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Unit 4 MakingaLiving MakingaDifference Book3 C CriticalThinking Workwithapartner Thinkofapossiblespeakerandsituationforeachspeakingpurpose Listening1 1 TogiveinformationAlecturebyauniversityprofessor2 Topersuadeyoutodosomething 3 Toentertainyou 4 Tochangeyouropinion Listening1 ExampleAnswers2 ATVcommercialforaproductorchildrentryingtoconvincetheirparentstodosomething3 Anactorperforminginamovieorsomeonetellingafunnystoryataparty4 Apoliticianexplainingwhytheyareabettercandidatethantheiropponentorafriendexplainingwhycertaininformationyoufoundonlineisactuallyfalse Listening1 Listening AguestspeakerEx A1 SheisMarshaNolan aguestspeakerandthedirectorofWorldwideCo op 2 Theaudienceisadiversegroupofpeoplewhowanttoprotectdifferentanimalspecies 3 TheIrulapeoplecouldnolongerselltheskinsofsnakes sotheirpovertybecamemoreextreme Tobecontinued Listening1 AnswerKeys continued 4 TheIrulasbecameentrepreneurs Theycaughtsnakesfortheirvenom whichisusedtoproduceantivenin theonlyknowncureforpoisonoussnakebites TheyformedtheIrulaSnakeCatchersIndustrialCooperativeSociety Thisbusinessisruncooperatively 5 Thespeaker spurposeistogiveinformationsincetheideasbehindtheIrulas co op inotherwordsusingwildanimalsinasustainableway canbeusedinmanyplaces C ListeningforDetails Readthestatementsandanswerchoices Thenlistenagainandchoosethecorrectwordorphrasetocompleteeachstatement Tobecontinued 1 Accordingtothespeaker WorldwideCo opoffers tocooperativeenterprises a loansb supportc healthinsurance2 Eachyear peopleinIndiadiefromsnakebites a 20 000b 30 000c 40 000 Listening1 b b C ListeningforDetails 3 Thespeakerencouragestheaudiencememberstoassesstheirownsituationsinordertounderstandthereasonswhy a wildlifearebeingkilledb peopleareearningmorethanbeforec snakesarebeingmilkedfortheirvenom4 Accordingtothespeaker WorldwideCo ophasinformationresources including a booksb journalarticlesc aWebsite Listening1 a c A Mostpeoplerunawaywhentheyseeapoisonoussnake butnottheIrulasofIndia Forgenerations theIrulasmadetheirlivingcatchingwildsnakes Thesnakes skinsweresoldandmadeintoluxurygoodssuchashandbagsandboots Thenin1972 theIndianParliamentadoptedtheWildlifeProtectionAct andthebasisoftheIrulas economywassuddenlyillegal SomeIrulasgotjobsasfarmlaborers butmanyfoundthemselvesoutofwork Tobecontinued Listening1 Thesolutioncamein1978withthecreationoftheIrulaSnakeCatchersIndustrialCooperativeSociety whosemembersusetheirsnakehuntingskillstocatchsnakes However thesnakesarenolongersoldfortheirskins Thecooperativehasfoundabetteruseforthedangeroussnakes Listening1 A C Goodafternoonandthankyouforinvitingmetospeak MynameisMarshaNolan andI mthedirectorofWorldwideCo op Ihope Ihopethatsomeofyouhaveheardofourorganization WorldwideCo opexiststosupportcooperativeenterprisesofallkinds andtoday today I dliketogiveyousomeinformationaboutaco opinIndia It sanunusualco opsinceitwasformedinresponsetowildlifeprotectionmeasures Sinceallofyouherearemembersofwildlifeorganizations Iknowyou llbeinterestedinthis Tobecontinued Listening1 Allright Thestory Thestorybeginsin1972 ThatwastheyearthatIndiatookamajorstepinwildlifeprotection Sofar sogood right Well theWildlifeProtectionActwasn tsogoodforasmalltribecalledtheIrulas