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邵陽(yáng)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
目 錄
1 前言……………………………………………………………………1
1.1 挖掘機(jī)間介…………………………………………………………1
1.2 國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)………………………………………2
1.3 本設(shè)計(jì)的研究?jī)?nèi)容…………………………………………………5
2 液壓挖掘機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)與工作原理…………………………………………7
2.1 液壓挖掘機(jī)整機(jī)性能………………………………………………7
2.2 液壓挖掘機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)……………………………………………………8
2.3 液壓挖掘機(jī)傳動(dòng)原理……………………………………………10
3 液壓挖掘機(jī)工況分析及液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方案的確定………………12
3.1 液壓挖掘機(jī)的工況………………………………………………12
3.2 挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)要求……………………………………17
3.3 挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的分析…………………………………………19
3.4 液壓系統(tǒng)方案擬訂………………………………………………20
4 液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)……………………………………………………21
4.1 液壓系統(tǒng)方案及參數(shù)確定………………………………………21
4.2 執(zhí)行元件液壓缸及系統(tǒng)壓力的初選……………………………22
4.3 計(jì)算工作裝置鏟斗液壓缸的主要尺寸…………………………23
4.4 液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖的制定…………………………………………26
5 液壓元件的選擇與專用件的設(shè)計(jì)…………………………………31
5.1 液壓泵的選擇和泵的參數(shù)的計(jì)算………………………………31
5.2 柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇………………………………………………33
5.3 液壓閥的選擇……………………………………………………33
5.4 其他液壓元件的選擇……………………………………………36
5.5 油箱容量的確定…………………………………………………38
6 壓系統(tǒng)性能驗(yàn)算……………………………………………………40
6.1 液壓系統(tǒng)壓力損失………………………………………………40
6.2 液壓系統(tǒng)的發(fā)熱溫升計(jì)算………………………………………41
總 結(jié)………………………………………………………………46
參考文獻(xiàn)………………………………………………………………47
致 謝………………………………………………………………49
內(nèi)容提要
挖掘機(jī)作為我國(guó)工程機(jī)械的主力機(jī)種，被廣泛應(yīng)用于各種各樣的施工作業(yè)中。挖掘機(jī)產(chǎn)品的核心技術(shù)就是液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，由于挖掘機(jī)的工作條件惡劣，要求實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作復(fù)雜，于是它對(duì)液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)提出了很高的要求，其液壓系統(tǒng)也是工程機(jī)械液壓系統(tǒng)中最為復(fù)雜的。因此，對(duì)挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的分析設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)推動(dòng)我國(guó)挖掘機(jī)發(fā)展具有十分重要的意義。
在搜集了國(guó)內(nèi)外挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)相關(guān)資料的基礎(chǔ)上，了解了挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展歷史，并對(duì)挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)行了分析總結(jié)。論文對(duì)挖掘機(jī)的各種工況進(jìn)行了分析，系統(tǒng)總結(jié)了挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)要求。根據(jù)挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)要求，論文中采用通用多路閥，配以專用控制閥和簡(jiǎn)單的電子控制系統(tǒng)，設(shè)計(jì)了一套適合我國(guó)生產(chǎn)制造的LS恒功率控制單斗挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)。
本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題是WY200型液壓挖掘機(jī)。課題以企業(yè)為依托。小型挖掘機(jī)由多個(gè)系統(tǒng)組成，包括液壓系統(tǒng)，傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，操縱系統(tǒng)，工作裝置，底架，轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)，油箱，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)安裝等。本人的設(shè)計(jì)主要致力于分析和設(shè)計(jì)小型液壓挖掘機(jī)工作裝置的液壓系統(tǒng)。本課題選擇了國(guó)內(nèi)的質(zhì)量和技術(shù)性能都接近設(shè)計(jì)要求的16~20t挖掘機(jī)作為基型，并在此基礎(chǔ)上研究了國(guó)外的先進(jìn)機(jī)型，設(shè)計(jì)出我們挖掘機(jī)的液壓系統(tǒng)方按圖，總體裝配圖以及相應(yīng)的部件圖和零件圖。圖紙基本采用Auto CAD二維軟件繪圖。本液壓挖掘機(jī)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是采用伺服先導(dǎo)操縱系統(tǒng)，造型美觀，具備挖掘，抓物，鉆孔，推土，清溝和破碎等功能。平臺(tái)可360°旋轉(zhuǎn)，性能可靠，操作舒適，可廣泛應(yīng)用于建筑，市政，供水，供氣，供電農(nóng)林建設(shè)等工程。
Summary
The excavator is a main consrtuctional machine，which is now widely used in various construction sites.The core technique of excavator is hydrau1ic technique. Becauseofthe bad working condition and conmplicated working movements of the excavatot，it has high requitements for its hydraulic system.Since the excavator’s hydraulic system is the most complicated one in all constructional machines ,the analysis and research of its hydrau1ic system make very important sens.
