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專題15 瞻前顧后　閱讀理解之詞義猜測與細節(jié)理解 一、 I grew up on a 50-acre farm in the small rural munity of Catawissa，Missouri，as the sixth of seven children.My parents often noted during meals how everything on the table except the sugar and flour came from the land.Besides running the farm，Dad was also a carpenter. In the fall of 1970，he was working on a house when the ladder broke.His back was fractured in two places.He stayed in the hospital for three weeks with his head and feet down，permitting his back to be straight correctly so the bones would bine. On Thanksgiving，Dad was still in the hospital.We always butchered hogs the day after the holiday，and that year my uncle showed up with a couple of cousins to help my three elder brothers prepare our year’s supply of pork.After Dad returned home，he was in a back brace and unable to work.I was too young to realize our family had no money ing in as Christmas approached. One night we heard a car ing up the long driveway.We kids were curious about who was visiting.Peggy Phelan was at the door，holding an envelope filled with money.She told my dad she had collected money in the munity and was there to deliver it.He tried to protest but Peggy would have none of it.I can still hear her saying，“Archie，whenever someone’s baler(打包機) is broken，you bale their hay.Someone passes away，Altha is cooking.It’s our turn.” That evening，this 6-year-old understood what being a good neighbor was，and that because her parents were good neighbors，their kindness would be returned. I learned later that my mom’s sisters all “adopted” one of us kids to help with Christmas，and we received gift baskets from more than one organization. My parents were used to being the givers and not the receivers of such generosity.They had a bit of pride to swallow，but continued all of their lives to show us kids the value of kindness. 1.We know the writer’s father was very . A.hard-working B.unkind C.strict D.mean 答案　A 2.The underlined word “fractured” in Paragraph 2 probably means “ ”. A.connected B.broken C.arranged D.transformed 答案　B 解析　詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞所在句的后一句“He stayed in the hospital for three weeks with his head and feet down，permitting his back to be straight correctly so the bones would bine.”可知，作者的父親背部骨折，“fractured”是“折斷”的意思。 3.Why did the writer’s uncle go to his house? A.To visit his sick father. B.To give them money. C.To spend holiday together. D.To help prepare for Christmas. 答案　D 4.What can we infer from Paragraph 4? A.The author’s father liked to bale the hay. B.Peggy Phelan was a delivery man. C.The author’s parents were helpful to others. D.We were curious about Peggy Phelan. 答案　C 解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的句子“Archie，whenever someone’s baler(打包機) is broken，you bale their hay.Someone passes away，Altha is cooking.It’s our turn.”可知，作者的父母是樂于助人的。 5.Which of the following can match the passage? A.No pains，no gains. B.Great minds think alike. C.Misfortune may be an actual blessing. D.Good will be rewarded with good. 答案　D 二、 As the pace of life continues to increase，we are fast losing the art of relaxation.Once you are in the habit of rushing through life，being on the go from morning till night，it is hard to slow down.But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it.In fact，it is not the bad thing as it is often supposed to be.A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purposes to life.It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health. The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual.Some people are not afraid of stress，and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities，others lose heart at the first sign of unusual difficulties.When exposed to stress，in whatever form，we react both chemically and physically.In fact，we make the choice between “fight or flight” and in more primitive days the choices made the difference between life or death.The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme，but however little the stress is，it involves the same response.It is when such a reaction lasts long，through continued exposure to stress，that health bees endangered.Since we can’t remove stress from our lives (it would be unwise to do so even if we could)，we need to find ways to deal with it. 6.People are finding less and less time for relaxing themselves because . A.they regard working as their greatest enjoyment B.they believe that work is superior to relaxation C.they are traveling fast all the time D.they are being busier with their work than ever before 答案　D 解析　推理判斷題。由第一段第二句“Once you are in the habit of rushing through life，being on the go from morning till night，it is hard to slow down.”(一旦你養(yǎng)成了匆匆忙忙的習慣，從早到晚都在忙碌，就很難放慢腳步。)可推知，人們無法放松自己主要是因為比以前任何時候都要忙碌。 7.According to the author，the most important character for a good manager is his . A.strong will to hold out stress B.knowing the art of relaxation C.high sense of responsibility D.having control over performance 答案　A 8.