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外文翻譯資料
機電一體化技術及其應用研究
1 機電一體化技術發(fā)展
機電一體化是機械、微、控制、機、信息處理等多學科的交叉融合，其發(fā)展和進步有賴于相關技術的進步與發(fā)展，其主要發(fā)展方向有數(shù)字化、智能化、模塊化、化、人性化、微型化、集成化、帶源化和綠色化。
1.1 數(shù)字化
微控制器及其發(fā)展奠定了機電產(chǎn)品數(shù)字化的基礎，如不斷發(fā)展的數(shù)控機床和機器人；而計算機網(wǎng)絡的迅速崛起，為數(shù)字化設計與制造鋪平了道路，如虛擬設計、計算機集成制造等。數(shù)字化要求機電一體化產(chǎn)品的軟件具有高可靠性、易操作性、可維護性、自診斷能力以及友好人機界面。數(shù)字化的實現(xiàn)將便于遠程操作、診斷和修復。
1.2 智能化
即要求機電產(chǎn)品有一定的智能,使它具有類似人的邏輯思考、判斷推理、自主決策等能力。例如在CNC數(shù)控機床上增加人機對話功能，設置智能I/O接口和智能工藝數(shù)據(jù)庫，會給使用、操作和維護帶來極大的方便。隨著模糊控制、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡、灰色、小波理論、混沌與分岔等人工智能技術的進步與發(fā)展，為機電一體化技術發(fā)展開辟了廣闊天地。
1.3 模塊化
由于機電一體化產(chǎn)品種類和生產(chǎn)廠家繁多，研制和開發(fā)具有標準機械接口、動力接口、環(huán)境接口的機電一體化產(chǎn)品單元模塊是一項復雜而有前途的工作。如研制具有集減速、變頻調(diào)速電機一體的動力驅動單元；具有視覺、圖像處理、識別和測距等功能的電機一體控制單元等。這樣，在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)設計時，可以利用這些標準模塊化單元迅速開發(fā)出新的產(chǎn)品。
1.4 網(wǎng)絡化
由于網(wǎng)絡的普及，基于網(wǎng)絡的各種遠程控制和監(jiān)視技術方興未艾。而遠程控制的終端設備本身就是機電一體化產(chǎn)品，現(xiàn)場總線和局域網(wǎng)技術使家用電器網(wǎng)絡化成為可能，利用家庭網(wǎng)絡把各種家用電器連接成以計算機為中心的計算機集成家用電器系統(tǒng)，使人們在家里可充分享受各種高技術帶來的好處，因此，機電一體化產(chǎn)品無疑應朝網(wǎng)絡化方向發(fā)展。
1.5 人性化
機電一體化產(chǎn)品的最終使用對象是人，如何給機電一體化產(chǎn)品賦予人的智能、情感和人性顯得愈來愈重要，機電一體化產(chǎn)品除了完善的性能外，還要求在色彩、造型等方面與環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào)，使用這些產(chǎn)品，對人來說還是一種享受，如家用機器人的最高境界就是人機一體化。
1.6 微型化
微型化是精細加工技術發(fā)展的必然，也是提高效率的需要。微機電系統(tǒng)(Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems，簡稱MEMS)是指可批量制作的，集微型機構、微型傳感器、微型執(zhí)行器以及信號處理和控制電路，直至接口、通信和電源等于一體的微型器件或系統(tǒng)。自1986年美國斯坦福大學研制出第一個醫(yī)用微探針，1988年美國加州大學Berkeley分校研制出第一個微電機以來，國內(nèi)外在MEMS工藝、材料以及微觀機理方面取得了很大進展，開發(fā)出各種MEMS器件和系統(tǒng)，如各種微型傳感器（壓力傳感器、微加速度計、微觸覺傳感器），各種微構件（微膜、微粱、微探針、微連桿、微齒輪、微軸承、微泵、微彈簧以及微機器人等）。
1.7 集成化
集成化既包含各種技術的相互滲透、相互融合和各種產(chǎn)品不同結構的優(yōu)化與復合，又包含在生產(chǎn)過程中同時處理加工、裝配、檢測、管理等多種工序。為了實現(xiàn)多品種、小批量生產(chǎn)的自動化與高效率，應使系統(tǒng)具有更廣泛的柔性。首先可將系統(tǒng)分解為若干層次，使系統(tǒng)功能分散，并使各部分協(xié)調(diào)而又安全地運轉，然后再通過軟、硬件將各個層次有機地聯(lián)系起來，使其性能最優(yōu)、功能最強。
1.8 帶源化
是指機電一體化產(chǎn)品自身帶有能源，如太陽能電池、燃料電池和大容量電池。由于在許多場合無法使用電能，因而對于運動的機電一體化產(chǎn)品，自帶動力源具有獨特的好處。帶源化是機電一體化產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展方向之一。
