齒輪泵體的機(jī)械加工工藝及鉆5-M5、Φ12孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)
摘要
本設(shè)計(jì)是齒輪泵泵體零件機(jī)械加工工藝與專用夾具設(shè)計(jì),包括了齒輪泵泵體零件的工藝編制、泵體專用夾具的設(shè)計(jì)以及撰寫了設(shè)計(jì)說明書。
加工工藝和夾具設(shè)計(jì)是現(xiàn)代企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中的重要流程,加工工藝包括機(jī)械加工工藝流程、各工序的加工 參數(shù)等內(nèi)容,好的機(jī)械加工工藝能夠能夠簡(jiǎn)化加工流程提高加工質(zhì)量。夾具設(shè)計(jì)是工藝流程的一部分,他是工藝裝備的重要組成部分,是除了機(jī)床以外最重要的工藝輔助裝備。
關(guān)鍵詞:泵體 工藝 夾具
VI
Abstract
The design of the gear pump box parts machining process and special fixture design, including the gear pump box parts of the process, the design of the special fixture and the design manual.
Processing technology and fixture design is an important process in modern production process, including processing the process of machining process, machining parameters, machining process good can simplify the processing process and improve the processing quality. Fixture design is part of the process, he is an important part of the process equipment, is the most important auxiliary equipment in addition to machine tools.
Key words: box technology fixture
II
目 錄
摘要 Ⅰ
Abstract Ⅱ
第一章 序言 1
1.1零件的作用 1
1.2零件的工藝分析 1
第二章 齒輪泵泵體工藝設(shè)計(jì) 3
2.1確定毛坯的制造形式 3
2.2基準(zhǔn)面的選擇 3
2.2.1粗基準(zhǔn)的選擇 3
2.2.2精基準(zhǔn)的選擇 3
2.3擬定加工工藝 3
2.3.1確定工藝路線 3
2.3.2機(jī)械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的確定 5
2.4 工序設(shè)計(jì) 7
2.4.1選擇加工設(shè)備 7
2.4.2確定切削用量及基本時(shí)間 7
第三章 鉆夾具設(shè)計(jì) 15
3.1 夾具類型及使用機(jī)床選擇 15
3.2 定位基準(zhǔn)及定位元件選擇 15
3.2.1 工件定位面選擇 15
3.2.2 夾具定位元件選擇 16
3.2.3 定位元件限制不定度分析 16
3.3 夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)及夾緊元件初步選擇 16
3.4 鉆套類型選擇 16
3.5 鉆模板設(shè)計(jì) 17
3.5.1 鉆模板類型選擇 17
3.5.2 鉆模板材料選擇 17
3.6 計(jì)算切削力和夾緊力 17
3.6.1 計(jì)算切削力 17
3.6.2 計(jì)算夾緊力 18
3.7 定位誤差分析 18
3.8 夾具體設(shè)計(jì) 19
結(jié)束語 21
致 謝 22
參考文獻(xiàn) 23
第1章 序言
1.1 零件的作用
伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和時(shí)代技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,齒輪泵廣泛用于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和生活中,泵體零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)形式千奇百怪、多種多樣,但是泵體零件結(jié)構(gòu)的主要特征依然是大同小異,都有著共同的特點(diǎn)比如外形比較復(fù)雜、外壁不均勻且較薄、較多的加工部位、擁有腔形的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)、比較難加工。與此同時(shí),社會(huì)現(xiàn)在對(duì)產(chǎn)品需求量較高,大批量生產(chǎn)成為主流。齒輪泵泵體作為齒輪泵的重要零件,他的質(zhì)量好壞直接關(guān)乎齒輪泵的性能,所以齒輪泵泵體的工藝設(shè)計(jì)顯得尤為重要。
1.2 零件的工藝分析
根據(jù)圖2-1齒輪泵泵體零件圖,齒輪泵泵體是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的零件,整體是一個(gè)法蘭帶一個(gè)腔體的結(jié)構(gòu),法蘭上有安裝螺栓的通孔,下平面需要和其他零件配合,腔體時(shí)兩個(gè)中心距有一定公差要求的圓,頂面有用于連接其他零件的螺紋孔。為了方便理解零件圖和編制加工工藝,把齒輪泵泵體零件的要素分為幾個(gè)部分。把這幾個(gè)部分分別如下描述:
圖2-1
1、 以Φ52孔為中心的Φ12深18孔;
2、 左端面5-M5孔;
3、 右端面Φ48深10孔,Φ8和Φ12沉孔;
4、 右側(cè)面4-Φ7和4-Φ12沉孔;
5、 兩側(cè)面2-M8螺紋孔。
通過對(duì)需要加工要素的分類,可以把一個(gè)復(fù)雜的零件拆分成多個(gè)需要加工的組,這樣不但可以方便我們理解零件的組成部分,還能在工藝編排時(shí)考慮到各組要素之間的相互關(guān)系。
第2章 齒輪泵泵體工藝設(shè)計(jì)
2.1 確定毛坯的制造形式
根據(jù)零件圖可知,齒輪泵泵體是一個(gè)腔體形狀復(fù)雜的零件,材料為HT200。根據(jù)生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)可知年產(chǎn)量為2500件,屬于批量生產(chǎn)的水平。泵體零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)形式千奇百怪、多種多樣,但是泵體零件結(jié)構(gòu)的主要特征依然是大同小異,都有這共同的特點(diǎn)比如外形比較復(fù)雜、外壁不均勻且較薄、較多的加工部位、擁有腔形的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)、比較難加工。對(duì)于這種典型的泵體類零件,采用鑄造得到毛坯是一種常用的方法,HT200是一種常用的鑄造材料,他有很好的鑄造性能和抗震性,適合用于像齒輪泵泵體這樣的零件。