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A.We can find quite a few ways to avoid stress. B.Stress is always harmful to people’s health. C.It’s easy to change the habit of keeping oneself busy with work. D.Different people can bear different amount of stress. 答案　D 解析　推理判斷題。由第三段第一句“The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual.”可知，一個人能承受的壓力很大程度上取決于個人。即不同的人所能承受的壓力是不同的，故選D。 9.In the last sentence of the passage，“do so” refers to . A.expose ourselves to stress B.find ways to deal with stress C.remove stress from our lives D.establish links between diseases and stress 答案　C 解析　詞義猜測題。由“Since we cannot remove stress from our lives”(我們無法消除生活中的壓力)可知，括號里的內容是對前文的解釋，故do so指的是“消除生活中的壓力”，故選C。 10.According to the author，the right attitude toward stress is . A.to avoid it B.to try to cope with it C.to regard it as a vital motivation D.to find some relaxation 答案　B 三、 What do you do if you don’t get into your first choice of university？That’s the dilemma(困境) that faces thousands of British students every year. Many candidates turn to Clearing，the service that helps find university places for students at the last moment.If they don’t have the marks to get into their first choice of institution，Clearing tells them about places available at other universities，though they might have to read another subject. But this year has seen a record number of people applying to university.This，bined with the weak economy，an uncertain job market and budget cuts at universities，means that there’s been even more of a scramble for places than usual.Some sources say six students have applied for each remaining undergraduate university place. The British University Admissions Service，UCAS，says up to a quarter of this year’s university applicants—almost 190,000 people—still don’t have a place on a degree course.That’s a rise of over 46,000 students from last year. Faced with these figures，some British students might be thinking of an interesting alternative：studying abroad.The University of Nottingham，for example，is offering places at its campuses in Ningbo，near Shanghai，and Kuala Lumpur，Malaysia.Students here can gain University of Nottingham degrees in business，accounting，engineering and English.Similarly，the University of Bolton says it has “unlimited” places at its campus in the United Arab Emirates. Given the problems getting into university，the UK’s Higher Education Minister，David Willetts，encourages students who haven’t made the grade to consider alternatives to university，such as apprenticeships and studying at home. “There are a range of options available，” he says.“People are able to reapply.They should think how they can spend their year adding that bit to their CV，which would help their application—getting practical work experience or extra skills—anything that strengthens their chances next year.” But some experts say that rising university costs，poor long-term job prospects，and a drop in graduate recruitment mean it’s the worst time to be a university student in the UK. 1.When the author says “there’s been even more of a scramble for places”(Para.3)，he means . A.more people have applied to university B.there is more petition between the candidates C.there are more services that help find university places D.more places are available 答案　B 解析　句意理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Some sources say six students have applied for each remaining undergraduate university place.”可知，每個名額都有6個學生申請，可見競爭非常激烈，故選B。 2.According to UCAS，there are about university applicants this year. A.190,000 B.46,000 C.236,000 D.760,000 答案　D 3.David Willetts encourages students faced with the lack of places on a degree course . A.to consider apprenticeships and studying at home B.to study at campus outside the UK C.to ask Clearing for help D.not to go to university in the UK 答案　A 解析　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段中的“David Willetts，encourages students who haven’t made the grade to consider alternatives to university，such as apprenticeships and studying at home”可知，David Willetts鼓勵分數(shù)不夠上大學的學生考慮其他選擇，例如去做學徒或是在家學習，故選A。 4.Which of the following is NOT the reason that may make this year the worst time to enter university? A.It costs more to study at university. B.Long-term job prospects are worse. C.Universities offer places in other countries. D.There are fewer chances to do graduate study. 答案　C 5.According to the passage，what can students do if they don’t get into their first choice of university? A.They can go to work in Clearing. B.They can get practical work experience or skills and reapply next year. C.They can spend the year writing a better CV. D.They do graduate study at home. 答案　B 解析　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第七段中的“People are able to reapply...which would help their application—getting practical work experience or extra skills”可知，未能如愿申請入學的學生應盡可能利用這一年做一些能幫助他們申請的事情，即取得實際的工作經驗或技能，明年再重新申請，故選B。 