1.9 綠色化
技術的發(fā)展給人們的生活帶來巨大變化，在物質(zhì)豐富的同時也帶來資源減少、生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化的后果。所以，人們呼喚保護環(huán)境，回歸，實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，綠色產(chǎn)品概念在這種呼聲中應運而生。綠色產(chǎn)品是指低能耗、低材耗、低污染、舒適、協(xié)調(diào)而可再生利用的產(chǎn)品。在其設計、制造、使用和銷毀時應符合環(huán)保和人類健康的要求，機電一體化產(chǎn)品的綠色化主要是指在其使用時不污染生態(tài)環(huán)境，產(chǎn)品壽命結束時，產(chǎn)品可分解和再生利用。
2 機電一體化技術在鋼鐵中應用
在鋼鐵企業(yè)中，機電一體化系統(tǒng)是以微處理機為核心，把微機、工控機、數(shù)據(jù)通訊、顯示裝置、儀表等技術有機的結合起來，采用組裝合并方式，為實現(xiàn)工程大系統(tǒng)的綜合一體化創(chuàng)造有力條件，增強系統(tǒng)控制精度、質(zhì)量和可靠性。機電一體化技術在鋼鐵企業(yè)中主要應用于以下幾個方面：
2.1 智能化控制技術(IC)
由于鋼鐵具有大型化、高速化和連續(xù)化的特點，傳統(tǒng)的控制技術遇到了難以克服的困難，因此非常有必要采用智能控制技術。智能控制技術主要包括專家系統(tǒng)、模糊控制和神經(jīng)等，智能控制技術廣泛于鋼鐵的產(chǎn)品設計、生產(chǎn)、控制、設備與產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量診斷等各個方面，如高爐控制系統(tǒng)、電爐和連鑄車間、軋鋼系統(tǒng)、煉鋼———連鑄———軋鋼綜合調(diào)度系統(tǒng)、冷連軋等。
2.2 分布式控制系統(tǒng)(ＤCS)
分布式控制系統(tǒng)采用一臺中央機指揮若干臺面向控制的現(xiàn)場測控計算機和智能控制單元。分布式控制系統(tǒng)可以是兩級的、三級的或更多級的。利用計算機對生產(chǎn)過程進行集中監(jiān)視、操作、管理和分散控制。隨著測控技術的，分布式控制系統(tǒng)的功能越來越多。不僅可以實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)過程控制，而且還可以實現(xiàn)在線最優(yōu)化、生產(chǎn)過程實時調(diào)度、生產(chǎn)計劃統(tǒng)計管理功能，成為一種測、控、管一體化的綜合系統(tǒng)。ＤCS具有特點控制功能多樣化、操作簡便、系統(tǒng)可以擴展、維護方便、可靠性高等特點。ＤCS是監(jiān)視集中控制分散，故障面小，而且系統(tǒng)具有連鎖保護功能，采用了系統(tǒng)故障人工手動控制操作措施，使系統(tǒng)可靠性高。分布式控制系統(tǒng)與集中型控制系統(tǒng)相比，其功能更強，具有更高的安全性。是當前大型機電一體化系統(tǒng)的主要潮流。
2.3 開放式控制系統(tǒng)(OCS)
開放控制系統(tǒng)(Open Control System)是計算機技術發(fā)展所引出的新的結構體系概念?！伴_放”意味著對一種標準的信息交換規(guī)程的共識和支持，按此標準設計的系統(tǒng)，可以實現(xiàn)不同廠家產(chǎn)品的兼容和互換，且資源共享。開放控制系統(tǒng)通過工業(yè)通信網(wǎng)絡使各種控制設備、管理計算機互聯(lián)，實現(xiàn)控制與經(jīng)營、管理、決策的集成，通過現(xiàn)場總線使現(xiàn)場儀表與控制室的控制設備互聯(lián)，實現(xiàn)測量與控制一體化。
2.4 計算機集成制造系統(tǒng)(CIMS)
鋼鐵企業(yè)的CIMS是將人與生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營、生產(chǎn)管理以及過程控制連成一體，用以實現(xiàn)從原料進廠，生產(chǎn)加工到產(chǎn)品發(fā)貨的整個生產(chǎn)過程全局和過程一體化控制。目前鋼鐵企業(yè)已基本實現(xiàn)了過程自動化，但這種“自動化孤島”式的單機自動化缺乏信息資源的共享和生產(chǎn)過程的統(tǒng)一管理，難以適應鋼鐵生產(chǎn)的要求。未來鋼鐵企業(yè)競爭的焦點是多品種、小批量生產(chǎn)，質(zhì)優(yōu)價廉，及時交貨。為了提高生產(chǎn)率、節(jié)能降耗、減少人員及現(xiàn)有庫存，加速資金周轉，實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營、管理整體優(yōu)化，關鍵就是加強管理，獲取必須的效益，提高了企業(yè)的競爭力。美國、日本等一些大型鋼鐵企業(yè)在20世紀80年代已廣泛實現(xiàn)CIMS化。