On the basis of comprehensive co11ection of re1ated information about the excavator’s hydraulic system at home and abroad，the main working conditions of the excavator are studied and the design requitments of its hydraulic system are systematically summarized. According to the design pressure compensated hydraulic system is creatively designed using general multiple until value equipped with special contol valve and electronic contor systems,which has useful reference value for the future research and development of the excavator’s hydraulic system in our country.
The name of this graduated task is “WY200 medium type hydraulic excavator”.This task is?? requested by company. My task is to analyze and design the hydraulic system of the medium type hydraulic excavator. This task choose the domestic excavator whose quality and character is most similar to our request as the basic type, further study the overseas advanced type. Then I designed projects of hydraulic system of our excavator,collectivity assemblage drawing and interrelated parts drawing, accessory drawing. All the blueprints drawn by the soft of AutoCAD. The strongpoint of this hydraulic excavator is used servo forerunner control system. It has beautiful sculpt. Beijing provided with the fuction of excavating, grappling, drilling, pushing, cleaning channel and crashing etc. 360°swwing plat roof,good quality, controlling comfortable, be widely used in construction,supply and city planning.
１ 前言
液壓挖掘機(jī)是一種多功能機(jī)械，目前被廣泛應(yīng)用于水利工程，交通運(yùn)輸，電力工程和礦山采掘等機(jī)械施工中，它在減輕繁重的體力勞動(dòng)，保證工程質(zhì)量。加快建設(shè)速度以及提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率方面起著十分重要的作用。由于液壓挖掘機(jī)具有多品種，多功能，高質(zhì)量及高效率等特點(diǎn)，因此受到了廣大施工作業(yè)單位的青睞。液壓挖掘機(jī)的生產(chǎn)制造業(yè)也日益蓬勃發(fā)展。
挖掘機(jī)液壓傳動(dòng)緊密地聯(lián)系在一起，其發(fā)展主要以液壓技術(shù)的應(yīng)用為基礎(chǔ)。由于挖掘機(jī)的工作條件惡劣，要求實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作很復(fù)雜，于是它對(duì)液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)提出了很高的要求，其液壓系統(tǒng)也是工程機(jī)械液壓系統(tǒng)中最為復(fù)雜的。因此，對(duì)挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的分析設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)成為推動(dòng)挖掘機(jī)發(fā)展中的重要一環(huán)[1]。
1.1 挖掘機(jī)簡(jiǎn)介
挖掘機(jī)行業(yè)的發(fā)展歷史久遠(yuǎn)，可以追溯到1840年。當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)西部開發(fā)，進(jìn)行鐵路建設(shè)，產(chǎn)生了模仿人體構(gòu)造，有大臂、小臂和手腕，能行走和扭腰類似機(jī)械手的挖掘機(jī)，它采用蒸汽機(jī)作為動(dòng)力在軌道上行走。但是此后的很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間挖掘機(jī)沒有得到很大的發(fā)展，應(yīng)用范圍也只局限于礦山作業(yè)中。
導(dǎo)致挖掘機(jī)發(fā)展緩慢的主要原因是:其作業(yè)裝置動(dòng)作復(fù)雜，運(yùn)動(dòng)范圍大，需要采用多自由度機(jī)構(gòu)，古老的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)對(duì)它不太適合。而且當(dāng)時(shí)的工程建設(shè)主要是國(guó)土開發(fā)，大規(guī)模的筑路和整修場(chǎng)地等，大多是大面積的水平作業(yè)，因此對(duì)挖掘機(jī)的應(yīng)用相對(duì)較少，在一定程度上也限制了挖掘機(jī)的發(fā)展。
由于液壓技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，二十世紀(jì)四十年代有了在拖拉機(jī)上配裝液壓反鏟的懸掛式挖掘機(jī)。隨著液壓傳動(dòng)技術(shù)迅速發(fā)展成為一種成熟的傳動(dòng)技術(shù)，挖掘機(jī)有了適合它的傳動(dòng)裝置，為挖掘機(jī)的發(fā)展建立了強(qiáng)有力的技術(shù)支撐，是挖掘機(jī)技術(shù)上的一個(gè)飛躍 。同時(shí)，工程建設(shè)和施工形式也發(fā)生了很大變化。在進(jìn)行大規(guī)模國(guó)土開發(fā)的同時(shí)，也開始進(jìn)行城市型土木施工，這樣，具有較長(zhǎng)的臂和桿，能裝上各種各樣的工作裝置，能行走、回轉(zhuǎn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)多自由動(dòng)作，可以切削高的垂直壁面，挖掘深的基坑和溝槽的挖掘機(jī)得到了廣泛應(yīng)用[2]。
1950年在意大利北部生產(chǎn)了第一臺(tái)液壓挖掘機(jī)。第一臺(tái)液壓挖掘機(jī)采用定量齒輪泵，中位開式多路閥，工作壓力為9Mpa，所有執(zhí)行元件互相并聯(lián)連結(jié)。由單泵向6個(gè)執(zhí)行元件供油。由于早期液壓挖掘機(jī)主要采用了定量齒輪泵，不能按需改變供油流量，無(wú)法充分利用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功率，因此其能量損失很大，不能滿足挖掘機(jī)復(fù)合動(dòng)作的復(fù)雜要求，且可操縱性差。另外，早期試制的液壓挖掘機(jī)是采用飛機(jī)和機(jī)床的液壓技術(shù)，缺少適用于挖掘機(jī)各種工況的液壓元件，配套件也不齊全，制造質(zhì)量不夠穩(wěn)定。從二十世紀(jì)六十年代到八十年代中期，液壓挖掘機(jī)進(jìn)入了推廣和蓬勃發(fā)展的階段，各國(guó)挖掘機(jī)制造廠和品種增加很快，產(chǎn)量猛增。1968-1970年間，液壓挖掘機(jī)產(chǎn)量己經(jīng)達(dá)到挖掘機(jī)總產(chǎn)量的83%，其時(shí)對(duì)挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的研究也已經(jīng)十分成熟，液壓挖掘機(jī)已經(jīng)具有了同步控制系統(tǒng)和負(fù)載敏感系統(tǒng)L。