2.2 基準(zhǔn)面的選擇
基準(zhǔn)面是工件的加工基準(zhǔn),基準(zhǔn)面的選取非常重要,基準(zhǔn)面應(yīng)選擇較大的面或平面、大外圓、大內(nèi)圓等要素,選擇合適的基準(zhǔn)面不但可以提高零件加工效率,如裝夾時(shí)方便進(jìn)行定位、能輕易地找到夾具上的定位面,同時(shí)還能方便裝夾提升裝夾效率。
2.2.1 粗基準(zhǔn)的選擇
粗基準(zhǔn)的選擇:粗基準(zhǔn)是進(jìn)行加工時(shí)所選的第一個(gè)定位基準(zhǔn),粗基準(zhǔn)是工件上的沒有加工過的表面。在選擇粗基準(zhǔn)時(shí),盡量選擇那些表面平整、均勻、沒有高低起伏、易于定位的面,應(yīng)避開澆冒口、毛刺等不利于定位的位置。對(duì)于滑動(dòng)軸承軸承蓋,選用底部大端面為主要的定位粗基準(zhǔn)。
2.2.2 精基準(zhǔn)的選擇
精基準(zhǔn)的選擇:依據(jù)“基準(zhǔn)重合”原則和“基準(zhǔn)統(tǒng)一”原則。基準(zhǔn)重合的意思是盡量保證加工時(shí)的定位基準(zhǔn)和圖紙上標(biāo)注的基準(zhǔn)重合,即圖紙上的尺寸就是加工時(shí)的定位尺寸,避免了應(yīng)為加工基準(zhǔn)和圖紙基準(zhǔn)的不統(tǒng)一所產(chǎn)生的誤差?;鶞?zhǔn)統(tǒng)一是要求在精加工時(shí),精加工的基準(zhǔn)盡量選取同一個(gè)定位基準(zhǔn),選用同一個(gè)定位基準(zhǔn)可提高工件的加工精度,避免多次更換基準(zhǔn)以免產(chǎn)生誤差。用已加工過的底面和大內(nèi)圓作為定位的精基準(zhǔn)。
2.3 擬定加工工藝
2.3.1 確定工藝路線
制定工藝路線應(yīng)能夠保證工件的尺寸、形位公差、粗糙度能夠達(dá)到圖紙要求,并且在滿足這些條件的前提下,使加工效率最大化,通過使用最短的加工工序和最方便加工的方式進(jìn)行加工。查《機(jī)械制造工藝設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)》,編寫齒輪泵泵體的機(jī)械加工工藝如下表所示:
工藝路線一:
工序號(hào)
工序名稱
工序內(nèi)容
10
鑄造
20
時(shí)效
時(shí)效處理
30
涂漆
非加工面涂漆
40
銑
粗銑右側(cè)面
50
銑
粗、精銑左側(cè)面
60
銑
精銑右側(cè)面
70
鉆
鉆4-Φ7孔、锪4-Φ12沉孔
80
鏜
粗、精鏜Φ52孔,深28mm
90
鏜
粗、精鏜Φ48孔,深10mm
100
鉆
鉆、鉸Φ12孔,鉆5-M5螺紋孔底孔、攻絲
110
鉆
鉆Φ8孔、鉆、鉸Φ12孔
120
鉆
鉆2-M8螺紋孔、攻絲
130
檢驗(yàn)
140
入庫
工藝路線二:
工序號(hào)
工序名稱
工序內(nèi)容
10
鑄造
20
時(shí)效
時(shí)效處理
30
涂漆
非加工面涂漆
40
鉆
鉆4-Φ7孔、锪4-Φ12沉孔
50
銑
粗、精銑右側(cè)面
60
銑
粗、精銑左側(cè)面
70
銑
精銑右側(cè)面
80
鏜
粗、精鏜Φ52孔,深28mm
90
鏜
粗、精鏜Φ48孔,深10mm
100
鉆
鉆、鉸Φ12孔,鉆5-M5螺紋孔底孔、攻絲
110
鉆
鉆Φ8孔、鉆、鉸Φ12孔
120
鉆
鉆2-M8螺紋孔、攻絲
130
檢驗(yàn)
140
入庫
工藝路線的分析與比較:
工藝路線一和工藝路線二主要區(qū)別在首先加工的面不同, 工藝路線一首先加工側(cè)面,工藝路線二首先進(jìn)行鉆孔加工。工藝路線二首先進(jìn)行鉆孔加工時(shí)為了給后面工序提供一個(gè)方便定位的基準(zhǔn)面,但是先加工孔不符合“先面后孔”原則,由于此時(shí)沒有一個(gè)平面可以作為定位基準(zhǔn),加工出的孔很可能出現(xiàn)偏、歪等現(xiàn)象。而工藝路線一先加工底面大平面,符合“先面后孔”的加工原則,先加工側(cè)面大平面可用底面作為其他面的加工精基準(zhǔn),用側(cè)面作為定位基準(zhǔn)加工4-Φ7孔,可保證孔跟底面的垂直度。后續(xù)的工序再使用4-Φ7孔作為定位基準(zhǔn)就能夠保證工件的加工質(zhì)量。故根據(jù)上述論證,選擇工藝路線一作為零件的加工工藝。
2.3.2 機(jī)械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的確定
2.3.2.1 確定毛坯種類
零件材料為HT200。查《機(jī)械制造工藝設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)》表2.2-5,選用鑄件尺寸公差等級(jí)為CT-8。
2.3.2.2確定鑄件加工余量及形狀
查《機(jī)械加工工藝手冊(cè)》,選取一級(jí)精度鑄件加工尺寸,查表3.1-28確定各個(gè)加工面的鑄件機(jī)械加工余量如表2-1所示:
表2-1 加工余量表
簡(jiǎn) 圖
加工面
基本尺寸
加工余量
左側(cè)
72
3mm
右側(cè)
72
3mm
Φ52孔
Φ46
單邊3mm
4-Φ7通孔
Φ7
不鑄出
4-Φ12沉孔
Φ12
不鑄出
Φ48孔
Φ48
單邊3mm
Φ8孔
Φ8
不鑄出
Φ10孔
Φ10
不鑄出
5-M5、2-M8螺紋孔
不鑄出
根據(jù)所確定的加工余量繪制毛坯圖,如圖2-1所示。
圖2-1 毛坯圖
2.4 工序設(shè)計(jì)
2.4.1 選擇加工設(shè)備
工序40、工序50、工序60為銑削加工,選用立式銑床X52進(jìn)行加工。
工序70、工序100、工序110為一次裝夾加工多個(gè)孔,選用搖臂鉆床Z3025進(jìn)行加工。
工序80、工序90為鏜孔加工,選用T616鏜床進(jìn)行加工。
工序120為同時(shí)鉆兩側(cè)面孔,選用組合鉆床進(jìn)行加工。
2.4.2 確定切削用量及基本時(shí)間
工序40:粗銑左側(cè)面
刀具:YG6硬質(zhì)合金端銑刀,齒數(shù)z=10,刀具直徑d=120
背吃刀量:=2mm
每齒進(jìn)給量:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表30-15,取=0.15mm/z
銑削速度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表30-23,取=30m/min
機(jī)床主軸速度:
,查[3]表4-16,取=80r/min
實(shí)際銑削速度:
每分進(jìn)給量:
銑削寬度:=138mm
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表30-38公式如下:
具切出長(zhǎng)度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]取=2mm
機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間:查查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]公式如下:
