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1、UNIT 3 LIFE IN THE FUTUREGRAMMAR過去分詞過去分詞 過去分詞是非謂語動詞的一種過去分詞是非謂語動詞的一種形式形式, ,表示完成和被動的動作。它表示完成和被動的動作。它在句子中可以充當狀語、定語等成在句子中可以充當狀語、定語等成分。分。過去分詞與現在分詞作狀語過去分詞與現在分詞作狀語 過去分詞表完成過去分詞表完成、被動被動,與主句主語與主句主語之間是被動關系之間是被動關系;現在分詞表進行現在分詞表進行,主動主動,與主句主語之間是主動關系。如果一個與主句主語之間是主動關系。如果一個被動的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前被動的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前,則可使則可使用現在分詞的完成被

2、動式或過去分詞。用現在分詞的完成被動式或過去分詞。 過去分詞表完成、被動過去分詞表完成、被動, 作狀語時作狀語時,其邏輯主語是主句的主語其邏輯主語是主句的主語, 且與主語且與主語之間存在著被動關系。過去分詞作之間存在著被動關系。過去分詞作狀語可表時間狀語可表時間, 原因原因, 讓步讓步, 結果結果, 方方式式, 條件等。條件等。觀察下列的句子觀察下列的句子:Once published, his works (=Once his works was published, ) became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each li

3、ne. PPPP作時間狀語作時間狀語,相當于一個時間狀語相當于一個時間狀語從句有時過去分詞前可加連詞從句有時過去分詞前可加連詞when或或while來強調時間概念。來強調時間概念。過去分詞作時間狀語過去分詞作時間狀語1. When it is heated, ice will be changed into water. When heated, ice will be changed into water.2. When it is seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed. Seen unde

4、r a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape. 過去分詞作原因狀語過去分詞作原因狀語1. Since/ As she was given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid.2. Because it was done in a hurry, his homew

5、ork was full of mistakes. Done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes.過去分詞作條件或者假設狀語過去分詞作條件或者假設狀語1.If they had been given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better. Given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better.2. If I am compared with you, we still have a long way to g

6、o. Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.作方式或作方式或伴隨伴隨情況狀語情況狀語1. The hunter left his house, followed by his dog. The hunter left his house, and he was followed by his dog.2. She sat by the window, lost in thought. She sat by the window, and she was lost in thought. lost 表示一種迷失心理狀態(tài)表示一種迷失心理

7、狀態(tài)1) 過去分詞在句子中可以作時間狀語、過去分詞在句子中可以作時間狀語、原因狀語、伴隨狀語、條件狀語和原因狀語、伴隨狀語、條件狀語和讓步狀語等。讓步狀語等。2) 過去分詞作狀語時過去分詞作狀語時, ,過去分詞的邏輯過去分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語一致。主語與句子主語一致。Summary過去分詞作狀語過去分詞作狀語:過去分詞有兩大特點：過去分詞有兩大特點：1. 表示被動的動作；表示被動的動作；2. 表示已經完成的動作表示已經完成的動作, 因此因此,當過去分當過去分詞作狀語的時候一定要搞清楚分詞與詞作狀語的時候一定要搞清楚分詞與主語的邏輯關系被動主語的邏輯關系被動, 例如例如:REWRITE WIT

8、H PROPER CONJUNCTIONS1. United we stand, divided we fail. If we are united, we will stand, but if we are divided, we will fail.Example: 2. Asked what had happened, he told us about it. When he was asked what had happened, he told us about it.3. Well known for his expert advice, he received many invi

9、tations to give lectures.Because he was well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures.4. Given more time, we would be able to do the work much better. If we were given more time, we would be able to do the work much better. 5. Once translated into Chinese, the book

10、became very popular among Chinese teenagers. Once it was translated into Chinese, the book became very popular among Chinese teenagers.6. Deeply interested in medicine, she decided to become a doctor. Because she was deeply interested in medicine, she decided to become a doctor.7. Left alone at home

11、, Sam did not feel afraid at all. Although he was left alone at home，Sam did not feel afraid at all.用過去分詞作狀語來改寫句子。用過去分詞作狀語來改寫句子。1. As I was worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days. _ , I was unsettled for the first few days.Worried about the journey2. If he is given time, h