自第一臺(tái)手動(dòng)挖掘機(jī)誕生以來的160多年當(dāng)中，挖掘機(jī)一直在不斷地飛躍發(fā)展，其技術(shù)已經(jīng)發(fā)展到相對(duì)成熟穩(wěn)定的階段。目前國(guó)際上迅速發(fā)展全液壓挖掘機(jī)，對(duì)其控制方式不斷改進(jìn)和革新，使挖掘機(jī)由簡(jiǎn)單的杠桿操縱發(fā)展到液壓操縱、氣壓操縱、液壓伺服操縱和電氣控制、無(wú)線電遙控、電子計(jì)算機(jī)綜合程序控制。在危險(xiǎn)地區(qū)或水下作業(yè)采用無(wú)線電操縱，利用電子計(jì)算機(jī)控制接收器和激光導(dǎo)向相結(jié)合，實(shí)現(xiàn)了挖掘機(jī)作業(yè)操縱的完全自動(dòng)化。所有這一切，挖掘機(jī)的全液壓化為其奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，創(chuàng)造了良好的前提[3]。
據(jù)有關(guān)專家估算，全世界各種施工作業(yè)場(chǎng)約有65%至70%的土石方工程都是由挖掘機(jī)完成的。挖掘機(jī)是一種萬(wàn)能型工程機(jī)械，目前已經(jīng)無(wú)可爭(zhēng)議地成為工程機(jī)械的第一主力機(jī)種，在世界工程機(jī)械市場(chǎng)上己占據(jù)首位，并且仍在發(fā)展擴(kuò)大。挖掘機(jī)的發(fā)展主要以液壓技術(shù)的應(yīng)用為基礎(chǔ)，其液壓系統(tǒng)已成為工程機(jī)械液壓系統(tǒng)的主流形式。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和建筑施工現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)的需要，液壓挖掘機(jī)需要大幅度的技術(shù)進(jìn)步，技術(shù)創(chuàng)新是液壓挖掘機(jī)行業(yè)所面臨的新挑戰(zhàn)。在技術(shù)方面，挖掘機(jī)產(chǎn)品的核心技術(shù)就是液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，所以對(duì)其液壓系統(tǒng)的分析研究具有十分重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
5
邵陽(yáng)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書
專業(yè)班級(jí)
2003級(jí)機(jī)制本科專業(yè)
學(xué)生姓名
陳藝
學(xué) 號(hào)
0340717149
課題名稱
挖掘機(jī)工作裝置液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)
起止時(shí)間
2007年 3月26日至200 7年6月8日
課題類型
工程設(shè)計(jì)
課題性質(zhì)
真實(shí)
一、課題研究的目的與主要內(nèi)容
研究目的：
設(shè)計(jì)多功能液壓挖掘機(jī)的液壓系統(tǒng)，驅(qū)動(dòng)挖掘機(jī)完成多功能作業(yè)。與山河智能機(jī)械股份有限公司校企合作。學(xué)生在生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)做畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，全面提高綜合設(shè)計(jì)能力，工程實(shí)踐能力。
主要內(nèi)容：
1、對(duì)挖掘機(jī)進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析。
2、設(shè)計(jì)挖掘機(jī)工作裝置的液壓系統(tǒng)。
3、繪制挖掘機(jī)的液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖。
二、基本要求
1、必須獨(dú)立完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)工作。
2、按制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)多功能液壓挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)圖和有關(guān)零件的零件圖，圖紙比例1∶1，畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)圖紙總工作量不少于2張零號(hào)圖紙。
3、按學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的書寫格式要求，撰寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書，畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書不少于20000字。
4、每個(gè)學(xué)生應(yīng)完成與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)的3000-5000個(gè)文字的外文資料翻譯, 譯文要求準(zhǔn)確,文字流暢。
注：1、此表由指導(dǎo)教師填寫，經(jīng)各系、教研室主任審批生效；
2、此表1式3份，學(xué)生、指導(dǎo)教師、教研室各1份。
三、課題研究已具備的條件（包括實(shí)驗(yàn)室、主要儀器設(shè)備、參考資料）
1、邵陽(yáng)學(xué)院的實(shí)習(xí)工廠。
2、機(jī)械與能源工程系機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，數(shù)控加工中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室，主要儀器設(shè)備有：線切割加工機(jī)床，電火花成形加工機(jī)床，數(shù)控加工中心，類型較多的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)零件等。
3、邵陽(yáng)學(xué)院圖書館。
3、主要參考資料：《機(jī)械工程設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》，期刊雜志《工程機(jī)械》。
4、山河智能有限公司挖掘機(jī)裝配車間實(shí)習(xí)、技術(shù)部資料查閱。
四、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）進(jìn)度表
1、2007.3.26~2007.3.28 確定課題。
1、2007.3.29~2007.4.4 搜集資料，完成開題報(bào)告。
2、2007.4.5~2007.5.6 挖掘機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)的確定。
3、2007.4.26~2007.5.10 繪制多功能液壓挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)圖。
4、2007.5.11~2007.5.25 外文資料翻譯，撰寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書。
5、2007.5.26~2007.6.8 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)文件打印、撰寫答辯提綱準(zhǔn)備答辯。
五、教研室審批意見
教研室主任（簽名） 年 月 日
六、院（系）審批意見
院（系）負(fù)責(zé)人（簽名） 單位（公章） 年 月 日
指導(dǎo)教師（簽名） 學(xué)生（簽名）
邵陽(yáng)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
Modern construction machinery industry of technical progress
