5~6 km/h; Regarding the first-class highway road surface, specially the h

39、igh speed road surface, it sweeps clear the moving velocity to be supposed to enhance to 5~20 km/h, maintains cleanliness the moving velocity to be possible to reach as high as 15~30 km/h. 9 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 評(píng) 語(yǔ) 外文翻譯成績(jī)： 指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 年 月 日 注：1. 指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)譯文進(jìn)行評(píng)閱時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面：①翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的主題是否高度相關(guān)，并作為外文參考文獻(xiàn)列入畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的參考文獻(xiàn)；②翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)字?jǐn)?shù)是否達(dá)到規(guī)定數(shù)量（3 000字以上）；③譯文語(yǔ)言是否準(zhǔn)確、通順、具有參考價(jià)值。 2. 外文原文應(yīng)以附件的方式置于譯文之后。