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Unit 4　Making the news 【短文語(yǔ)法填空】 Helping a person forget something is rarely easy, especially if the “something” is hurtful or negative. Use some simple techniques to distract from the issue and 1. (hope) with time going by, the person won’t be able to remember 2. he is supposed to forget. Remove all the items that may bring back the memory. Any small objects can jog his memory, so carefully replace any photos, diaries or any other 3. (person) objects or presents with new items. Change the subject whenever your friend brings it up. Don’t do this in 4. obvious way because this is annoying, but do it without his awareness of your 5. (intend). Tell some 6. (amuse) stories or talk about important and happy events in your friend’s life such as a new nephew or a work promotion. Occupy him with 7. (activity) and appointments. Keeping him too busy 8. (think) about the past helps him see a positive light. Create a full schedule and introduce new things and experiences, such as a cooking class, which require concentration. Be patient and allow time to get over things. It will be often a long time 9. your friend fully removes that memory, so don’t be 10. (disappoint) if it doesn’t happen immediately. 【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文主要講述了幫助他人忘掉不快樂(lè)的記憶的四條建議。 1．hopefully　解析：考查副詞。空處修飾后面的整個(gè)句子，故用副詞形式。 2．what　解析：考查賓語(yǔ)從句。分析該句結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，且在從句中作動(dòng)詞forget的賓語(yǔ)，故用what引導(dǎo)該賓語(yǔ)從句，表示隨著時(shí)間流逝，這個(gè)人就不會(huì)記得他應(yīng)當(dāng)忘記的事情了。 3．personal　解析：考查形容詞?？仗幮揎椕~objects，故用形容詞形式。句意：任何小物件都能喚起記憶，所以小心地用新物品替換任何照片、日記或其他個(gè)人的物品或禮物。 4．a(chǎn)n　解析：考查冠詞。不要以一種明顯的方式做這件事，因?yàn)檫@很煩人。該處表示“一種明顯的方式”，表示泛指，故用不定冠詞；obvious的讀音以元音音素開(kāi)頭，故用an。 5．intention　解析：考查名詞。根據(jù)空前的形容詞性物主代詞your可知，該處用名詞形式。句意：不要以明顯的方式來(lái)做這件事情，因?yàn)檫@很煩人，但要在他(朋友)沒(méi)有意識(shí)到你的意圖的情況下做這件事情。 6．a(chǎn)musing　解析：考查形容詞。根據(jù)空后的名詞stories可知，空處修飾該名詞，故用形容詞形式amusing。句意：講一些有趣的故事，或者談?wù)勀闩笥训纳钪兄匾涂鞓?lè)的事情，比如剛出生的侄子或者工作晉升。 7．a(chǎn)ctivities　解析：考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。根據(jù)該句中的“and appointments”可知，空處與此并列，應(yīng)用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。句意：使他忙于活動(dòng)和約會(huì)。 8．to think　解析：考查固定搭配。too...to...為固定搭配，意為“太……而不能……”。句意：讓他忙得無(wú)法想起往事，這有助于讓他看到積極之光。 9．before　解析：考查連詞。句意：通常很長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間之后，你的朋友才會(huì)完全忘掉這段記憶，所以如果他沒(méi)有馬上忘掉這段記憶，你不要失望。It will be＋一段時(shí)間＋before...表示“多久之后才……”，故用連詞before。 10．disappointed　解析：考查形容詞?？仗幩诰錇槠硎咕洌祫?dòng)詞be后接形容詞，且修飾人，故用disappointed。 inform vt.告知；通知 (1)inform sb.of/about sth.告知某人某事 inform sb.(that)．..通知某人…… inform oneself of sth.了解，熟悉某事 (2)informed adj.了解情況的；見(jiàn)識(shí)廣的 keep sb.informed(of)使某人了解情況 (3)information n．[U]通知，消息，情報(bào)，信息 ①(教材原句)They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story. 他們必須通過(guò)調(diào)查研究來(lái)獲悉被遺漏的那部分情況。 ②My boss is on business.Before leaving，he asked me to pay attention to the latest __information__ (inform) about the new product iPhone7.It’s said that Jenny is well __informed__ (inform) and one of my tasks is to keep him __informed__ (inform) if Jenny calls me. 我們的老板要出差。出發(fā)前他要求我注意關(guān)于蘋(píng)果7的最新消息。據(jù)說(shuō)珍妮消息很靈通，我的任務(wù)之一就是如果珍妮給我打電話(huà)就告知他。 ③(2016江蘇卷)There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help，__inform__ (information) and share are not taught，but naturally possessed in young children. 有很多原因令人相信：要求孩子們幫助，通知和分享不是教的而是孩子們自然形成的。 case n．情況；病例；案例 in case 萬(wàn)一，以防，以免(后接從句) in case of 萬(wàn)一，以防，以免(后接名詞、代詞) in this/that case 在這種/那種情況下 in some cases 在某些情況下 in any case 在任何情況下，不管怎樣 in no case 決不，在任何情況下都不 as is often the case 這是常有的事 ①(教材原句)Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick? 你有沒(méi)有遇到過(guò)這種情況：別人控告你的記者，說(shuō)他的報(bào)道失實(shí)呢？ ②__As__ is often the case，fire breaks out because of carelessness.__In__ that case，remember to keep calm.In __no__ case can you jump from the top of a high building，which is dangerous.You may call 119 or 110 in case __of__ emergency and try to take some effective measures before the arrival of rescue __in__ case you get burnt. 這是常有的事，由于粗心而引發(fā)火災(zāi)。在那種情況下，記住要保持鎮(zhèn)靜。決不能從樓頂上跳下來(lái)，這是危險(xiǎn)的。你可以打119或110在萬(wàn)一發(fā)生緊急情況下并且盡量采取一些有效措施在救援來(lái)到之前以防你被燒傷。 ③(2016江蘇卷)It is often __the__ case that anything is possible for those who hang on to hope. 對(duì)于那些心存希望的人一切皆有可能。 employ vt.雇用某人；利用(時(shí)間等)；使用某人/某物 n．工作；職業(yè)；雇用 (1)employ sb.in/on sth.雇用某人做某事 employ sb.to do sth.雇用某人做某事 employ sth.to do sth.利用某物做某事 employ...as...雇傭某人作為……/把……當(dāng)作……來(lái)使用 (2)employ n．雇用；使用 in the employ of/in sb.’s employ 受雇于某人 (3)employe(e)n.雇員；雇工 employer n．雇主；雇用者 employment n．(人的)雇用；職業(yè)；工作 unemployment n．失業(yè) ①She __employs__ (employ) herself by reading after work. 工作之余，她忙于讀書(shū)。 ②The children __were employed/employed themselves__ (employ)in painting. 孩子們忙于畫(huà)畫(huà)兒。 ③After two years’ __unemployment__ (失業(yè))，he has just __been employed by__ (剛被雇用) a big pany.To be a good __employee__ (一名優(yōu)秀員工)，he __employs__ (花費(fèi)) all his spare time in learning about new things about the pany.Soon he is promoted by his __employer__ (雇主)． ④單句語(yǔ)法填空(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater，__employees__ (employee) were busy sweeping up popcorns and gathering coke cups. demand n．要求；需要 vt.強(qiáng)烈要求 (1)demand sth.要求……，需要…… demand to do sth.要求做某事 demand of sb.to do sth.要求某人干某事 demand sth.of/from sb.向某人索取某物 demand that...(should)do...要求…… demand doing/to be done 需要…… (2)in(great)demand 需求量很大；許多人都需要 on demand 一經(jīng)要求 meet/satisfy one’s demands 滿(mǎn)足某人的需要 make demands of/on 對(duì)……提出要求；有求于…… (3)demanding adj.要求高的；費(fèi)力的 ①(教材原句)It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded damages if we were wrong. 這是一個(gè)兩難問(wèn)題，因?yàn)槿绻覀冨e(cuò)了，足球隊(duì)員就可以要求補(bǔ)償損失。 ②I demand __to know__ (know) what’s going on. 我要求了解正在發(fā)生什么事情。 ③My car demands/needs/requires __repairing/to be repaired__ (repair)，so I have to go to work by bus. 我的小汽車(chē)需要修理了，因此我必須乘公共汽車(chē)上班。 (1)demand作“要求”講，后跟從句時(shí)，要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即謂語(yǔ)部分用“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以省略。 (2)demand不能用于demand sb.to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。 (3)“向某人要某物”不能用demand sb.sth.結(jié)構(gòu)，要用demand sth.of(from)sb.結(jié)構(gòu)。 (4)demand的主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)，常用demand doing或demand to be done結(jié)構(gòu)。require，want，need，deserve等詞都有此用法。 【七選五】 Everyone knows how important trees are to the wellbeing of the earth.