12、ell make a first-class tennis player. _ , hell make a first-class tennis player.3) As I was confused by the new surroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air. _, I was hit by the lack of fresh air.Given timeConfused by the new surroundings4) When he was questioned by the police about the fire, he

13、 became tense. _ _ _, he became tense. Questioned by the police about the fireFIND OUT THE SENTENCES WITH SAME MEANING.1. As I was worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days. Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days.2. While I was confused by the new s

14、urroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air. Confused by the new surrounding, I was hit by the lack of fresh air.3. As I was exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep. Exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.1. Following the old man, we went upstairs.we followed (跟著那個老人跟著那個老人, 我們上去

15、了我們上去了)2. Followed by the old man, we went upstairs. (we were) (被那個老人跟著被那個老人跟著, 我們上去了我們上去了)Compare3. 從上面看從上面看,體育場好像一個鳥巢。體育場好像一個鳥巢。 _ from the top, the stadium looks like a bird nest. A. Seeing B. Seen4. 從太空看從太空看, 宇航員看不到長城。宇航員看不到長城。 _ from the space, the astronaut can not discover the Great Wall. A.

16、Seeing B. SeenDifference between the Present Participle and the Past Participle_for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很長時間，這本書看上去很舊由于用了很長時間，這本書看上去很舊._ the book, I find it useful. 在使用的過程中，我發(fā)現這本書很有用在使用的過程中，我發(fā)現這本書很有用. _ at her, he jumped with joy._at by her, he jumped with joy.UsedUsingLookingLooked注

17、意：選擇現在分詞還是過去分詞，注意：選擇現在分詞還是過去分詞，關鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動作是關鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動作是主句的主語發(fā)出，分詞就選用現在分主句的主語發(fā)出，分詞就選用現在分詞，反之就用過去分詞。詞，反之就用過去分詞。COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE USING THE PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE RIGHT VERB. 1) _ by noises in the night, the girl no longer dare to sleep in her room.2) The lady returned home, _ by two polic

18、emen.frighten trap follow shootFrightenedfollowed3) If _ in a burning building, you should send for help.4) Although _in the leg, he continued firing at the police.trapped shot過去分詞作定語過去分詞作定語 過去分詞作定語與其所修飾的詞之間過去分詞作定語與其所修飾的詞之間存在著邏輯上的被動關系存在著邏輯上的被動關系,且表示該動作且表示該動作已經完成。單個的過去分詞作定語已經完成。單個的過去分詞作定語,通常通常置于被修飾的詞

19、的前面置于被修飾的詞的前面,而分詞短語作定而分詞短語作定語語,則須置于被修飾詞的后面。則須置于被修飾詞的后面。Attention1. Last Sunday we went on an organized trip to the forest. 上星期我們組織了一次去森林的旅行。上星期我們組織了一次去森林的旅行。2. A letter posted today will reach him the day after tomorrow. 今天發(fā)出的信后天就能收到。今天發(fā)出的信后天就能收到。分詞作分詞作定語定語可以轉換成定語從句可以轉換成定語從句:He worked as a worker bu

20、ilding roads. (主動主動) =He worked as a worker who/ that built roads. This is a picture painted by my father. (被動被動) =This is a picture which was painted by my father.I know the young man sleeping on the bench. (在進行在進行) ) =I know the young man who is sleeping on the bench.The letter mailed last night w

21、ill reach him tomorrow. ( (已完成已完成) ) =The letter which was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.過去分詞短語有時亦可用作非限制性定過去分詞短語有時亦可用作非限制性定語，前后常有逗號。語，前后常有逗號。 Some of them, born and brought up in country villages, had never seen a train. 他們當中有一些人他們當中有一些人, 生長在農村，從未見過生長在農村，從未見過火車?；疖嚒?過去分詞作定語有前置和后置兩種情況過去分詞作

22、定語有前置和后置兩種情況: 單個的過去分詞作定語單個的過去分詞作定語, 通常放在被通常放在被修飾的名詞之前修飾的名詞之前, 表示被動和完成意表示被動和完成意義。義。1.前置定語A.被動意義：被動意義：an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人一位受尊敬的客人 (受傷的工人受傷的工人)are now being taken good care of in the hospital.B.完成意義完成意義a retired teacher 一位退休的教師一位退休的教師They are cleaning (落落葉葉) in the yard.The injured workersthe fal