四、 The public has voted the X-ray machine as the best invention.Out of nearly 50,000 votes cast，one in five people named it for having made the greatest impact on the past，present and future. Ten of the most significant objects in science，engineering，technology and medicine were selected for the vote.Information on all the items is found at the Science Museum in London. The first three positions were filled by medical inventions or discoveries，the X-ray machine being followed by the discoveries of penicillin and the DNA double helix(螺旋) structure. X-rays provided the first possibility of looking inside someone’s body without cutting them open—a massive medical advance. The particular X-ray machine in question—the Reynolds machine in the Museum’s Making the Modern World Gallery—was a “do-it-yourself” experiment by a father and his son who were so inspired by news of the discovery of the X-ray that they set about building the equipment in their own home. Museum curator(館長) Katie Maggs said.“It’s very inspirational to young scientists to learn that an invention now declared the most important in world history could be pioneered by enthusiastic amateur inventors.” Professor Andy Adam，president of the Royal College of Radiologists，was delighted to learn of the result. He said that the X-ray machine had revolutionized medical practice and that the technology had now advanced so much that we are reaching the era of the “transparent patient”. Culture Secretary Ben Bradshaw said，“Any petition that pits the Apollo 10 spacecraft against Stephenson’s Rocket，and the DNA double helix against the Model T Ford，is bound to provide many talking points.” “The public’s choice of the X-ray machine as the winner is a proof to our greedy curiosity to find out how things work.” The poll(投票) was conducted as part of the Science Museum’s events to mark its centenary(百年慶典).The 10 objects form a special Centenary Journey trail through the museum galleries. 6.Which of the following are the top three among inventions or discoveries? A.X-ray machine，Apollo 10 capsule and steam engine. B.X-ray machine，DNA double helix structure and penicillin. C.Stephenson’s Rocket，penicillin and the Model T Ford. D.Stephenson’s Rocket，Apollo 10 capsule and V2 Rocket Engine. 答案　B 7.Which of the following is TRUE about the X-ray machine in the Gallery? A.It was made by the Reynolds Machine pany. B.It was a product directed by great scientists. C.It was built by a father and his son in their own home. D.It was small in size and advanced in technology. 答案　C 解析　細節(jié)理解題。由第五段內容可知，一對父子在自己的家里造出了X光機，故選C。 8.From the underlined part in Para.8，we know Professor Andy Adam means . A.the X-ray machine has greatly improved medical practice B.the patients are all transparent in the eyes of doctors C.with the help of the X-ray machine，everything is transparent D.there is no need to cut someone’s body open during operations now 答案　A 解析　句意理解題。由第八段內容可知，由于X射線可以透視人體，因此人類已經進入了“透明病人”時代，即病人身體哪兒有病，都能用X光機看到，這是醫(yī)療史上的巨大進步，故選A。 9.Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A.Top Ten Inventions of This Century B.The Most Important Discoveries C.What Makes Patients Transparent D.X-ray Machine—Top Scientific Invention 答案　D 10.This passage is most probably taken from . A.a science fiction B.a school textbook C.a news journal D.a medicine magazine 答案　C 解析　文章出處題。從內容來看，本文是在報道一件事，因此它屬于新聞性質的文章，故選C。 五． Holidays are really important.Many of us will have childhood memories of summer holidays where we were taken away from home to experience new environments and learn in different ways. But holidays are expensive and，for those on low wages or living on benefits，they are often unobtainable.Even the cheapest holidays require travel and other additional costs that are difficult for many families to meet. For working parents，the long summer break can be a very difficult problem for childcare.When an annual leave allowance amounts to only five weeks，there is a need to spread this across the year.Couples can find themselves taking leave in turn in order to care for children who are on holiday.For some，this makes even an affordable family holiday difficult. The schools that I visit in Nottingham are full of experienced staff mitted to giving our children a caring and inspiring learning environment.The number of children receiving free school meals is quite large in Nottingham and many schools have breakfast clubs to make sure that children get a healthy start to the day.Most schools undertake programs of group or individual educational support.Schools also have an important role in safe guarding children’s welfare through the ongoing touch and support with their pupils.During the long summer holidays，much of this is missed. While teachers are holidaying in the UK，many of their pupils spend the whole six weeks on the street where they live.The lack of free school meals for six weeks can result in pressure on a family budget and an inability