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2019-2020年外研版高中英語(yǔ)選修8 Module 2《The Renaissance》（Grammar and Usag）教案 ▇Goals ● To review ~ing form, the ~ed form and to + infinitive; ▇Procedures Step 1: Review the participles used as adverbials 1) A present participle phrase is used to replace a sentence. A. When two actions by the same subject occur simultaneously it is usually possible to express one of them by a present participle. The participle can be before or after the finite verb. e.g. He rode away. He whistled as he went. = He rode away whistling. B. When one action is immediately followed by another by the same subject the first action can often be expressed by a present participle. The participle must be put first. e.g. He opened the drawer and took out a revolver.= Opening the drawer and took out a revolver. It would seem more logical here to use the perfect participle and say Having opened, but this is not necessary except when the use of the present participle might lead to ambiguity。 C. When the second action forms part of the first, or are a result of it, we can express the second action by a present participle. e.g. She went out, slamming the door. 2) The perfect participle (active) ---having done The perfect participle emphasizes that the first action is plete before the second one starts, but it is not necessary in the binations of this kind, except when the use of the present participle might lead to confusion. Reading the instructions, he snatched up the medicine. “might” give the impression that the two actions were simultaneous. Here therefore the perfect participle would be better. Having read the instructions, he snatched up the medicine. 3) The past participle (passive) and the perfect participle (passive) A. The past participle can replace a subject + passive verb just as the present participle can replace subject +active verb: She enters. She is acpanied by her mother. = She enters, acpanied by her mother. As he was convinced that they were trying to prison him, he refused to eat anything. = Convinced that they were trying to prison him, he refused to eat anything. B. The perfect participle passive (having been done) is used when it is necessary to emphasize that the action expressed by the participle happened before the action expressed by the next verb. e.g. Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up. 一、分詞的形式 語(yǔ)態(tài) 時(shí)態(tài) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 其否定形式是在doing之后加上not。 分詞作狀語(yǔ) 分詞在句中作狀語(yǔ)，可以表示各種不同的語(yǔ)義內(nèi)容。它可以表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步、結(jié)果、方式、條件等。如： （1）表示時(shí)間 Arriving in Paris, I lost my way. 到了巴黎，我迷了路。 The hunter walked slowly in the forest, followed by his wolf-dog. 獵人在森林里慢慢地走著，后面跟著一只狼狗。 表示與主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)性的現(xiàn)在分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間意義時(shí)，分詞前可以加上while, when等從屬連接詞，但as沒(méi)有這種用法。如： Don’t talk while having dinner. 吃飯時(shí)不要說(shuō)話。 When crossing the street, do be careful. 過(guò)馬路時(shí)要小心。 （2）表示原因 表示原因的分詞短語(yǔ)一般置于句首。 Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well. 在倫敦住過(guò)多年，我?guī)缀鯇?duì)每個(gè)地方都很熟悉。 Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital. 由于傷得嚴(yán)重，只好把他送往醫(yī)院。 （3）表示結(jié)果 The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable. 大火持續(xù)了近一個(gè)月，幾乎沒(méi)剩下什么有用的東西。 Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport. 80多個(gè)國(guó)家都踢足球，因此足球成了一種很流行的運(yùn)動(dòng)。 （4）表示方式 I stood by the door, not daring to say a word. 我站在門旁，不敢說(shuō)一句話。 （5）表示條件 United, we stand; divided, we fall. 聯(lián)合起來(lái)我們就能站立，分裂我們必然倒下。 Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes. 如果你更細(xì)心，你會(huì)犯更少的錯(cuò)誤。 強(qiáng)調(diào)條件時(shí)，可以在前面加上unless, once等。如： You shouldn’t e in unless asked to. 不讓你進(jìn)來(lái)你不準(zhǔn)進(jìn)來(lái)。 Once losing this chance, you can’t easily find it. 一旦失去這次機(jī)會(huì)你就很難找回。 二、分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)，否則，就必須在分詞前另加上自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)（名詞或主格代詞）的這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)叫獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 1、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)常放在句首。表示時(shí)間、條件、原因時(shí)，其作用分別相當(dāng)于個(gè)時(shí)間、條件、原因狀語(yǔ)從名句。表示伴隨方式時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句。如： Supper finished (=After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic. 吃完晚飯，我們開(kāi)始討論野餐的事。 All the tickets having been sold out (=As all the tickets having been sold out), we had to wait for the next week’s show. 所有的票都賣出去了，我們只好等著看下周的演出。 2、表示獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being常省略。如： The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the street. 足球賽五結(jié)束，從群便涌到大街上。 Nobody (being) in, I didn’t enter the hall. 里面沒(méi)有人，我沒(méi)進(jìn)大廳。 3、表示伴隨方式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，有時(shí)可用“with＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)替換。如： He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head). 