2.5 現(xiàn)場總線技術(ＦBT)
現(xiàn)場總線技術(Ｆieｄ Bus Technology)是連接設置在現(xiàn)場的儀表與設置在控制室內(nèi)的控制設備之間的數(shù)字式、雙向、多站通信鏈路。采用現(xiàn)場總線技術取代現(xiàn)行的信號傳輸技術(如4～20mA，ＤC直流傳輸)就能使更多的信息在智能化現(xiàn)場儀表裝置與更高一級的控制系統(tǒng)之間在共同的通信媒體上進行雙向傳送。通過現(xiàn)場總線連接可省去66%或更多的現(xiàn)場信號連接導線。現(xiàn)場總線的引入導致ＤCS的變革和新一代圍繞開放自動化系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)場總線化儀表，如智能變送器、智能執(zhí)行器、現(xiàn)場總線化檢測儀表、現(xiàn)場總線化PLC(Programmable Logic Controller)和現(xiàn)場就地控制站等的發(fā)展。
2.6 交流傳動技術
傳動技術在鋼鐵工業(yè)中起作至關重要的作用。隨著電力技術和微電子技術的發(fā)展，交流調(diào)速技術的發(fā)展非常迅速。由于交流傳動的優(yōu)越性，電氣傳動技術在不久的將來由交流傳動全面取代直流傳動，數(shù)字技術的發(fā)展，使復雜的矢量控制技術實用化得以實現(xiàn)，交流調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的調(diào)速性能已達到和超過直流調(diào)速水平。現(xiàn)在無論大容量電機或中小容量電機都可以使用同步電機或異步電機實現(xiàn)可逆平滑調(diào)速。交流傳動系統(tǒng)在軋鋼生產(chǎn)中一出現(xiàn)就受到用戶的歡迎，應用不斷擴大。
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外文資料翻譯
Electromechanical integration technology and its application
An electromechanical integration technology development
Mechatronics is the machinery, micro-, control, aircraft, information processing, and other cross-disciplinary integration, and its development and progress depends on the progress of technology and development, the main direction of development of a digital, intelligent, modular, and human nature , miniaturization, integration, with source and green.
1.1 Digital
Microcontroller and the development of a number of mechanical and electrical products of the base, such as the continuous development of CNC machine tools and robots, and the rapid rise of the computer network for the digital design and manufacturing paved the way for, such as virtual design and computer integrated manufacturing. Digital request electromechanical integration software products with high reliability, easy operability, maintainability, self-diagnostic capabilities, and friendly man-machine interface. Digital will facilitate the realization of long-distance operation, diagnosis and repair.