whomadetheirlivingcatchingsnakes suchastheIndiancobra whichweresoldfortheirskins Evenbefore1972 theIrulaslivedinrelativepoverty despitebeingsomeoftheonlypeopleinIndiawiththenecessaryskillstocatchpoisonoussnakes After1972 thingswentfrombadtoworse Whathappenednext however couldserveasamodelformanyplaces TheIrulasbecameentrepreneurs Withmorethan30 000deathsfromsnakebitesinIndiaeachyear thereisahugedemandforvenom It susedtoproduceantivenin theonlyknowncureforpoisonoussnakebites Tobecontinued Listening1 TheIrulasknewhowtohandlecobras sotheydecidedtocooperateandworktogether TheyformedtheIrulaSnakeCatchersIndustrialCooperativeSociety andtheywerebackinthesnakebusiness Thesedays theIrulascatchsnakesjustasthey vedoneforgenerations butnow theycarefullymilkthesnakes venombeforereturningthemtothewild Thesnakestheycatcharenotkilled andtheIrulasearnmoremoneyfromthevenomthantheyusedtogetforthesnakes skins Evenbetter theco opmembersareallowners sothere snolongera middleman gettingrichfromtheIrulas hardwork AllofthewealthgeneratedbythesaleofvenomstaysintheIrulacommunity Tobecontinued Listening1 ThereasonI mtellingyouallofthisissimple TheideasbehindtheIrulas co opcanbeusedinmanyplaces Afterall theIrulashavefoundaneffectiveandsustainablewaytousewildanimalsfortheirownbenefit Insteadofbeingkilled thesnakesarestayingalive andthey rebenefitingpeopleinmorethanoneway Now IknowthatI mspeakingtoadiversegroupofpeople Thedifferentspeciesthatyouwanttoprotectcan tallbemilkedfortheirvenom Butwhatallofyoucandoistoassessyoursituation Ifendangeredanimalsinyourcountryarebeingkilledandsold it simportanttounderstandthereasons theeconomicbenefitsthatcomefromkillingtheanimals Youmightfindanotherway someotherwayforpeopletoearnevenmoremoneythanbeforebynotkillingtheanimals Listening1 Ifyouneedhelpwithanyofthis WorldwideCo ophasmanyinformationresources So pleasefeelfreetovisittheWebsite sendanemail orgivemeacall Listening1 B IdentifyingtheSpeaker sPurpose Youaregoingtohearaclassquestionandanswersessioninthissection Readthequestions Thenlistentothefirstpartofthesessionandanswerthequestions Listening2 1 Whoisthespeaker 2 Whatisthespeaker spurpose ThespeakerisDonaldYates whohasquiteabitofexperiencewithcharityorganizations Thespeaker spurposeistoanswertheaudience squestionsaboutcharitableorganizations inotherwords togiveinformationtotheaudience AClassQuestionandAnswerSessionA ListeningforDetails Listentotheclassquestionandanswersessionandcompletethequestionsthatthestudentsask Listening Listening2 Question1 Doyouknowwhether Answer Tobecontinued people reallyusethemoneyforimportantthings Peoplelivinginpovertymake verygooddecisionsabouthowtospendtheirmoney Theyalmostneverbuythingstheydon tneed A ListeningforDetails Listening2 Question2 Canyoupleaseexplainwhy Answer Tobecontinued youdon t askpeopletoworkforthemoney Mostpeoplewhoareliving inpovertyarealreadyworkingveryhard A ListeningforDetails Listening2 Question3 I dliketoknowwhowhy Answer Tobecontinued makes decisionsaboutthemoney Incashtransferprograms moneyis giventoaslargeagroupaspossible often togovernment infact Orthesamepayment mightbemadetoeveryadultinacertainvillage Theideaisthatfinancialdecisionsaremadelocally A ListeningforDetails Listening2 Question4 Iwaswonderinghow Answer