Large-size mechanical mining excavator is used widely in international and domestic engineering construction and mining performance, and its property defines the efficiency much.Now because the international market is opened step step, how to promote the quality of excavator is the key that a factory reinforces its competing force.
In our country，the designing elevation and production quality on excavator can not keep up with international advanced technology applying on excavator.Now the advanced technology has already applied advanced designing method on excavator designing，such as electronic simulating theory，dynamic design， reliability design and so on.But in our country ,the most excavator design has still applied the traditional design method ,the modern design method has not began to be actually applied .The prime display is that the capability of self-design is not enough and the basic work has not done perfectly especially the excavator kinetics .
The construct of excavator is very complex and the multiple movers often work simultaneously.at the same time its working environment is very bad and the eternal load varies randomly.As a result ,when designing the new product of excavator ,in order to ensure the performance safety，the designer not only has the basic theory analysis on static load computing ,but also do necessary work about the kinetics of mechanism to qualify the dynamic reliability in the period of designing .Trough the kinetic analysis ,the load property of all the elements in excavator can be decided so as to design reliable product .
From the 1980s of the 20th century to the beginning of this century. Chinese and foreign engineering machinery technology products come from a maturity period of modernization along with a new technological revolution, Mechanical engineering products integrated technology to a new level. Electronic technology, micro-computer, sensors, electro-hydraulic servo control system integration and transformation of the traditional mechanical engineering products, Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing and computer-aided management of construction machinery and equipment manufacturing, IT network technology equipment, construction machinery sales and information transfer systems, thus enabling people to see a brand new construction machinery industry. New construction machinery products in the efficiency and operational quality, environmental protection, performance and automation are many areas due to the past. and toward the further robotic and intelligent direction.
1、 operating principles of Innovation : groundbreaking new law with the high-frequency vibration
With scientific and technological research in the development, engineering machinery operating theory is constantly innovating. Operating mechanical engineering principles, including the cutting of earth, broken ground on the screen geotextile material, mixed with heating, right mixture of paving, leveling and compaction, etc.. These operations Jimmy initially bionics and Newtonian mechanics-based, Modern science and the development of engineering machinery operating principle of laying the foundation for innovation. For example, mechanical vibration and pulse jet, the photoelectric effect and thermal physics, the application of mechanical engineering to save resources and improve the quality of construction improve production efficiency, reliability and driving comfort and a degree of automation to create conditions.
Excavators, bulldozers, loaders, and other earthmoving machinery cutting groundbreaking project, we had no struggle milling, high-frequency vibration, Liquid gas jet method and porous ground breaking law. Groundbreaking use of the new operating principle of transformation to a bucket, can loosen the soil excavation for the high-intensity rock, Under normal circumstances can reduce the unit cost of earthwork and improve production efficiency, and the soil near the building when substitute bored-blasting method.