Intelligent 1.2
Mechanical and electrical products that require a certain degree of intelligence, it is similar to the logical thinking, reasoning judgement, autonomous decision-making capabilities. For example, in the CNC machine increase interactive features, set up Intelligent I / O interface and intelligent database technology, will use, operation and maintenance of bring great convenience. With fuzzy control, neural network, gray, wavelet theory, chaos and bifurcation, such as artificial intelligence and technological progress and development and the development of mechanical and electrical integration technology has opened up a vast world.
Modular 1.3
As electromechanical integration products and manufacturers wide variety of research and development of a standard mechanical interface, dynamic interface, the environment interface modules electromechanical integration products is a complex and promising work. If the development is set to slow down. VVVF integrated motor drive unit with vision, image processing, identification and location of the motor functions, such as integrated control unit. Thus, in product development, design, we can use these standards modular unit quickly develop new products.
1.4 Network
As the popularity of the network, network-based remote control and monitoring of various technical ascendant. The remote control device itself is the integration of mechanical and electrical products, fieldbus technology to household appliances and LAN network possible, use a home network to connect various home appliances into a computer as the center of computer integrated appliances system, so that people in the home can be full enjoyment of the benefits of various high-tech, therefore, electromechanical integration products should be no doubt North Korea networks.
1.5 humanity
Electromechanical integration of the end-use product is targeted, how to give people electromechanical integration of intelligent products, emotion and humanity is becoming more and more important, electromechanical integration products in addition to improving performance, it also urged the color, shape and so on and environmental coordination, the use of these products, or for a person to enjoy, such as home robot is the highest state of human-machine integration.
1.6 miniaturization
Micro-fine processing technology is a necessity in the development, but also the need to improve efficiency. MEMS (Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems, or MEMS) refers to quantities can be produced by the micro-collection agencies, micro-sensors, micro actuators and signal processing and control circuit until interface, communication and power is one of the micro-devices or systems . Since 1986 the United States at Stanford University developed the first medical microprobe, 1988 at the University of California, Berkeley developed the first micro-motor, both at home and abroad in MEMS technology, materials and micro-mechanism much progress has been made, the development of all sorts MEMS devices and systems, such as the various micro-sensors (pressure sensors, micro-accelerometer, micro-tactile sensor), various micro-component (micro-film, micro-beam, microprobes, micro-link, micro-gear, micro-bearings, micro-pump , microcoil and micro-robot, etc.).
1.7 Integration
Integration includes a mutual penetration of various technologies, and integration of various products of different structural optimization and composite, and included in the production process at the same time processing, assembly, testing, management, and other processes. In order to achieve more variety, small batch production of automation and high efficiency, the system should have a more extensive flexible. First system can be divided into several levels, allowing the system to function dispersed, and security and coordination with other parts of the operation, and then through software and hardware at various levels will be organically linked to its optimal performance, the most powerful.
1.8 with source of
Electromechanical integration refers to the product itself with energy, such as solar cells, fuel cells and large-capacity battery. As on many occasions not be able to use electricity, which campaigns for the mechanical and electrical integration products, has a unique power source comes with the benefits. Sources with the integration of mechanical and electrical product development direction of.
Green 1.9
The development of technology in people's lives brought great changes in the material at the same time has also brought rich resources, deterioration of the ecological environment consequences. Therefore, people calling for the protection of the environment, regression, and achieving sustainable development in the concept of green products such calls have emerged. Green products is low-power, low-wood consumption, clean, comfortable, coordination and utilization of renewable products. In its design, manufacture, use and destruction of human beings should be in line with environmental protection and health requirements, electromechanical integration of green products is mainly refers to the use of time is not pollute the ecological environment, at the end of product life, and regeneration of decomposition products.