Tobecontinued getthingslikenewschoolsandroads communities Manypeopleintheworldunderstandthe conceptofgivingalittlemoneytocharityifyoucanand lettingthecharityfigureoutwhattodowithit Andthat mightbethebestwaytogetthereallybigprojectsdone A B FemaleProfessor OK let sgetstarted Todayisourquestionandanswersessionwithourguestspeaker DonaldYates whohasquiteabitofexperiencewithcharityorganizations Thisisyourchancetohavesomeofyourquestionsanswered solet snotwasteanytime Mr Yates GuestSpeaker Hi everyone I I dliketostartbythankingyouforinvitingmehere I malwayshappytogetoutoftheoffice Yourprofessor sright I veworkedforseveralcharitableorganizationsovertheyears NowI mmoreinterestedinthecashtransferprograms sothat swhatI m I mdoingmyresearchonnow Who dliketoaskthefirstquestion Tobecontinued Listening2 FemaleStudent1 Yes withcashtransferprograms doyou doyouknowwhetherpeoplereallyusethemoneyforimportantthings Imean itseemslikepeoplemightnotspendthemoneyresponsibly GuestSpeaker A alotofpeopleaskmethat butaccordingtomyresearch peoplelivinginpovertymakeverygooddecisionsabouthowtospendtheirmoney Theyalmostneverbuythingstheydon tneed Instead mothersbuythingsfortheirchildren schooluniformsornotebooks e evenmedicine Orafarmermightbuyanewtooltohelpwiththeharvest Withcashtransferprograms poorpeoplethemselvesdecidewhattheyneedthemost sotheoutcomesoftheseprogramshavebeenverygood Yes Tobecontinued Listening2 MaleStudent1 Yes sir Canyoupleaseexplainwhyyoudon taskpeopletoworkforthemoney Iguess I dbeafraidthatifpeople peoplegottheirpaymentsfornothing theywouldn tusethemoneywell GuestSpeaker Well thefactis mostpeoplewhoarelivinginpovertyarealreadyworkingveryhard We retalkingaboutmotherswithchildren familieswithcropstotakecareof workingpeoplewithtwoorthreejobs Forthem alittleextracashisverymuchappreciated They renotgoingtowasteitonsomethingtheydon tneed Nextquestion Listening2 Tobecontinued FemaleStudent2 I dliketoknowwhomakesdecisionsaboutthemoney Imean youcan tgivemoneytoeveryone someonehastodecidewhoshouldgetit GuestSpeaker Well incashtransferprograms moneyisgiventoaslargeagroupaspossible oftentogovernments infact Orthesamepaymentmightbemadetoeveryadultinacertainvillage Theideaisthatfinancialdecisionsaremadelocally Charityorganizationsthatcomeinfromoutsidemightnotbethebestpeopletomakethosedecisions Timeforonelastquestion Listening2 Tobecontinued MaleStudent2 I Iwaswonderinghowcommunitiesgetthingslikenewschoolsandroads Imean peopleneedthosetoo butyoucan tbuythemwithsmallamountsofcash GuestSpeaker Ah That sreallythefundamentalquestion whatworksbestwhenitcomestofightingpoverty Manypeopleintheworldunderstandtheconceptofgivingalittlemoneytocharityifyoucanandlettingthecharityfigureoutwhattodowithit Andthatmightbethebestwaytogetthereallybigprojectsdone Ontheotherhand I veheardofvillagespoolingtheirmoneytobuildnewirrigationsystems sowe rereallyjuststartingtolearnwhatworksbest Listening2 TheBusinessofCranberries Harvestingriperedcranberries A UsingaDictionary Youwillhearthesewordsandphrasesinthevideo Writeeachwordorphraseintheboxnexttoitsdefinition Useyourdictionarytohelpyou BeforeViewing BeforeViewing marshlegacyvinecorralhardfrostbumpercrop 1 n somethingthatisaresultofaperiodoftimeorhistory2 n asuddendropintemperaturethatoftenkillsplants3 