輔助時(shí)間:
工序50 粗銑、精銑右側(cè)面
工步1:粗銑右側(cè)面
刀具:YG6硬質(zhì)合金端銑刀,齒數(shù)z=10,刀具直徑d=120
背吃刀量:=2mm
每齒進(jìn)給量:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表30-15,取=0.15mm/z
銑削速度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表30-23,取=30m/min
機(jī)床主軸速度:
,查[3]表4-16,取=80r/min
實(shí)際銑削速度:
每分進(jìn)給量:
銑削寬度:=138mm
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表30-38公式如下:
具切出長(zhǎng)度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]取=2mm
機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間:查查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]公式如下:
輔助時(shí)間:
工步2:精銑右側(cè)面
刀具:YG6硬質(zhì)合金端銑刀,齒數(shù)z=10,刀具直徑d=120
背吃刀量:=1mm
每齒進(jìn)給量:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表30-15,取=0.20mm/z
銑削速度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表30-23,取=50m/min
機(jī)床主軸速度:
,查[3]表4-16,取=135r/min
實(shí)際銑削速度:
每分進(jìn)給量:
銑削寬度:=138mm
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表30-38公式如下:
具切出長(zhǎng)度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]取=2mm
機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間:查查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]公式如下:
輔助時(shí)間:
工序60:精銑左側(cè)面
刀具:YG6硬質(zhì)合金端銑刀,齒數(shù)z=10,刀具直徑d=120
背吃刀量:=1mm
每齒進(jìn)給量:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表30-15,取=0.20mm/z
銑削速度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表30-23,取=50m/min
機(jī)床主軸速度:
,查[3]表4-16,取=135r/min
實(shí)際銑削速度:
每分進(jìn)給量:
銑削寬度:=138mm
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表30-38公式如下:
具切出長(zhǎng)度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]取=2mm
機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間:查查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]公式如下:
輔助時(shí)間:
工序70:鉆4-Φ7孔锪沉孔
工步1:鉆4-Φ7孔
刀具:Φ7高速鋼麻花鉆
進(jìn)給量:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表28-13,取=0.25mm/r
鉆削速度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表28-13,取=15m/min
機(jī)床主軸速度:
查[3]表4-9,取=800r/min
實(shí)際鉆削速度:
每分進(jìn)給量:
鉆孔深度:=20mm
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度:由《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表28-42得:
刀具切出長(zhǎng)度:取2mm
機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間:由《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表28-42得:
輔助時(shí)間:
工步2:锪4-Φ12沉孔
刀具:Φ12锪刀
進(jìn)給量:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表28-13,取=0.25mm/r
鉆削速度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表28-13,取=20m/min
機(jī)床主軸速度:
查[3]表4-9,取=550r/min
實(shí)際鉆削速度:
每分進(jìn)給量:
鉆孔深度:=4mm
刀具切入長(zhǎng)度
刀具切出長(zhǎng)度:取0mm
機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間:由《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表28-42得:
輔助時(shí)間:0.04
工序80 粗鏜、精鏜Φ52孔
工步1:粗鏜Φ52孔
刀具:YG6鏜刀
背吃刀量:=2mm
進(jìn)給量:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表29-14,取=0.6mm/z
銑削速度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表29-14,取=30m/min
機(jī)床主軸速度:
,查[3]表4-16,取=200r/min
實(shí)際銑削速度:
每分進(jìn)給量:
切削工時(shí)計(jì)算:
輔助時(shí)間
工步2:精鏜孔至尺寸
刀具:YG6鏜刀
背吃刀量:=1mm
進(jìn)給量:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表29-14,取=0.6mm/z
鏜削速度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表29-14,取=40m/min
機(jī)床主軸速度:
,查[3]表4-16,取=250r/min
實(shí)際銑削速度:
每分進(jìn)給量:
