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1、 Chapter 2：Speech sound I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are sa

2、id to be in complementary distribution. 3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. 5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. 6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amo

3、unt of information conveyed. 7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. 8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mou

4、th and the chest. 9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. 10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. 11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types

5、into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. 12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. 13. According to the shape o

6、f the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. 14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. 15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning. 16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into differen

7、t categories. 17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. 18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two word

8、s are said to form a phonemic contrast. 19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. 20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins

9、with the letter given: 21． A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 22． A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. 23． The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e

10、, they are all b_______ sounds. 24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. 25． English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation. 26． When the obstruct

11、ion created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. 27． S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intona

12、tion, etc. 28． The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular lan-guage are called s ____ rules. 29． The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n______

13、___ transcription. 30． When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________. 31． P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful

14、 units to effect linguistic communication. 32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity. 33．T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vo

15、cal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. 34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress. III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete th

16、e statement: 35． Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth???? ?? ??? ??B. lips????? ?? ??? ? C. tongue ????? ?? ??? ? D. vocal cords 36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A. voiceless?? ?????? B. voiced???? ???? C. vowel???????

17、 ???? D. consonantal 37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/?? ?? ? B. /d/? ?? ? C. /k/??????? D./b/ 38． The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical??? ? ? B. same?????? C. ex

18、actly alike???????? D. similar 39． Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________. A. in phonemic contrast?????????? B. in complementary distribution C. the allophones??? ? ? ?? ? ?? ???? D. minimal pair

19、 40． The sound /f/ is _________________. A. voiced palatal affricate ??????? B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative??????? D. voiceless labiodental fricative 41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back ? ?? ?

20、? ? B. central C. front????????? D. middle 42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________. A. phonetic components ??????? B. immediate constituents C. sup

21、rasegmental features ??? D. semantic features 43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone ????????? B. sound C. allophone????? D. phoneme 44． The different phones which can represent a phoneme in dif

22、ferent phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. A. phones?? ? ? ?? B. sounds C. phonemes????? D. allophones IV. Define the terms below: 45. phonology??????? 46. phoneme??? ? ? ?? 47.allophone?? ? ? ? ? 48. international phonetic alphabet 49. intonation???????? 50. phonetics??

23、?? ?? ? 51. auditory phonetics??? ? ? 52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone??? ? ? ? ??? 54. phonemic contrast?? ? 55. tone??? ? ? ?? 56. minimal pair V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary: 57. Of the two media of language, why d

24、o you think speech is more basic than writing ? 58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels ? 59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics ? 60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning. 61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not ? （注：文檔可能無法思考全面，請(qǐng)瀏覽后下載，供參考?？蓮?fù)制、編制，期待你的好評(píng)與關(guān)注?。?