n awet muddyareaofland4 n aplantthatgrowsoverthingsandoftenproducesfruit5 v totrap orgatherthingsinagroup6 n anunusuallylargeharvest legacy hardfrost marsh vine corral bumpercrop CRANBERRYQUIZ Circlethecorrectanswertoeachquestion Tobecontinued 1 Cranberriesareanativefruittowhichcontinent a NorthAmerica b SouthAmerica c Europe d Africa 2 TheAlgonquinIndiansusedcranberriesforallofthefollowingpurposesexcept foodb asymbolofpeacec moneyd medicine3 Whatistheaveragenumberofcranberriesneededtomakeonecanofcranberrysauce a 200 b 500 c 1 000 d 2 000 BeforeViewing a c a CRANBERRYQUIZ Circlethecorrectanswertoeachquestion 4 Americanstraditionallyeatcranberrysaucewithwhichkindofmeat a Beef b Turkey c Chicken d Lamb 5 JohnLennonrepeatedthewords cranberrysauce attheendofwhichBeatlessong a Taxman b IAmtheWalrus c StrawberryFieldsForever d PennyLane Source www cranberryfarmers org BeforeViewing b c WhileViewing WhileViewing A Readthestatements Thenwatchthevideoandcheck TfortrueorFforfalse B Watchthevideoagainandnumberthestepsofthecranberry harvestingprocessinthecorrectorder WhileViewing Thecranberriesarecorralled Berriesareknockedfromtheirvinesbymachinescalledbeaters Cranberriesripentoaglowingred Thecranberrybedsareflooded Theberriesfloattothesurface 5 3 1 2 4 TheBusinessofCranberriesNarrator Asdawnbreaksoverthecountryside MaryBrazeauBrownisalreadystartingherday Narrator Earlymorningishertimetofocusandgetreadyforthebusydayahead Thecalmofsunrisewon tlastlong notwithafamilytotakecareofinside MaryBrazeauBrown Coffeecaketime Narrator Andapassionwaitingrightoutsidethedoor Tobecontinued MaryBrazeauBrown WhenpeoplewouldaskmewhatIwantedtobewhenIgrewup IknewallalongthereweretwothingsthatIwantedtodo Beamomandworkoutside You regoingtowork andI mgoingtowork Narrator Lifehasworkedoutjustassheplanned Mary sofficeisthis6 100 acrecranberrymarsh oneofthelargestandoldestinWisconsin MaryBrazeauBrown Ican tresist Thisparticularsystemwasestablishedbackin1873 Someofthevinesouthereareover70yearsold Theywereherebeforeme andthey llbehereafterme Tobecontinued Narrator AsownerofGlacialLakeCranberries sheoverseeseveryaspectofthebusiness andtodaythelong awaitedfallharvesthasjustbegun MaryBrazeauBrown Harvestisagreattimeofyearbecauseyouknowyouworkforitallyearlong Narrator ThemarshsitsinCranmoor atinytownthatproducesmorecranberriesinlandthananyplaceintheworld MaryBrazeauBrown ThisareawhereweareisallpartofoldGlacialLakeWisconsinand andit sveryflat highwatertable acidconditions lotsofsand andcranberriesarenativetothisarea CranberriesareoneofNorthAmerica snativefruits Tobecontinued Narrator Here 14families eachwithitsownlegacy havebeenharvestingthiscropforgenerations Maryherselfisathirdgenerationcranberrygrower Whentheberriesripentoaglowingredinearlyfall it stimetofloodthebeds Theberriesareknockedfromtheirvinesbymachinescalledbeaters andtheyfloattothesurfacetobecorralled Marykeepsacautiouseyeontheweather MaryBrazeauBrown Tomorrowmorningyou llsay Yeah thisisfall Narrator Ahardfrostcouldwipeoutanentirecrop Whentheberriesareindangeroffreezing theirrigationsystemisturnedontokeepwaterflowingoverthevinesandthetemperaturefromreachingdamaginglevels Thesesprinklerscouldbethedifferencebetweenabumpercropandabitterharvest Tobecontinued