切削工時(shí)計(jì)算:
輔助時(shí)間
工序90 粗鏜、精鏜Φ48孔
工步1粗鏜Φ48孔
刀具:YG6鏜刀
背吃刀量:=2mm
進(jìn)給量:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表29-14,取=0.6mm/z
銑削速度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表29-14,取=30m/min
機(jī)床主軸速度:
,查[3]表4-16,取=150r/min
實(shí)際銑削速度:
每分進(jìn)給量:
切削工時(shí)計(jì)算:
輔助時(shí)間
工步2:精鏜孔至尺寸
刀具:YG6鏜刀 背吃刀量:=1mm
進(jìn)給量:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表29-14,取=0.6mm/z
鏜削速度:查《機(jī)械加工工藝師手冊(cè)》[1]表29-14,取=40m/min
機(jī)床主軸速度:
,查[3]表4-16,取=250r/min
實(shí)際銑削速度:
每分進(jìn)給量:
切削工時(shí)計(jì)算:
輔助時(shí)間
其他工藝參數(shù)詳見工藝卡片。
第3章 鉆夾具設(shè)計(jì)
3.1 夾具類型及使用機(jī)床選擇
根據(jù)課題要求選擇一道重要工序進(jìn)行夾具設(shè)計(jì),本次要設(shè)計(jì)的夾具是鉆5-M5孔及鉆、鉸Φ12孔夾具。鉆、鉸、锪通過專用的鉆頭、鉸刀、锪刀都可以在鉆床上進(jìn)行加工,鉆床廣泛應(yīng)用于機(jī)械加工中,是一種成本低、操作難度低、加工范圍廣的機(jī)床,對(duì)于鉆5-M5孔及鉆、鉸Φ12孔這道工序來說,由于一次裝夾需要加工6個(gè)孔,故可選用如圖3-1搖臂鉆床Z3040進(jìn)行加工。
圖3-1 搖臂鉆床Z3040
3.2 定位基準(zhǔn)及定位元件選擇
3.2.1 工件定位面選擇
工件的定位面是工件上直接和接觸的部分,對(duì)于銑左端面工序來說此時(shí)泵體是毛坯狀態(tài),任何表面都是非加工面。選擇定位面時(shí)應(yīng)該遵循以下原則:選擇大而平整的平面或內(nèi)圓外圓進(jìn)行定位、選擇定位面后要方便后續(xù)的裝夾、定位面所對(duì)應(yīng)的裝夾位置應(yīng)該結(jié)構(gòu)牢固,在裝夾時(shí)保證不得有變形現(xiàn)象。根據(jù)上述原則選擇泵體的右側(cè)面和上端面作為定位面。
3.2.2 夾具定位元件選擇
根據(jù)夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)可知機(jī)床的定位元件有很多種,如定位板、定位銷、支承釘、定位軸、V型塊等,泵體銑頂面夾具中,由于定位面都是大而平整的表面,故應(yīng)選用支撐板進(jìn)行定位。
3.2.3 定位元件限制不定度分析
任何物體在空間上確定位置需要限制6個(gè)自由度,分別是3個(gè)移動(dòng)自由度和3個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)自由度。對(duì)于泵體鉆夾具,底面使用兩塊支撐板組成一個(gè)大平面,限制3個(gè)自由度,分別是1個(gè)移動(dòng)自由度和2個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)自由度;2-Φ7孔分別用一個(gè)圓柱銷和一個(gè)菱形銷定位,圓柱銷限制2個(gè)移動(dòng)自由度;菱形銷限制1個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)自由度。
3.3 夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)及夾緊元件初步選擇
如圖3-2所示,采用移動(dòng)壓板作為夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)。移動(dòng)壓板機(jī)構(gòu)選用的都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件,包括移動(dòng)壓板、螺母、雙頭螺柱、彈簧、調(diào)節(jié)支撐。移動(dòng)壓板是一種結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,容易獲得的夾緊機(jī)構(gòu),使用移動(dòng)壓板時(shí),先裝入工件,然后把移動(dòng)壓板的頭部移動(dòng)至需要夾緊的部位,再用扳手?jǐn)Q緊夾緊工件。
圖3-2 移動(dòng)壓板夾緊
3.4 鉆套類型選擇
鉆5-M5孔精度要求不高,可直接鉆削加工得到。由于該孔不需要擴(kuò)孔、鉸孔,故不需要使用可換鉆套,選用符合JB/T 8045.1-2000的固定鉆套即可,固定鉆套需要配合JB/T 8045.5-2000鉆套用襯套使用。因?yàn)殂@套是易損件,需要經(jīng)常更換,在鉆模板和鉆套之間需要增加一個(gè)襯套防止頻繁更換鉆套給鉆模板造成的磨損。加工Φ12孔需要先鉆后鉸,應(yīng)選用符合JB/T 8045.3-1999的快換鉆套。鉆模板可以翻開給攻絲提供足夠的加工空間。
3.5 鉆模板設(shè)計(jì)
3.5.1 鉆模板類型選擇
鉆模板是引導(dǎo)刀具在工件上鉆孔用的零件。鉆模板的作用是支撐鉆套,讓鉆套和夾具體上的定位元件保證一定的位置關(guān)系。鉆模板的精度直接影響到工件鉆孔的精度。該夾具中,由于在鉆工序后,還需要攻絲,所以鉆模板需要設(shè)計(jì)成可翻轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)構(gòu),當(dāng)鉸孔加工完成后,翻開鉆模板給絲錐讓出加工位置。
3.5.2 鉆模板材料選擇
鉆模板的形狀為矩形板狀,可選用45鋼板材進(jìn)行加工,45鋼板材在市場(chǎng)上購買方便,是一種廣泛使用的材料。45鋼有很好的機(jī)械性能,進(jìn)行熱處理后可獲得較高硬度。作為鉆模板的材料非常合適。
3.6 計(jì)算切削力和夾緊力
3.6.1 計(jì)算切削力
刀具:采用高速鋼直柄麻花鉆,
材料:HT200,,鑄件。
鉆削軸向力為 引自參考文獻(xiàn)《機(jī)床夾具手冊(cè)(第三版)》表1-2-8.
進(jìn)給量
修正系數(shù) 引自參考文獻(xiàn)《機(jī)夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(第三版)》表1-2-8.
故
則實(shí)際夾緊力為 查《機(jī)床夾具計(jì)手冊(cè)(第三版)》表1-2-1.
安全系數(shù)K 可按下式計(jì)算
-基本安全系數(shù)1.5;
-加工性質(zhì)系數(shù)1.1;
-刀具鈍化系數(shù)1.0;
-斷續(xù)切削系數(shù)1.0;
上述數(shù)據(jù)查《機(jī)械夾具具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(第三版)》表1-2-1.