Vibratory Roller is a mechanical vibration and have reached a "sluggish vibration to" operational effectiveness of the most powerful note. High-frequency vibration compaction technology is the application of modern dynamics in the mechanical engineering important research results, In vibratory roller simultaneously with the application of vibration isolation theory. 90s of the 20th century, there have been a level of vibration (vibration) and vertical vibration directional vibration compaction method, and an AM-vibration and different from the harmonic vibration of chaotic vibration vibratory compaction operating principle, and the formation of the corresponding series of vibratory roller. Impact Roller broke the existing traditional cylindrical roller structure, Use 3-5 edge with the pressure roller polygon dragged by a tractor, 2-3 times per second in order to impact on the ground. This has dramatic impact on the seismic wave propagation characteristics, the depth of compaction several times with the RCC and incremental, 5m in the depths of the degree of compaction of up 90%-92%. Impact Roller is static shock, vibration and rub it smashes the comprehensive role for large fill, Collapse dry sand and soil filling the compaction.
Asphalt paver Weiping equipment is operating principles of mechanical engineering innovation typical example. Fung plate diesel, liquefied petroleum gas or electric heating and 60 Hz frequency of vibration, and using infrared, ultrasonic or laser leveling, is a multidisciplinary high-tech applications. This leveling the technology can be applied to the ground plane, as amlodipine or fine leveling the slope.
Transfer frequency mechanical vibration is also commonly used for drilling, stone crushing and sieving and Shen pulling piling works. The stone drying can use diesel, fuel oil and coal combustion of various fuels on the asphalt from the barrel, heating and asphalt mixture, stirring and insulation process is the full use of thermal theory of physics. Asphalt emulsion and some are modified chemical reaction physical specific application.
2、drive innovation : universal hydraulic and electric drive
Hydraulic drive in the 20th century, the 1960s applied to the roller, only 10 years on the time has been spread and popularize. Now roller travel, vibration, steering and braking systems has achieved the full hydraulic drive. Hydraulic drive greatly simplified the roller drive and control system design, hydraulic drive a smooth, convenient manipulation effort, easy to achieve variable speed and automation, in general, improve the production efficiency of roller compaction and quality. Now foreign markets have seen very little mechanical transmission of the roller.
Hydrostatic drive technology in the 1970s began to use bulldozers, and will soon be extended to a number of small and medium bulldozers and loaders, the United States John Deere, Caterpillar, Germany Bohai benefit companies and Dole produced by Komatsu of Japan has production and sales pushed Temple hydraulic machines and loaders. Hydrostatic drive not to use hydraulic torque converter, which dispense with the left lane and brake parts and mechanical drive, use of a safety valve on mechanical and hydraulic systems overload protection, and the index of smaller power play biggest index, its remaining power available in the auxiliary machinery operation.
German company Deutsche mark and Lee Bohai Fall of other public companies in 1954 and in 1955 took the lead in developing a hydraulic excavator , but the hydrostatic transmission in large excavator is the popularization and application of the 1970s. Since the early 1980s, excavators and subdivided, is gradually realized - powered, rotary and the hydraulic excavator of. In the international market excavators, were all eliminated various mechanical drive.
Late history of the birth of the road is more mechanical hydraulic drive-based, such as paver, soil stabilizer, Pavement milling machine, hydraulic transmission smoothness help improve the quality of the roads paved. Drilling in the car and drilling machines, hydraulic transmission has replaced the previous aerodynamic, Wheeled modern cranes and machinery also piling work to the whole in the direction of hydraulic development.
Electricity in industrial production while the application has a long history, but in mobile machinery is seldom used. This is because, firstly, to the motor capacity of, a motor with the same power as compared to the hydraulic motor, its weight and bulk to good times, to the machinery space layout brought great difficulties. In addition, the efficiency of electrical transmission over low efficiency and consumption of a large volume of non-ferrous metals. But electric drive can be well realized variable speed, braking and electrical power streaming -- Drive more convenient and easy to large tub, large excavator and large loaders, engine-generator-electric wheels will transfer power. Germany Vogele also been developed for electric power will transfer wheel. Germany Vogele also been developed electric drive an asphalt paver, the aircraft's systems are all rotary motor driven electricity, Only Hopper CDCC and comfort slab leveling tank still use hydraulic transmission. The other is the regional mobile operations in the smaller mining site, the use of electric drive large excavator loaders, Such use of electric drive power transmission cables without the engine installed on the machines.
3、ergonomic innovations : a people-oriented and simplified operation
1980s of the 20th century, Many of the world's largest engineering machinery manufacturing company has invested considerable human and financial resources for modern design methodology of the research and used. Ergonomics is a "people-oriented" design, with emphasis on the machines mutual coordination and crew safety, driving comfort, convenience in the driver's operation and maintenance technologies, such drivers both improved working conditions, and increased production efficiency, and some of the engineering machinery vibration, noise, emissions and the prevention of roller drop from the development of the new standard, and even those laws.