MaryBrazeauBrown Theforecastforthisweekiscoldallweeksowe llprobablynotonlybeuptonightbuttomorrownightandwhoknowshowlong Narrator Becausethecranberrycropissodependentonwater largesystemsofreservoirs ditches anddikesareneededtokeepanadequatesupplyreadyatamoment snotice MaryBrazeauBrown it sawonderfultimeofyear butit ssoreassuringbecauseittellsmethatwe redoingsomethingrightand whenwe redoingsomethingrightforthewildlife thenwe redoingsomethingrightforus Whetheryou reamomtokidsoramomtothecranberryvinesortheloonsorthenorthernharriers youknow it sagreatjobtohave FurtherListening A Readthestatements Thenlistentoatalkaboutco opsandcheck TfortrueorFforfalse Listening1 Tobecontinued A Readthestatements Thenlistentoatalkaboutco opsandcheck TfortrueorFforfalse Listening1 B Readthesentences Thenlistenagainandcompletethesentenceswithwhatyouhear Listening1 1 Theco opmembersmaydecidetocooperateandselltheirproductstogether ratherthan 2 Thefishermenhadlimitedcontroloverthe theyreceivedfortheircatch becausethe theydependonwerecontrolledbytheprocessors 3 TheSanFranciscoCommunityFishingAssociationformedin changedthe ofpower Tobecontinued separately price equipment 2010 balance B Readthesentences Thenlistenagainandcompletethesentenceswithwhatyouhear Listening1 4 ThemembersoftheSanFranciscoCommunityFishingAssociationworktoensurethatthestateandindustryaretakingcareof forthelongrun 5 Beforedecidingtostartorjoinaco op peopleneedtoconsiderwhethertheywanttospendtimegoingtoco op orput intoalloftheco op sprojects fishstocks meetings money Cooperatives orco ops aredifferentfromcorporationsorotherbusinessenterprisesinseveralways First they remadeupofmemberswhoarealsotheownersofthecooperative Inthecaseofanagriculturalco op anumberoffarmersmaydecidetocooperateandselltheirproductstogether ratherthanseparately Asco opmembers thefarmersmakedecisionsdemocratically Theyalsosharetheirwealthamongthemselves Insteadofgoingtostockholdersandexecutives profitsincooperativesarereturnedtotheirmembers whomayalsosharemachineryandborrowmoneyfromtheco op Tobecontinued Listening1 Perhapsthemostimportantbenefitofco opsisthepoolingoffarmproductsbecauselargequantitiesmaybemoreattractivetobuyers Farmersinagriculturalcooperativesareadiversegroup Theycanbefoundinnumerouscountries andtheyproduceeverythingfromcottonandsoybeanstoflowersandfruit Therearealsoexamplesoffishermenworkingtogether SanFrancisco sfishermenfacedthetwinthreatsoftoughcompetitionfromcompaniesoperatinglargeboatsthathavebeenoverfishingthewatersoffNorthernCaliforniaandlimitedcontroloverthepricetheyreceivedfortheircatch Theprocessorscouldsetthepricebecausetheycontrolledtheequipmentfishermendependon Tobecontinued Listening1 WhentheSanFranciscoCommunityFishingAssociationwasformedin2010 theco opchangedthebalanceofpower Itpartneredwithothergroupstobeabletoleaseawarehouse ahoist andfreezersatSanFrancisco sPier45 aswellaspurchaseforktrucksandthishasenabledtheassociation smemberstogetfishintothemarketontheirownterms However theassociationwasnotsetupjusttocreatefairtradeconditionsforthelocalfishermen Itsmembershavealsobeenworkingtoensurethatthestateandindustryaretakingcareoffishstocksforthelongterm Listening1 Tobecontinued Startingaco opwasaneffectivewayforthesefishermentocompeteagainstthelargercompanies