故
3.6.2 計(jì)算夾緊力
根據(jù)《機(jī)械加工工藝手冊(cè)》孟少農(nóng)表6.3-8中公式
W:作用在工件上的夾緊力
WL:螺旋夾緊力
M:螺旋上的原始作用力M=QL
d2:螺紋中徑
Q:手柄上的的作用力
L:手柄長(zhǎng)度
l1:支撐到螺栓中心線距離
l2:螺栓中心線到夾緊中心距離
q:彈簧彈力(此處忽略不計(jì))
:機(jī)構(gòu)效率,取0.9
帶入數(shù)據(jù)得夾緊力為2972N,大于切削力
3.7 定位誤差分析
圖3-4 零件定位簡(jiǎn)圖
工件的定位簡(jiǎn)圖如圖3-4所示根據(jù)《現(xiàn)代夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》表3-2公式得:
兩定位銷所產(chǎn)生的最大角度定位誤差為:
:夾具圓柱銷與其相配合的工件定位孔的最大間隙,取H7/f6,最大間隙0.037mm
:夾具菱形銷與其配合的工件孔件的最大間隙,取H7/f6,最大間隙0.037mm
L:兩定位銷中心距。
計(jì)算得最大定位角度誤差α=0.2°
水平定位誤差為之間取較大值除2,計(jì)算得水平定位誤差為:
3.8 夾具體設(shè)計(jì)
夾具體是整個(gè)夾具的基礎(chǔ)和骨架,是夾具上最大和最復(fù)雜的基礎(chǔ)零件,該夾具是鉆夾具,所以不需要安裝定位原件也不需要對(duì)刀塊。故為了滿足有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度、安放穩(wěn)定可靠、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊和工藝性好,并且重量盡可能輕巧,便于操作,使用安全,所以選擇夾具體為鑄造體。
對(duì)于鑄造結(jié)構(gòu)的夾具體,其結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是工藝性好,容易獲得形狀復(fù)雜的內(nèi)、外輪廓,且具有較好的強(qiáng)度、剛度和抗震性,故夾具體材料選擇HT200。根據(jù)上述原則設(shè)計(jì)如圖3-6夾具體并繪制零件圖。
圖3-5 夾具體圖
第4章
結(jié)束語
本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)在指導(dǎo)老師的幫助下順利完成。本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的課題是泵體加工工藝和夾具設(shè)計(jì),主要分為加工工藝設(shè)計(jì)和夾具設(shè)計(jì)兩大部分。機(jī)械加工工藝部分要求根據(jù)零件圖編制一套完整的機(jī)械加工工藝過程,在論證機(jī)械加工工藝過程的合理性后,再查閱相關(guān)手冊(cè)確定工件的加工余量,并根據(jù)零件圖各面的要求確定加工方法、切削量大小、切削速度和吃刀量等參數(shù)。根據(jù)所選擇的參數(shù)填寫每道工序的工藝卡片。工序卡和工藝卡是指導(dǎo)機(jī)械加工的重要文件,通過兩個(gè)卡片的編寫,讓我理清了機(jī)械加工過程,更深刻地理解了加工工藝的內(nèi)涵。
論文的另一部分是夾具設(shè)計(jì)。夾具是機(jī)械加工中必不可少的工藝裝備,夾具的作用是把工件固定在機(jī)床正確的位置上。一套好的夾具,不但能夠保證零件的加工質(zhì)量,還能減少裝夾時(shí)間,減輕工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。本次設(shè)計(jì)的是一套銑床夾具,一次裝夾同時(shí)加工工件的兩個(gè)側(cè)面,定位方式采用一面兩銷的方法,這種方法結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,不需要專門制作定位元件,節(jié)省了夾具設(shè)計(jì)制造的時(shí)間。夾緊方法采用壓板夾緊,一根拉桿連接著兩塊壓板,通過擰緊螺紋,根據(jù)杠杠的作用夾緊工件。使用聯(lián)動(dòng)夾緊可以節(jié)約裝夾時(shí)間,提高工件的裝夾效率,減少加工用時(shí)。最后,根據(jù)定位夾緊方案繪制夾具裝配圖,和非標(biāo)零件圖。
致 謝
忙碌的畢業(yè)季過去了,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)也按照規(guī)定時(shí)間完成并交到畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)導(dǎo)師那里。再這段時(shí)間里,從接到課題一頭霧水不知從何下手,再到到圖書館查閱大量資料,翻閱各種設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè),逐漸理清了設(shè)計(jì)思路和畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的主要任務(wù)。這是一個(gè)很常規(guī)的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題,他牽涉到大學(xué)期間所學(xué)的很多知識(shí),如機(jī)械加工工藝、機(jī)械制圖、材料方面等的知識(shí)。
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)綜合性很強(qiáng)的大考試,是對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)的一個(gè)總體檢驗(yàn)。想想大學(xué)期間學(xué)習(xí)的各學(xué)科的知識(shí),都是各門任課教師一節(jié)課一節(jié)課耐心教會(huì)給我們。想在此對(duì)所有任課教師說一句:謝謝,您們辛苦了。是你們帶我走進(jìn)機(jī)械世界的大門,是你們?yōu)槲艺樟廖磥淼姆较颍屛以诨煦缰锌辞逦磥砬靶械姆较?。你們就是黑暗中的明燈照亮我前行的路?
還要感謝大學(xué)期間陪伴我的同學(xué)們,遠(yuǎn)在異鄉(xiāng)求學(xué),心中的寂寞可想而知,是同學(xué)們讓我在這個(gè)城市有了家的感覺。我們一起上課一起吃飯一起度過周末甚至一起過節(jié)。你們的音容笑貌會(huì)一致銘刻在我心里。感謝你們的陪伴,謝謝。
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本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) (論文)
外 文 翻 譯
原 文 標(biāo) 題
Introduction of Machining
譯 文 標(biāo) 題
加工基礎(chǔ)
作者所在系別
機(jī)械工程系
作者所在專業(yè)
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
作者所在班級(jí)
作 者 姓 名
作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
指導(dǎo)教師職稱
完 成 時(shí) 間
譯文標(biāo)題
加工基礎(chǔ)
原文標(biāo)題
Introduction of Machining
作 者
Hoskins, Josiah
譯 名
霍斯金斯·喬賽亞
國(guó) 籍
美國(guó)
原文出處
百度文庫
譯文:
加工基礎(chǔ)
作為產(chǎn)生形狀的一種加工方法,機(jī)械加工是所有制造過程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。機(jī)械加工過程是一個(gè)產(chǎn)生形狀的過程,在這過程中,驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置使工件上的一些材料以切屑的形式被去除。盡管在某些場(chǎng)合,工件無承受情況下,使用移動(dòng)式裝備來實(shí)現(xiàn)加工,但大多數(shù)的機(jī)械加工是通過既支承工件又支承刀具的裝備來完成。
機(jī)械加工在知道過程中具備兩方面。小批生產(chǎn)低費(fèi)用。對(duì)于鑄造、鍛造和壓力加工,每一個(gè)要生產(chǎn)的具體工件形狀,即使是一個(gè)零件,幾乎都要花費(fèi)高額的加工費(fèi)用。靠焊接來產(chǎn)生的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀,在很大程度上取決于有效的原材料的形式。一般來說,通過利用貴重設(shè)備而又無需特種加工條件下,幾乎可以以任何種類原材料開始,借助機(jī)械加工把原材料加工成任意所需要的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀,只要外部尺寸足夠大,那都是可能的。因此對(duì)于生產(chǎn)一個(gè)零件,甚至當(dāng)零件結(jié)構(gòu)及要生產(chǎn)的批量大小上按原來都適于用鑄造、鍛造或者壓力加工來生產(chǎn)的,但通常寧可選擇機(jī)械加工。
嚴(yán)密的精度和良好的表面光潔度,機(jī)械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面光潔度基礎(chǔ)上。許多零件,如果用別的其他方法來生產(chǎn)屬于大批量生產(chǎn)的話,那么在機(jī)械加工中則是屬于低公差且又能滿足要求的小批量生產(chǎn)了。另方面,許多零件靠較粗的生產(chǎn)加工工藝提高其一般表面形狀,而僅僅是在需要高精度的且選擇過的表面才進(jìn)行機(jī)械加工。例如內(nèi)螺紋,除了機(jī)械加工之外,幾乎沒有別的加工方法能進(jìn)行加工。又如已鍛工件上的小孔加工,也是被鍛后緊接著進(jìn)行機(jī)械加工才完成的。
基本的機(jī)械加工參數(shù)
切削中工件與刀具的基本關(guān)系是以以下四個(gè)要素來充分描述的,刀具的幾何形狀,切削速度,進(jìn)給速度,和吃刀深度。