to afford the inspiring experiences that help children to continue their learning. In setting out its plans for a five-term year，Nottingham City Council(委員會) is seeking to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks，with a more balanced five terms of roughly eight weeks，each followed by a two-week break.We believe this will give real “down time” for school staff and pupils alike but will be short enough not to cause a real break in learning. We acknowledge that this change may be difficult for some school staff，particularly whose own children are educated in other authorities.However，this must be weighed against the benefits for city children for whom we all have the greatest duty of care. 1.The passage is probably written by . A.an experienced teacher B.a working parent C.an inspired student D.a city council member 答案　D 2.The underlined word “they” in the second paragraph refers to . A.environments B.holidays C.wages D.benefits 答案　B 3.It is suggested in the passage that the summer break be reduced to . A.2 weeks B.4.5 weeks C.5 weeks D.6 weeks 答案　B 解析　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第一句“...Nottingham City Council(委員會) is seeking to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks...”可知，假期被縮短到4.5周。 4.The plans for a shorter summer holiday will help students . A.obtain the cheapest holidays without additional costs B.get a chance to spend six weeks a term with teachers in school C.benefit more from the caring and inspiring learning environment D.have more school days to receive free school meals 答案　C 解析　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第一句以及倒數(shù)第二段最后一句可知，學校將致力于為學生提供一個有愛的、激勵的學習環(huán)境，而這種縮短假期的方案將使教職工和學生得到一個真正的休整時間且不影響 六、 If you work hard to have a positive attitude，you might be surprised by how much better you feel about yourself and life in general.When you turn away from the negative and focus on the positive，you open your mind to appreciate the good things around you that might have otherwise gone unnoticed. Having a positive attitude can also reduce your stress level.The less stress you feel，the better you will feel overall.So if you’ve been feeling tired，put on a happy face and you just might feel better soon. But how can you have a positive attitude when life is hard？It’s more than just turning life’s lemons into lemonade.Having a positive attitude can take some hard work.But it’s worth it.Here are some ways you can develop and maintain a positive attitude even in the midst of life’s troubles. A positive attitude doesn’t mean ignoring life’s troubles.It just means being an optimist and looking for the good in things，rather than being a pessimist and concentrating on the bad in things.Sometimes your perspective can make all the difference in the world. Smile and laugh！Yes，it can be that simple.Learn to love life，no matter what’s going on.Smile at others and they will smile back at you.Have fun and find the humor in life.Sometimes laughter really is the best medicine. Exercise！Get off the couch and get moving.Being active and healthy can give you a pletely different outlook on life.When you feel better physically，you often naturally feel better mentally，too. 語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。積極樂觀的心態(tài)能夠使你保持良好的精神面貌，文章介紹了保持積極樂觀的意義及若干方法，其中包括尋找事情中好的一面，微笑和鍛煉。 6.The underlined word “that” in Paragraph 1 probably refers to . A.the positive feelings B.the good things C.the surprising results D.the importance of life 答案　B 7.What probably helps to keep your stress level proper? A.Working hard at your lessons. B.Setting up a practical goal. C.Feeling proud of yourself. D.Keeping yourself positive. 答案　D 解析　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句可知，保持積極樂觀的態(tài)度能控制壓力水平。故選D。 8.We can learn from the third paragraph that . A.it is impossible to keep positive B.keeping positive costs a lot of money C.there are tips for keeping yourself positive D.there are many troubles in daily life 答案　C 9.According to the text，you can keep positive by . a.avoiding all troubles b.looking for the good in things c.being friendly to others d.being a pessimist e.depending on medicine f.staying healthy A.a，d，e B.b，c，f C.c，d，e D.a，b，f 答案　B 解析　細節(jié)理解題。文章后三段講述了保持積極樂觀的若干方法，其中包括尋找事情中好的一面、對其他人友好和保持健康，故B項為正確答案。 10.The text is mainly to tell us . A.how to keep positive B.the right attitude towards life C.the importance of health D.ways of dealing with stress 答案　A 解析　主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文主要講述了如何保持積極樂觀。故選A。 七、 Tiger research：Indonesia While sustainable tourism helps protect many of the Indonesia’s wildlife，one of its rarest species，the Sumatran tiger，suffers as the island’s cities expand into its forest habitat.Fortunately Biosphere Expeditions have created a trip that not only benefits the seriously endangered animal，but helps protect it too.Based in a remote camp in the heart of the rainforest，volunteers will tour the landscape，documenting tracks，kills and scats(糞便) to aid import