However co opsarenottheanswerforeveryindustryorsmallbusiness Beforedecidingtostartorjoinacooperative peopleneedtoassesstheirsituationcarefullyandconsiderwhethertheywanttospendtimegoingtoco opmeetingsorputmoneyintoalloftheco op sprojects Listening1 heifern 小母牛 Listening2 A Readthequestionsandanswerchoices Thenlistentoaconversationaboutcharitiesandchoosethecorrectanswers Listening2 1 Whatisthemanreading a Abookfromhisbestfriend b Aletterfromacharityorganization c Aneveningnewspaper 2 WhendidtheSchoolsforKidsprogrambegin a 10yearsago b 27yearsago c 5yearsago 3 Whatdoesthemanthinkoftheprogram a It safailure b It simpressive c It saworldwidesuccess Tobecontinued b a b A Readthequestionsandanswerchoices Thenlistentoaconversationaboutcharitiesandchoosethecorrectanswers Listening2 4 Whichofthefollowingistrueabouttheman a Hedoesn thavemoneytosendtocharityorganizations b Hehasagoodjob c Hethinkseducationcannotchangethesituationofpoverty 5 Whatcanbelearnedaboutthewoman a Shecareslittleaboutcharities b Shedoesn tthinkinvestingineducationisagoodidea c Shegivesmoneytoacharityorganizationtohelppoorfamilies b c B Readthesentences Thenlistenagainandcompletethesentenceswithwhatyouhear Listening2 1 Sure Imean lesspovertyisagoodthing sendingthemmoney 2 Afterall Ihavea job andthisisagoodconcept 3 Thatdoes agoodidea 4 Thatmakes sense Goodnutritionissucha humanneed Areyouthinkingof prettygood seemlike alotof fundamental Margo Whatareyoureading Walter It saletterfromacharityorganization I veneverheardofthembefore butlistentothis Just10yearsafterourSchoolsforKidsprogrambegan therehasbeena27 dropintherateofpovertyamongpeopleintheregion That sprettyimpressive Margo Sure Imean lesspovertyisagoodthing Areyouthinkingofsendingthemmoney Walter I mthinkingaboutit Afterall Ihaveaprettygoodjob andthisisagoodconcept investineducationnow andtherewillbelesspovertyinthefuture Listening2 Tobecontinued Margo Thatdoesseemlikeagoodidea Walter Doyougiveanymoneytocharities Margo Yes there sonecalledHeiferInternationalwhereyousendenoughmoneyforafarmanimal likeachickenoragoat Theanimalprovideseggsormilktoapoorfamily andiftheanimalreproduces thebabiesaregiventoanotherpoorfamily Walter Thatmakesalotofsense Goodnutritionissuchafundamentalhumanneed Margo Itisindeed Listening2 Listening3 Hanlon汗隆 人名 Barrientos巴里恩托斯 人名 Hulme休姆 人名 etal ad 以及其他 有關(guān)的 人 等人 Traditionally helpforpoorpeoplehascomefromlargeorganizationssuchasOxfamandWHO andithasbeenintheformofcomplexprojectssuchasdams irrigationsystems schools andhospitals Inthisbook authorsHanlon Barrientos andHulmepresentevidenceinfavorofasimplerapproach Accordingtotheirdata makingsmall regularpaymentsdirectlytopoorpeopleprovidesabetteroutcome inotherwordsbetterlivingconditions thanthelarge complexprojectsprovide Listening3 Tobecontinued Hanlonetal describe cashtransfer programsinanumberofcountrieswherepovertyisamajorproblem Peopleinneedreceiveasmallamountofmoney sometimesaslittleasfiveto10dollarseachmonth andtheyusethemoneyinanywaytheychoose Almostalways theauthorssay poorfamiliesmakeveryresponsibledecisionsaboutusingtheextraincome buyingmoreorbetterfood buyingaschooluniformsoachildcanattendschool orsavingalittleeachmonthtostartasmallbusiness Listening3 ThankYou