切削刀具必須用一種合適的材料來制造,它必須是強(qiáng)固、韌性好、堅(jiān)硬而且耐磨的。刀具的幾何形狀——以刀尖平面和刀具角為特征——對(duì)于每一種切削工藝都必須是正確的。
切削速度是切削刃通過工件表面的速率,它是以每分鐘英寸來表示。為了有效地加工,切削速度高低必須適應(yīng)特定的工件——刀具配合。一般來說,工件材料越硬,速度越低。
進(jìn)給速度是刀具切進(jìn)工件的速度。若工件或刀具作旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),進(jìn)給量是以每轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)過的英寸數(shù)目來度量的。當(dāng)?shù)毒呋蚬ぜ魍鶑?fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),進(jìn)給量是以每一行程走過的英寸數(shù)度量的。一般來說,在其他條件相同時(shí),進(jìn)給量與切削速度成反比。
吃刀深度——以英寸計(jì)——是刀具進(jìn)入工件的距離。它等于旋削中的切屑寬度或者等于線性切削中的切屑的厚度。粗加工比起精加工來,吃刀深度較深。
切削參數(shù)的改變對(duì)切削溫度的影響
金屬切削操作中,熱是在主變形區(qū)和副變形區(qū)發(fā)生的。這結(jié)果導(dǎo)致復(fù)雜的溫度分布遍及刀具、工件和切屑。圖中顯示了一組典型等溫曲線,從中可以看出,像所能預(yù)料的那樣,當(dāng)工件材料在主變形區(qū)被切削時(shí),沿著整個(gè)切屑的寬度上有著很大的溫度梯度,而當(dāng)在副變形區(qū),切屑被切落時(shí),切屑附近的前刀面上就有更高的溫度。這導(dǎo)致了前刀面和切屑離切削刃很近的地方切削溫度較高。
實(shí)質(zhì)上由于在金屬切削中所做的全部功能都被轉(zhuǎn)化為熱,那就可以預(yù)料,被切離金屬的單位體積功率消耗曾家的這些因素就將使切削溫度升高。這樣刀具前角的增加而所有其他參數(shù)不變時(shí),將使切離金屬的單位體積所耗功率減小,因而切削溫度也將降低。當(dāng)考慮到未變形切屑厚度增加和切削速度,這情形就更是復(fù)雜。未變形切屑厚度的增加趨勢(shì)必導(dǎo)致通過工件的熱的總數(shù)上產(chǎn)生比例效應(yīng),刀具和切屑仍保持著固定的比例,而切削溫度變化傾向于降低。然而切削速度的增加,傳導(dǎo)到工件上的熱的數(shù)量減少而這又增加主變形區(qū)中的切屑溫升。進(jìn)而副變形區(qū)勢(shì)必更小,這將在該區(qū)內(nèi)產(chǎn)生升溫效應(yīng)。其他切削參數(shù)的變化,實(shí)質(zhì)上對(duì)于被切離的單位體積消耗上并沒有什么影響,因此實(shí)際上對(duì)切削溫度沒有什么作用。因?yàn)槭聦?shí)已經(jīng)表明,切削溫度即使有小小的變化對(duì)刀具磨損率都將有實(shí)質(zhì)意義的影響作用。這表明如何人從切削參數(shù)來確定切削溫度那是很合適的。
為著測(cè)定高速鋼刀具溫度的最直接和最精確的方法是 W&T 法,這方法也就是可提供高速鋼刀具溫度分布的詳細(xì)信息的方法。該項(xiàng)技術(shù)是建立在高速鋼刀具截面金相顯微測(cè)試基礎(chǔ)上,目的是要建立顯微結(jié)構(gòu)變化與熱變化規(guī)律圖線關(guān)系式。當(dāng)要加工廣泛的工件材料時(shí),Trent 已經(jīng)論述過測(cè)定高速鋼刀具的切削溫度及溫度分布的方法。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)由于利用電子顯微掃描技術(shù)已經(jīng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,目的是要研究將已回過火和各種馬氏體結(jié)構(gòu)的高速鋼再回火引起的微觀顯微結(jié)構(gòu)變化情況。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)亦用于研究高速鋼單點(diǎn)車刀和麻花鉆的溫度分布。
刀具磨損
從已經(jīng)被處理過的無數(shù)脆裂和刃口裂紋的刀具中可知,刀具磨損基本上有三種形式,后刀面磨損,前刀面磨損和 V 型凹口磨損。后刀面磨損既發(fā)生在主刀刃上也發(fā)生副刀刃上。關(guān)于主刀刃,因其擔(dān)負(fù)切除大部金屬切屑任務(wù),這就導(dǎo)致增加切削力和提高切削溫度,如果聽任而不加以檢查處理,那可能導(dǎo)致刀具和工件發(fā)生振動(dòng)且使有效切削的條件可能不再存在。關(guān)于副刀刃,那是決定著工件的尺寸和表面光潔度的,后刀面磨損可能造成尺寸不合格的產(chǎn)品而且表面光潔度也差。在大多數(shù)實(shí)際切削條件下,由于主前刀面先于副前刀面磨損,磨損到達(dá)足夠大時(shí),刀具將實(shí)效,結(jié)果是制成不合格零件。
由于刀具表面上的應(yīng)力分布不均勻,切屑和前刀面之間滑動(dòng)接觸區(qū)應(yīng)力,在滑動(dòng)接觸區(qū)的起始處最大,而在接觸區(qū)的尾部為零,這樣磨蝕性磨損在這個(gè)區(qū)域發(fā)生了。這是因?yàn)樵谇邢骺ㄗ^(qū)附近比刀刃附近發(fā)生更嚴(yán)重的磨損,而刀刃附近因切屑與前刀面失去接觸而磨損較輕。這結(jié)果離切削刃一定距離處的前刀面上形成麻點(diǎn)凹坑,這些通常被認(rèn)為是前刀面的磨損。通常情況下,這磨損橫斷面是圓弧形的。在許多情況中和對(duì)于實(shí)際的切削狀況而言,前刀面磨損比起后刀面磨損要輕,因此后刀面磨損更普遍地作為刀具失效的尺度標(biāo)志。然而因許多作者已經(jīng)表示過的那樣在增加切削速度情況下,前刀面上的溫度比后刀面上的溫度升得更快,而且又因任何形式的磨損率實(shí)質(zhì)上是受到溫度變化的重大影響。因此前刀面的磨損通常在高速切削時(shí)發(fā)生的。
刀具的主后刀面磨損帶的尾部是跟未加工過的工件表面相接觸,因此后刀面磨損比沿著磨損帶末端處更為明顯,那是最普通的。這是因?yàn)榫植啃?yīng),這像未加工表面上的已硬化層,這效應(yīng)是由前面的切削引起的工件硬化造成的。不只是切削,還有像氧化皮,刀刃產(chǎn)生的局部高溫也都會(huì)引起這種效應(yīng)。這種局部磨損通常稱作為凹坑性磨損,而且偶爾是非常嚴(yán)重的。盡管凹坑的出現(xiàn)對(duì)刀具的切削性質(zhì)無實(shí)質(zhì)意義的影響,但凹坑常常逐漸變深,如果切削在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行的話,那么刀具就存在斷裂的危機(jī)。
如果任何進(jìn)行性形式 的磨損任由繼續(xù)發(fā)展,最終磨損速率明顯地增加而刀具將會(huì)有摧毀性失效破壞,即刀具將不能再用作切削,造成工件報(bào)廢,那算是好的,嚴(yán)重的可造成機(jī)床破壞。對(duì)于各種硬質(zhì)合金刀具和對(duì)于各種類型的磨損,在發(fā)生嚴(yán)重失效前,就認(rèn)為已達(dá)到刀具的使用壽命周期的終點(diǎn)。然而對(duì)于各種高速鋼刀具,其磨損是屬于非均勻性磨損,已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)其磨損允許連續(xù)甚至到嚴(yán)重失效開始,最有意義的是該刀具可以獲得重磨使用,當(dāng)然,在實(shí)際上,切削時(shí)間遠(yuǎn)比使用到失效的時(shí)間短。以下幾種現(xiàn)象之一均是刀具嚴(yán)重失效開始的特征,最普遍的是切削力突然增加,在工件上出現(xiàn)燒損環(huán)紋和噪音嚴(yán)重增加等。
自動(dòng)夾具設(shè)計(jì)
用做裝配設(shè)備的傳統(tǒng)同步夾具把零件移動(dòng)到夾具中心上,以確保零件從傳送機(jī)上或從設(shè)備盤上取出后置于已定位置上。然而在某些應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合、強(qiáng)制零件移動(dòng)到中心線上時(shí),可能引起零件或設(shè)備破壞。當(dāng)零件易損而且小小振動(dòng)可能導(dǎo)致報(bào)廢時(shí),或當(dāng)其位置是由機(jī)床主軸或模具來具體時(shí),再或者當(dāng)公差要求很精密時(shí),那寧可讓夾具去適應(yīng)零件位置,而不是相反。為著這些工作任務(wù),美國(guó)俄亥俄州 Elyria 的 Zaytran 公司已經(jīng)開發(fā)了一般性功能數(shù)據(jù)的非同步西類柔順性夾具。因?yàn)閵A具作用力和同步化裝置是各自獨(dú)立的,該同步裝置可以用精密的滑移裝置來替換而不影響夾具作用力。夾具規(guī)格范圍是從 0.2 英寸行程,5英鎊夾緊力到 6 英寸行程、400 英寸夾緊力。
現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)的特征是批量變得越來越小而產(chǎn)品的各種規(guī)格變化最大。因此,生產(chǎn)的最后階段,裝配因生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃、批量和產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的變更而顯得特別脆弱。這種情形正迫使許多公司更多地致力于廣泛的合理化改革和前面提到過情況那樣裝配自動(dòng)化。盡管柔性夾具的發(fā)展很快落后與柔性運(yùn)輸處理裝置的發(fā)展,如落后于工業(yè)機(jī)器人的發(fā)展,但仍然試圖指望增加夾具的柔順性。事實(shí)上夾具的重要的裝置——生產(chǎn)裝置的專向投資就加強(qiáng)了使夾具更加柔性化在經(jīng)濟(jì)上的支持。
根據(jù)它們?nèi)犴樞?,夾具可以分為,專用夾具、組合夾具、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)夾具、高柔性夾具。柔性夾具是以它們對(duì)不同工件的高適應(yīng)性和以少更換低費(fèi)用為特征的。