2 electromechanical integration in the application of technology in the iron and steel
In the iron and steel enterprises, the integration of mechanical and electrical systems are at the core microprocessor, the computer, industrial computer, data communications, display devices, meters and the combination of technologies such as organic, assembled by the merger means for the realization of a large-scale integrated system create conditions for effective integration, enhanced system control precision, quality and reliability. Electromechanical integration technology in the iron and steel enterprises in the mainly used in the following areas:
2.1 Intelligent Control Technology (IC)
As a large-scale iron and steel, high-speed continuous and the characteristics of the traditional control technologies encountered insurmountable difficulties, it is necessary to adopt very intelligent control technology. Control technologies include intelligent expert system, neural and fuzzy control, intelligent control techniques in steel product design, manufacturing, control, product quality and diagnostic equipment, and other aspects, such as blast furnace control system, electric furnace and continuous casting plant, steel rolling system , steelmaking - Casting integrated scheduling system - rolling, cold rolling, etc..
2.2 Distributed Control System (DCS)
Distributed control system uses a central command for the control of a number of Taiwan-site monitoring and intelligent computer control unit. Distributed control systems can be two, three or more levels. Using computers to concentrate on the production process monitoring, operation, management and decentralized control. With monitoring and control technologies, and the functions of distributed control system more and more. Not only can be achieved control of the production process, but also can be achieved online optimization, the production process real-time scheduling, production planning statistical management functions, as a measurement, control, integration of the integrated system. DCS control functions with diverse features and easy operation, the system can be extended, easy maintenance and high reliability characteristics. DCS is decentralized and centralized control monitoring, fault-minor, and the system has the chain protection features, the use of manual control system failure operational measures, the system is highly reliable. Distributed control system and centralized control system compared to their more functional, with a higher level of security. Is the large-scale integration of mechanical and electrical systems main trend.
2.3 Open Control System (OCS)
Open Control System (Open Control System) is the development of computer technology led by the new structure concept. "Open" means a standard for the exchange of information in order consensus and support this standard design systems, different manufacturers products can be compatible and interoperable, and the sharing of resources. Industrial control systems through open communication network so that all control equipment, management, computer interconnections, to achieve control and management, administration, integrated decision-making, through fieldbus to the scene and control room instrumentation control equipment interconnected to achieve integrated measurement and control of.
2.4 Computer Integrated Manufacturing System (CIMS)
CIMS is the iron and steel enterprises will be and the production and operation, production management and process control connecting to achieve from raw materials into the plant, production and processing of shipments to the entire production process and the overall integration process control. Currently iron and steel enterprises have basically achieved process automation, but this kind of "automated island" of single automation lack of information resources and the sharing of the unified management of the production process, can hardly meet the requirements of the iron and steel production. Future competition iron and steel enterprises is the focus of many varieties, small batch production, cheap and of good quality, timely delivery of goods. In order to improve productivity, saving energy, reducing staff and the existing inventory, accelerate cash flow, production, operation and management of the overall optimization, the key is to strengthen the management, access to the benefits of raising the competitiveness of businesses. The United States, Japan and some other large-scale iron and steel enterprises in the 1980s has been widely realization of CIMS.
2.5 Fieldbus Technology (FBT)
Fieldbus Technology (Fied Bus Technology) is the connection settings in the field of instrumentation installed in the control room and control devices for digital, bi-directional, multi-station communication link. Fieldbus technology used to replace the existing signal transmission technology (such as 4 to 20 mA, DC DC transmission), it will enable more information in the field of Intelligent Instrumentation devices and higher-level control system in the joint between the communications media on the two-way transmission. Fieldbus connection can be through save 66% or more on-site signal connecting wires. Fieldbus lead to the introduction of the reform and the new generation of DCS around open fieldbus automation system of instruments, such as intelligent transmitter, intelligent, fieldbus detection instruments, fieldbus of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) local control stations and field development.
2.6 AC drive technology
Transmission technology in the iron and steel industry plays a crucial role. With power technology and the development of microelectronics technology, the development of AC variable speed very quickly. The AC drive to the advantages of electric drive technology in the near future from AC drive completely replace DC transmission, the development of digital technology, complex vector control technologies to achieve practical, AC variable speed system speed and performance has reached more than DC converter level. Now whether small or large-capacity electrical motor capacity synchronous motor can be used to achieve reversible induction motor or smoothing governor. AC drive system in the production of steel rolling emerged as a welcome users, applications continues to expand.
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