Now all kinds of projects are mechanical design roller defense and falling-object protective devices to protect the personal safety of the drivers, with the cab and are designed and installed. Indoor driving sufficient human space and broad vision, and to take the necessary seals, vibration, noise and temperature control measures. Indoor chairs, pieces of the stick, gauges and the monitor according to ergonomics and design and minimize the manipulation and control of parts. To reduce driver fatigue, to choose the suspension damping chairs, and to develop a gas-liquid system hanging with the cab floor.
Electronic technology, mechanical engineering applications, which greatly simplifies the driver's operational procedures and to the machine's technical performance. The use of electronic control machine can automatically choose the mode of operation, such as excavators to the three operating modes -- boom priority, Rotary priorities and micro-adjustment tandem wheels all vibration and vibration. Electronic monitoring can detect and remove machines system failures, such as engine oil pressure loss. Fan fracture belt drive, hydraulic oil contamination or overheating and oil filter blockage, can promptly lights or audible alarm, by the use of electronic sensor device can handle automatic detection machines quality of the work, If random vibration testing of the degree of compaction roller, automatic detection and adjustment of the asphalt mixture ratio and size distribution outlet temperature.
American muffler technology company developed an electronic silencer, electronic equipment engine exhaust noise analysis of the wave structure, and produce a phase difference of 180 ° with the acoustic interference, This "anti-noise" and the engine exhaust noise offset, which over the purpose of the muffler. Such a muffler -- can be used to eliminate the basic engine noise and the noise indoor driving. Muffler and isolation through the engineering machinery driving indoor noise can be reduced to 70dB (A) below.
In addition, by concentrating on lubrication, automatic lubrication and fault alarm, greatly reducing the engineering and mechanical maintenance workload. Dreiser companies axis articulated loader lubrication cycle extended to 2000h. oil and filter replacement cycle extended to 250h; Caterpillar loader routine maintenance to shorten the time 3.45min. 100 hours use of the technical maintenance for only 6-7min.
4、Creative : industrial design with the environment
Modern science and technology of high-speed development, promoting social progress, for humanity to a high degree of material civilization and spiritual civilization. Industrial design is the product of industrial product design, product also known as the art form. Mechanical Products art forms should be able to demonstrate its function in a rational and external quality of uniformity, the product should reflect the advanced technology and meet the aesthetic requirements of modernity.
For mechanical engineering, said it was "a Paper goods sold," That is an exaggeration, but not to modeling design is certainly not desirable. Modeling the mechanical engineering design of the machine can shape their structure, function and use requirements, paying and with the psychological and physical coordination. This modeling design should include ministries of proper body fluid, color coordination, Instrumentation layout beautiful and easy to operate and intuitive sign in the trademark symbol. Now the world's major companies have attached great importance to the products of industrial design, and a specialized research and design.
A world leader left the compactor manufacturers -- BMW, his third of the mechanical compaction machine modeling experts from the industrial design Louis.L.lepoix design, have a good overall result. The series dismounting replacement filter, transmission pieces, hoses and routine maintenance is very convenient. Adopt modern arc-shaped dip in the cab and the engine hood broadminded, fluent lines, with the flavor of the times. Driving the steering wheel height and angle adjustable, choose a comfortable high back seats adjustable damping. Drivers prepare for a good operating environment. Instrumentation site design, easier to observe and control, tilt hood of the driver to provide a good perspective. Hydraulic steering gear shifted to the cab, driving to reduce indoor heat and noise. Arc-shaped windscreen of the cab and four SUPPORT able to isolate noise and vibration. indoor noise below 70dB (A).
Many other engineering machinery are also different degrees of emphasis on industrial design, layout components such as depression, to reduce the center of gravity of the aircraft; Supporting appropriate to expand the area to increase the machine's stability; about as symmetrical layout, to meet the aesthetic; Appearance removed some of the corner, the edge, to show the fluency, and other lines. Construction Machinery paint more of its industrial design is an important part of the unit should be interesting colors, increase the safety of the working environment, and with the field construction site is pure green fields, coordination, Topping the use of the waist line and increase the level to get off the color machines can increase the concentration of visual stability.
５、artificial intelligence Innovation : intelligent robotic machines
Mechanical engineering in the construction field instead of the manual to expand the functions of the hands and feet, traditional machinery can be resolved in good physical and physiological burden, not to mention the relief of spiritual and psychological burden. Modern engineering machinery should be given its soulful, intelligent engineering machinery is a thinking mind (microcomputer) sensorium (sensors), neural network (electronic transmission). Derrnatopathy (power and transmission), and hand, foot bones (work with devices running) for telecommunications systems integration.