結(jié)構(gòu)形式可變換的柔性夾具裝有可變更結(jié)構(gòu)排列的零件(例如針形頰板,多片式零件和片狀頰板),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工件的非專用夾持或夾緊元件(例如:?jiǎn)?dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)夾持夾具和帶有可移動(dòng)元件的夾具配套件,)或者裝有陶瓷或硬化了的中介物質(zhì)(如:流動(dòng)粒子床夾具和熱夾具緊夾具)。為了生產(chǎn),零件要在夾具中被緊固,需要產(chǎn)生夾緊作用,其有幾個(gè)與夾具柔順性無關(guān)的步驟:
根據(jù)被加工的即基礎(chǔ)的部分和工作特點(diǎn),確定工件在夾具中的所需的位置,接著必須選擇若干穩(wěn)定平面的組合,這些穩(wěn)定平面就構(gòu)成工件被固定在夾具中確定位置上的夾持狀輪廓結(jié)構(gòu),均衡所有各力和力矩,而且保證接近工件工作特點(diǎn)。最后,必須計(jì)算、調(diào)整、組裝可拆裝的或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)夾具元件的所需位置以便使工件牢牢地被夾緊在夾具中。依據(jù)這樣的程序,夾具的輪廓結(jié)構(gòu)和裝合的規(guī)劃和記錄過程可以進(jìn)行自動(dòng)化控制。
結(jié)構(gòu)造型任務(wù)就是要產(chǎn)生若干穩(wěn)定平面的組合,這樣在這些平面上的各夾緊力將使工件和夾具穩(wěn)定。按慣例,這個(gè)任務(wù)可用人—機(jī)對(duì)話即幾乎完全自動(dòng)化的方式來完成。一人—機(jī)對(duì)話即以自動(dòng)化方式確定夾具結(jié)構(gòu)造型的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以有組織有規(guī)劃進(jìn)行夾具設(shè)計(jì),減少所需的設(shè)計(jì)人員,縮短研究周期和能更好地配置工作條件。簡(jiǎn)言之,可成功地達(dá)到顯著提高夾具生產(chǎn)效率和效益。
在充分準(zhǔn)備了構(gòu)造方案和一批材料情況下,在完成首次組裝可以成功實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)約時(shí)間達(dá) 60%。
因此夾具機(jī)構(gòu)造型過程的目的是產(chǎn)生合適的編程文件
原文:
Introduction of Machining
Have a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method.
Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal.Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.
Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts,almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.
Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production.
Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread,in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.
Primary Cutting Parameters
Cutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.
Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct.
Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.
Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。
Depth of penetration of a cutting tool -- to inches dollars -- is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.
Wears of Cutting Tool
We already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool, we learn that tool wear are basically three forms :flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade. On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check,That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vice-bladed on,it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified parts.
As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This results from a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross-sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. But because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen.
The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of the hardening of t he work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits gradually become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture crisis.
If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting, cause the work piece scrapped, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has reached the end of the life cycle. But for various high-speed steel cutting tools and wear belonging to the non-uniformity of wear, has been found : When the wear and even to allow for a serious lapse,the most meaningful is that the tool can re-mill use, of course, In practice, cutting the time to use than the short time lapse. Several phenomena are one tool serious lapse began features : the most common is the sudden increase cutting force, appeared on the work piece burning ring patterns and an increase in noise.
The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting Temperatures
In metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and this results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip.
Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more comples. An increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thickness tends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed, however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip in primary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate, it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data.
The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high-speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright&Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructural changes to thermal history.
Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further developed by using scanning electron microscopy to study fine-scale microstructural changes srising from over tempering of the tempered martensitic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both high-speed-steel single point turning tools and twist drills.
Automatic Fixture Design
Assembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixture mobile center, to ensure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheduled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the center line, it may cause parts or equipment damage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance again or when the request is a sophisticated, it would rather let the fixture to adapt to the location of parts, and not the contrary. For these tasks, Elyria, Ohio, the company has developed Zaytran a general non-functional data synchronization West category FLEXIBILITY fixture. Fixture because of the interaction and synchronization devices is independent, The synchronous device can use sophisticated equipment to replace the slip without affecting the fixture force. Fixture specification range from 0.2 inches itinerary, 5 pounds clamping force of the six-inch trip, 400-inch clamping force.
The characteristics of modern production is becoming smaller and smaller quantities and product specifications biggest changes. Therefore, in the final stages of production, assembly of production, quantity and product design changes appear to be particularly vulnerable. This situation is forcing many companies to make greater efforts to rationalize the extensive reform and the previously mentioned case of assembly automati on. Despite flexible fixture behind the rapid development of flexible transport and handling devices, suchas backward in the development of industrial robots, it is still expected to increase the flexibility fixture. In fact the important fixture devices -- the production of the devices to strengthen investment on the fixture so that more flexibility in economic support holders.
According to their flexibility and fixture can be divided into : special fixture, the fixture combinations, the standard fixture, high flexible fixture. Flexible fixture on different parts of their high adaptability and the few low-cost replacement for the characteristic.
Forms can transform the structure of the flexible fixture can be installed with the change of structure components (such as needle cheek plate, Multi-chip components and flake cheek plate), a non-standard work piece gripper or clamping elements (for example : commencement standard with a clamping fixture and mobile components fixture supporting documents), or with ceramic or hardening of the intermediary substances (such as : Mobile particle bed fixture and heat fixture tight fixture). To production, the parts were secured fixture, the need to generate clamping function, its fixture with a few unrelated to the sexual submissive steps :
According to the processing was part of that foundation and working characteristics to determine the work piece fixture in the required position, then need to select some stability flat combination, These constitute a stable plane was fixed in the work piece fixture set position on the clamp-profile structure, all balanced and torque, it has also ensured that the work features close to the work piece. Finally, it must be calculated and adjusted, assembly or disassembly be standard fixture components required for the position, so that the work piece firmly by clamping fixture in China. In accordance with this procedure, the outline fixture structure and equipped with the planning and recording process can be automated control.
Structural modeling task is to produce some stable flat combination, Thus, these plane of the work pieces clamping force and will fixture stability. According to usual practice, this task can be human-machine dialogue that is almost completely automated way to completion. A man-machine dialogue that is automated fixture structure modeling to determine the merits can be conducted in an organized and planning fixture design, reduce the amount of the design, shortening the study period and better distribution of work conditions. In short, can be successfully achieved significantly improve fixture efficiency and effectiveness.
Fully prepared to structure programs and the number of material circumstances, the completion of the first successful assembly can save up to 60% of the time.
Therefore fixture process modeling agencies is the purpose of the program have appropriate documents.
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