他雙手放在頭下，躺在那里思考著。 The river looks more beautiful, flowers and grass growing on both sides (=with flowers and grass growing on both sides). 這條河看上去更加漂亮，因?yàn)閮砂堕L(zhǎng)滿了鮮花和綠草。 with＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)是英語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)常用的結(jié)構(gòu)，其賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可以是現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等，在句中可作定語(yǔ)，也可作狀語(yǔ)，表示原因、方式等。如： The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide. 孩子們眼睛睜得大大地看著我。 I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up. 沒(méi)人叫我，我會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)火車的。 The river with grass and flowers on both sides runs through our schoolyard. 這條兩河兩岸長(zhǎng)滿鮮花和綠草正從我們校園穿過(guò)。 With the examinations over, we had a long time to rest. 考試結(jié)束了，我們有一段長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間可以休息。 4、有些慣用的分詞短語(yǔ)在句里可以沒(méi)有邏輯上的主語(yǔ)而獨(dú)立存在，它們往往作為句子的獨(dú)立成分來(lái)修飾全句。如： generally/strictly/roughly/broadly/narrowly speaking, judging from/by, considering, supposing, providing, provided等。如： Talking of the puter, I like it very much. 談到電腦，我非常喜歡。 Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning. 考試到時(shí)間，我們已經(jīng)決定明早一早出發(fā)。 Step 2: Review of infinitive and gerund construction Verbs which may take either infinitive or gerund advise, need, permit, allow, prefer, begin, propose, can/could bear, remend, regret, continue, remember, forget, require, hate, start, intend, stop, like, try, love, used to, mean, want A. Verbs taking infinitive or gerund without change of meaning 1) begin, start, continue, cease 2) bear 3) intend 4) advise, allow, permit, remend 5) needs, wants, requires B. regret, remember, forget They are used with a gerund when the action expressed by the gerund is the earlier action. e.g. I regret spending too much money. =I’m sorry I spent so much money. I remember reading about the earthquake in the papers. (“reading” is the first action, “remember” is the second) C. go on to do sth. 做完一件事接著做另一件事 go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做原來(lái)所做的同一件事 mean to do sth. 想或企圖做某事 mean doing sth. 意味著做某事 try to do sth. 想或企圖做某事 try doing sth. 嘗試著做某事 Step 3: Exercises concerning non-finite 1.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法對(duì)比練習(xí) A.① I want one magazine ______. (read) ② My teacher wanted me ______ this question. (answer) ③ The woman wanted her husband ______ at once. (examine) ④ My bicycle wants _______. (repair) B.① What made you ______ so? (think) ② The girl was made _____ a man she didnt love at all. (marry) ③ The show made me _______ in the study of science. (interest) ④ He raised the picture to make everyone _______ clearly. (see) ⑤ He raised his voice to make himself _______. (hear) ⑥ My father himself made some candles _______ light. (give) ⑦ The boss made the workers _______ day and night. (work) C.① You’d better get your own room _______. (clean) ② Yesterday he got his wallet _______. (steal) ③ You should get your friends _______ you. (help) ④ The lecture got us _______. (think) ⑤ Don’t get ________ in the rain. (catch) D.① Did you see somebody _______ into the room? (steal) ② I saw him _______ in the room at that time. (read) ③ She was glad to see her child ________ good care of. (take) ④ I saw her _______ at the windows, thinking. (seat) ⑤ She was seen ______ here. (e) E.① I like _______ very much. (swim) ② I don’t like _______ TV at this time. (watch) ③ He never likes _______ at the meeting. (praise) ④ I feel like _______ to the cinema. (go) ⑤ Would you like ______ with me ? (go) F.① The man ______ at the meeting now is from the south. (speak) ② I don’t know the professor______ at the meeting tomorrow.(speak) ③ He is the professor _______ to dinner. (invite) G. ① It was so cold and he had the fire _______ all night long. (burn) ② I have a lot of exercises ________ today. (do) ③ “Do you have nay clothes_______ today ?” asked Mother.(wash) ④ You’d better have that bad tooth _______ out. (pull) ⑤ I want to have him _______ a car for me. (find) H.① He doesn’t do anything but _______ all day. (play) ② We have no choice but _______ . (obey) ③ I’m thinking of how _______ my English. (improve) ④ He made an apology for _____ late. (be) I. ① He told us about his trip in an _______ voice. (excite) ② He told us his story in a _______ voice. (tremble) ③ At the sight of a snake, the little girl was very _______. (frighten) ④ The boy was _______, so I didnt believe him again. (disappoint) J. ① He is looking forward to ______ college. (enter) ② He is looking forward to _____ nothing. (see) K. ① When he heard the news, he couldnt help_______ with joy. (jump) ② I couldn’t help ______ by the beauty of nature. (strike) ③ Sorry , I can’t help ______ the housework today. (do) L. ①______ enough time, we’ll do it better. (give) ②______ a candle , he went on reading. (light) ③______ from the hill , the park looks more beautiful. (see) ④______ the people well, we must work hard at our lessons.(serve)