Machine is not electromechanical integration of telecommunications and information technology with a simple, it poses the system must have five functions : ① detection and identification with the objects of their work and working conditions of the function; ② goal with under their own decision-making function; ③ have to respond to the decision-making, implementation support movement functions; ④ with automated monitoring and self-revision process functions; ⑤ z own self-protection and security troubleshooting functions. This is the Intelligent Engineering Machinery some specific goals.
In mechanical engineering intelligent process, from beginning to end, filled with self-learning technology and the use of adaptive technology. Now for the integration of telecommunications technology for the engine and hydraulic system and electrical system of full control machines are being given various feelings and wisdom. In the process with the state of real-time monitoring on the basis of mechanical engineering from the partial automation of the transition to full automation, and toward unmanned remote control and the trend of development. With the intervention of artificial intelligence, engineering machinery will accelerate its modern fast process, Gradual transition to a fully operational wisdom of the target robot. At that time, some new robotic operating procedures will come into being.
現(xiàn)代工程機(jī)械行業(yè)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步
大型機(jī)械式挖掘機(jī)在目前國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)在礦山開采及工程施工中有著廣泛的應(yīng)用，其性能的優(yōu)劣對(duì)生產(chǎn)率有很大的影響.在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)竟?fàn)幦遮吋ち业慕裉?，如何提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量是提高其市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的關(guān)鍵。
目前，我國(guó)的大型機(jī)械式挖掘機(jī)在設(shè)計(jì)水平，設(shè)計(jì)手段及產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量上與國(guó)外同類產(chǎn)品相比尚有較大差距.國(guó)外已經(jīng)將人一機(jī)一環(huán)境作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)一考慮，提倡低振動(dòng)、低噪音的綠色設(shè)計(jì)，將現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法(電子模擬理論、動(dòng)態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)、可靠性設(shè)計(jì)等)普遍地應(yīng)用于挖掘機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)，使產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)現(xiàn)代化，性能可靠。而我國(guó)仍然主要采用傳統(tǒng)的仿型設(shè)計(jì)，而近年來才將現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法逐步應(yīng)用到挖掘機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)上，但在這方面工作開展的不得力，主要表現(xiàn)在自行設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)能力不夠，基礎(chǔ)工作做得不完善，尤其在挖掘機(jī)動(dòng)力學(xué)方面。
挖掘機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)非常復(fù)雜，往往是多發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)同時(shí)驅(qū)動(dòng)，同時(shí)工作環(huán)境惡劣，外載荷成隨機(jī)性變化，因此在設(shè)計(jì)大型礦用挖掘機(jī)的新產(chǎn)品時(shí)，為了使其作業(yè)安全，工作順暢，除必要的理論分析和靜強(qiáng)度計(jì)算外，還必須要進(jìn)行動(dòng)力學(xué)分析和計(jì)算，以在設(shè)計(jì)之初保證機(jī)械的動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和可靠性。在進(jìn)行這種分析時(shí)，土壤的力學(xué)特性必須考慮，而且是重要因素。通過進(jìn)行動(dòng)力學(xué)研究，才能確定挖掘機(jī)各部件的載荷特性，設(shè)計(jì)出質(zhì)量可靠的產(chǎn)品。