23、len leaves2.后置定語后置定語 過去分詞短語作定語時過去分詞短語作定語時, 通常放在被通常放在被修飾的名詞之后修飾的名詞之后, 它的作用相當于一個它的作用相當于一個定語從句。定語從句。This will be the best novel of its kind ever written.=Who were the so-called guests invited (= ) to your part last night?that has ever been writtenwho had been invited 如果被修飾的詞是由如果被修飾的詞是由every/some/any/no

24、 + thing/body/one所構成的復合代詞或指所構成的復合代詞或指示代詞示代詞those等時，即使一個單一的分詞等時，即使一個單一的分詞作形容詞用，也要放在被修飾詞的后面。作形容詞用，也要放在被修飾詞的后面。 例如：例如： Is there anything unsolved? There is noting changed here since I left this town. 注意注意: : 1. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C., didnt include women until 1912. A. first playing B. to be

25、 first played C. first played D. to be playing考點點撥考點點撥簡析簡析: 首先首先,根據語法分析可知根據語法分析可知,待選部待選部分是一個作定語、修飾分是一個作定語、修飾 The Olympic Games的后置分詞短語的后置分詞短語;再根據再根據 The Olympic Games 對于動詞對于動詞 play 來說來說只能是被動承受只能是被動承受,且已完成且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此。因此,該題應選該題應選C。2. Whats the language _ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C.

26、be spoken D. to speak 簡析簡析: 該題應選該題應選B。測試過去分詞作。測試過去分詞作后置定語表達被動后置定語表達被動,等于定語從句等于定語從句 which is spoken。3. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited 簡析簡析: 該題應選該題應選A。測試過去分詞作后。測試過去分詞作后置定語表達被動置定語表達被動, 等于定語從句等于定語從句who were invited。

27、4. The computer centre, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened 簡析簡析: 該題應選該題應選D。測試過去分詞短語。測試過去分詞短語作定語放在所修飾的名詞后作定語放在所修飾的名詞后,可以用非可以用非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句“which was opened last year”代替。代替。5. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a f

28、oreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written 簡析簡析: 該題應選該題應選D。測試過去分詞作后。測試過去分詞作后置定語表達被動置定語表達被動,等于定語從句等于定語從句which were written。 另外另外,分詞作狀語時分詞作狀語時,如果其邏輯主如果其邏輯主語與整個句子的主語不一致時語與整個句子的主語不一致時,需要獨需要獨立主格結構或立主格結構或 with 復合結構來替代。復合結構來替代。(此時此時,也可把該分詞看成

29、介詞的賓語也可把該分詞看成介詞的賓語補足語。補足語。)例例: The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 簡析簡析: 很顯然很顯然,待選部分的邏輯主語是待選部分的邏輯主語是 his hands,而不是句子的主語而不是句子的主語 The murderer,而而 his hands 對于動詞對于動詞 tie來來說說,只能是被動承受。因此只能是被動承受。因此,該題應選該題應選D。 6. When _ if she wo

30、uld request a rise, the actress said that money was not important. A. asked B. asking C. having asked D. being asked7. Yesterday I saw in the newspaper a teaching post _ at a school close to my home and I wanted to apply for it. A. advertises B. advertising C. advertised D. to advertise1. I like rea

31、ding the novels _ (write ) by Zhang Ailing.2. The girl _ (write) a letter in the study is my cousin.3.There is something wrong with my car and I have to get it _ (repair).writtenwritingrepairedFilling in the blanks.4. I want the doors of my new house _ (paint) white.5. There was a _ (surprise) look

32、on his face.6. He was _ (excite) at the good news. 7. The story was so _ (move) that he was _ (move) to tears.paintedsurprisedexcitedmovingmoved用括號內所給動詞的適當形式填空。用括號內所給動詞的適當形式填空。 1. _ (use) in this way, the word shouldnt be taken as a verb. 2. _ (arm) with special guns, knives and brushes, two space w

33、alking astronauts practiced fixing the spacecraft. 3. Though _ (catch) in a traffic jam, we managed to arrive at the airport. UsedArmedcaught4. Susan is not easy to get along with. But once _ (gain), her friendship will last forever. 5. Henry didnt attend the party _ (hold) at Toms house last night, for he was busy preparing for his exam. gainedheldBye Bye