從20世紀(jì)80年代到本世紀(jì)初，中外工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品技術(shù)已從一個(gè)成熟期走到了現(xiàn)代化時(shí)期伴隨著一場(chǎng)新的技術(shù)革命，工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的綜合技術(shù)水平躍上了一個(gè)新的臺(tái)階。電子技術(shù)、微電腦、傳感器、電液伺服與控制系統(tǒng)集成化改造了傳統(tǒng)的工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、輔助制造及輔助管理裝備了工程機(jī)械制造業(yè)，IT網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)也裝備了工程機(jī)械的銷售與信息傳遞系統(tǒng)，從而讓人們看到了一個(gè)全新的工程機(jī)械行業(yè)。新的工程機(jī)械產(chǎn)品在工作效率、作業(yè)質(zhì)量、環(huán)境保護(hù)、操作性能及自動(dòng)化程度諸多方面都是以往所不可比擬的，并且在向著進(jìn)一步的智能化和機(jī)器人化方向邁進(jìn)。
1、 作業(yè)原理創(chuàng)新：新法破土與高頻振動(dòng)
隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)研究水平的不斷發(fā)展，工程機(jī)械的作業(yè)理論也在不斷地創(chuàng)新。工程機(jī)械的作業(yè)原理包括對(duì)土石方的切割、破碎、回填，對(duì)土工材料的篩分、混合與加熱，對(duì)混合料的攤鋪、找平與壓實(shí)等。這些作業(yè)理原先是以仿生學(xué)與牛頓力學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)的，而近現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的發(fā)展為工程機(jī)械作業(yè)原理的創(chuàng)新奠定了基礎(chǔ)。例如機(jī)械振動(dòng)、脈沖、射流、光電效應(yīng)及熱物理學(xué)的應(yīng)用， 為工程機(jī)械節(jié)省資源，改善施工質(zhì)量、提高生產(chǎn)效率、工作可靠性、駕駛舒適性與自動(dòng)化程度創(chuàng)造了條件。
挖掘機(jī)、推土機(jī)、裝載機(jī)等土方工程機(jī)械切割破土，現(xiàn)在有了無(wú)斗銑切法、高頻振動(dòng)法、液氣射流法及微孔破土法。使用新的破土作業(yè)原理改造的鏟斗、松土器可以開挖高強(qiáng)度的巖土，在一般情況下都可以降低單位土方費(fèi)用與提高生產(chǎn)效率，并且在靠近建筑物挖土?xí)r可代替鉆孔—爆破法施工。
振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)是利用機(jī)械振動(dòng)而又要達(dá)成“振地不振人”作業(yè)效果的最有力說明。高頻振動(dòng)壓實(shí)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用是近代動(dòng)力學(xué)在工程機(jī)械上的重要科研成果，在振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)上同時(shí)應(yīng)用了振動(dòng)與隔振理論。20世紀(jì)90年代以來，出現(xiàn)了水平振動(dòng)（振蕩）與垂直振動(dòng)的定向振動(dòng)壓實(shí)方法，以及無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)幅振動(dòng)和不同于簡(jiǎn)諧振動(dòng)的混沌振動(dòng)等振動(dòng)壓實(shí)作業(yè)原理，并且形成了相應(yīng)系列的振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)。沖擊式壓路機(jī)打破了原有傳統(tǒng)的圓柱形滾輪結(jié)構(gòu)，使用具有3-5個(gè)邊的多邊形壓滾由牽引車拖行，以每秒2-3次順序地沖擊地面。這種劇烈沖擊具有地震波的傳播特性，其壓實(shí)深度隨碾壓遍數(shù)而遞增，在5m深處的壓實(shí)度可達(dá)90%-92%。沖擊壓路機(jī)具有靜壓沖擊、振動(dòng)搗實(shí)與揉搓的綜合作用，適合大型填方、塌陷土壤和干砂填筑工程的壓實(shí)。
瀝青混凝土攤鋪機(jī)慰平工作裝置更是工程機(jī)械作業(yè)原理創(chuàng)新的典型例子。慰平板使用柴油、液化氣或電加熱和72Hz的調(diào)頻振動(dòng)，并采用紅外線、激光或超聲波找平， 是多學(xué)科高新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。這其中的找平技術(shù)也可以應(yīng)用到平地機(jī)上，作為地平或坡面的精細(xì)找平。
調(diào)頻率機(jī)械振動(dòng)還通常用于鑿巖、石料破碎與篩分及沉拔樁等工程施工。石料的烘干可以使用柴油、重油和煤粉多種燃料的燃燒器，瀝青的脫桶、加熱及瀝青混合料的攪拌與保溫過程中都充分運(yùn)用了熱物理學(xué)原理。瀝青的乳化與改性都是一些化學(xué)物理反應(yīng)的具體應(yīng)用。
2、傳動(dòng)方式創(chuàng)新：普及液壓與電氣傳動(dòng)
液壓傳動(dòng)在20世紀(jì)60年代開始應(yīng)用到了壓路機(jī)上，只十多年的時(shí)間就得到了推廣和普及?，F(xiàn)在壓路機(jī)的行走、振動(dòng)、轉(zhuǎn)向及制動(dòng)等系統(tǒng)已實(shí)現(xiàn)了全液壓傳動(dòng)。液壓傳動(dòng)大大簡(jiǎn)化了壓路機(jī)傳動(dòng)與操縱系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，液壓傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn)、操縱方便省力、容易實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速和自動(dòng)控制、從總體上提高了壓路機(jī)的生產(chǎn)效率與壓實(shí)質(zhì)量?，F(xiàn)在國(guó)外市場(chǎng)上已經(jīng)很少見到機(jī)械傳動(dòng)的壓路機(jī)了。
靜液壓傳動(dòng)技術(shù)于70年代開始應(yīng)用到了推土機(jī)上，并且很快推廣到了一些中小型推土機(jī)和裝載機(jī)上，美國(guó)約翰·迪爾公司、卡特彼勒公司、德國(guó)利渤海爾公司及日本小松制作所都生產(chǎn)和銷售全液壓推寺機(jī)與裝載機(jī)。靜液壓傳動(dòng)不使用液力變矩器，還省去了離且器與行車制動(dòng)器及部分機(jī)械傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，能利用安全閥對(duì)機(jī)械和液壓系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)過載保護(hù)，并以較小的索引功率發(fā)揮最大的索引力，其剩余的功率可用在機(jī)器的輔助操作上。
德國(guó)的德馬克公司和利渤海爾公司公別于1954年和1955年率先