__1__ By providing shade for people to enjoy time outside，trees can shade our homes to keep them cooler in the summertime.They can hide unsightly(不美觀的)views，reduce noise from nearby roads，and serve as windbreaks.Many types also produce flowers and fruit.These tall plants simply make our homes and neighborhoods more attractive. Choosing Trees __2__ Planting a tree is a longterm project.Large shade varieties，especially，take a long time to grow.And once planted，they are difficult to move.Trees can also be a significant financial investment，so its important to choose wisely. __3__ You may not have room to grow all the types you want to try.So take the time to choose a plant you like that also will grow well in the conditions you can provide.Trees vary widely in their need for space，light，and soil conditions. Care Once youve made a choice，youll need to prepare your site for planting.You may need to clear the area of other vegetation and improve the soil with organic matter such as fertilizer and nutrients.If you plant a tree yourself，carefully follow the instructions given by the nursery or read “How to Plant a Tree”．__4__ Providing proper care after its planted is also important.__5__ Feed regularly，water deeply，and prune(修剪) them carefully，so they bee strong and healthy.Mature plants usually dont need to be watered or fertilized. A．They also provide homes for wildlife. B．Your success depends on proper planting. C．Many yards have space for only a few large plants. D．Young plants should be babied for the first few years. E．They develop large root systems and can grow by themselves. F．When you are planting trees，its wise to plan your selections carefully. G．But do you know there are also many advantages of growing them in your own yard? 【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了種樹(shù)的一些注意事項(xiàng)。 【段意梳理】 第一部分：總述樹(shù)的益處。 第二部分：要謹(jǐn)慎地選擇所種的樹(shù)。 第三部分：種好樹(shù)要進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)恼樟稀? 1．G　空前講述的是樹(shù)對(duì)地球的重要性，空后講述的是樹(shù)給人們及其住所提供的諸多好處，前后意思上存在輕微的轉(zhuǎn)折；且下文主要講述的是如何自己種樹(shù)，故選項(xiàng)G與此處匹配。 2．F　該部分的主題為Choosing Trees，主要講述的是要謹(jǐn)慎地選擇所種的樹(shù)，故F項(xiàng)與此處匹配。下文中的“so its important to choose wisely”亦是提示。 3．C　根據(jù)空后內(nèi)容可知，你可能沒(méi)有足夠的空間來(lái)種所有你想種的樹(shù)，所以要選擇能在你所能提供的條件中良好生長(zhǎng)的樹(shù)?？蘸髢?nèi)容圍繞“空間”展開(kāi)，故C項(xiàng)與此處匹配。 4．B　根據(jù)空前一句“If you plant a tree yourself, carefully follow the instructions given by the nursery or read‘How to Plant a Tree’”可知，自己種樹(shù)時(shí)遵循指南很重要，空處承接上文，故選項(xiàng)B與此處匹配。 5．D　空前一句講的是種好樹(shù)后適當(dāng)?shù)恼樟虾苤匾?，空后一句敘述了具體的照料方法，空處連接上下文；末句中的“Mature plants”與此處形成對(duì)比，由此可推斷空處講的是對(duì)未成熟的植株的照料需要花一段時(shí)間，故選項(xiàng)D與此處匹配。 concentrate on 集中；全神貫注于 (1)concentrate(sth.)on(doing)sth.集中于/專(zhuān)心于某事 concentrate one’s attention/efforts/thoughts/energy on... 把某人的注意力/努力/思想集中到…… be concentrated on/upon sth.＝be fixed on＝be focused on 集中于/專(zhuān)心于某事 be concentrated in/on/around...集中在……；匯集于…… (2)fix one’s attention on＝focus on＝be absorbed/lost/buried/occupied in 把注意力集中在…… put one’s mind in...專(zhuān)心于…… apply oneself/one’s mind to...專(zhuān)心于…… put one’s heart into...集中精力…… ①David Cameron is urging today’s youngsters __to concentrate__ (concentrate) on the tongue of the future—Mandarin. 戴維卡梅倫呼吁英國(guó)年輕人集中精力學(xué)習(xí)“未來(lái)的語(yǔ)言”——(中文)普通話(huà)。 ②We must concentrate our efforts on __improving__ (improve) education. 我們必須致力于改進(jìn)教育工作。 depend on 依靠；依賴(lài) (1)depend on sb.to do sth.依靠某人做某事 depend on sb.for sth.依靠某人供給某物 depend on/upon it that...指望；對(duì)……深信不疑 (2)That depends./It all depends.視情況而定。 (3)rely on/count on 依靠 ①(教材原句)Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the person says. 同時(shí)，你還要根據(jù)被采訪(fǎng)人所說(shuō)的話(huà)準(zhǔn)備提出下一個(gè)問(wèn)題。 ②You may depend on __it__ that she will help you. 你可以相信她會(huì)幫助你的。 ③—Can you finish the work before Sunday? ——你可以在星期天之前完成這項(xiàng)工作嗎？ —That __depends__ (depend)．/It all __depends__ (depend)． ——這要看情況而定。 【短文改錯(cuò)】 I usually go to school by bike.And this morning I went on foot.On the way to school，I happen to witness an accident.A middleaged woman was knocked down by a car while crosses the street.Seeing that was happening on the scene，I made rush for the woman to help.One passerby got out of his cellphone and called the police.I helped to carry the woman to safe and dress her wound. Around ten minutes late, an ambulance arrived and took him to hospital.I continued my way to school，feeling happily that I could offer some help in time. 【答案】　 I usually go to school by bike. this morning I went on foot.On the way to school，I to witness an accident.A middleaged woman was knocked down by a car while the street.Seeing was happening on the scene，I made rush for the woman to help.One passerby got out his cellphone and called the police.I helped to carry the woman to and dress her wound. Around ten minutes ， an ambulance arrived and took to hospital.I continued my way to school，feeling that I could offer some help in time. 第一處：And→But?？疾檫B詞。前后句之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故用But。 第二處：happen→happened。考查時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)上文中的“I went on foot”可知，此處描述的是發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情，應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 第三處：crosses→crossing?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，cross與A middleaged woman之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞形式。 第四處：that→what?？疾槊~性從句。這里指“看到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)發(fā)生的事情”。此處在句中引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，且在從句中作主語(yǔ)，表示“……的事情”，故用what。 第五處：rush前加a?？疾楣谠~。此處指作者沖向那位女士以提供幫助。make a rush for“沖向，奔向”是固定搭配。 第六處：刪除out后的of?？疾楣潭ù钆洹Ｒ晃宦啡四贸鏊氖謾C(jī)并給警察打了電話(huà)。get“取來(lái)，拿來(lái)”，是及物動(dòng)詞，其后可直接接賓語(yǔ)；out在此為副詞。而get out of sth.意為“離開(kāi)(某地)，擺脫，放棄”，顯然不符合此處的語(yǔ)境。故of多余。 第七處：safe→safety?？疾槊~。此處充當(dāng)介詞的賓語(yǔ)，應(yīng)該用名詞形式。safety“安全的地方”。 第八處：late→later。考查副詞。雖然late和later都可用作副詞，但前者表示“遲，晚”，后者表示“后來(lái)，隨后”。根據(jù)句意可知，應(yīng)將late改為later。 第九處：him→her。考查代詞。此處指的是救護(hù)車(chē)將那個(gè)受傷的女士帶去了醫(yī)院，故應(yīng)用her。 第十處：happily→happy?？疾樾稳菰~。feel是系動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)用形容詞作表語(yǔ)。 His discussion with his new boss，Hu Xin(HX)，__was to__ strongly __influence__ his life as a journalist. 他與他的新老板胡新的討論對(duì)他的記者生涯必將產(chǎn)生重要影響。 be to do句型在本句中表示“注定會(huì)……；一定……”。 be to do句型的含義： (1)預(yù)先安排好的計(jì)劃或約定。 (2)表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的意圖、職責(zé)、義務(wù)、命令等情感意義。 (3)表示注定要發(fā)生或一定會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。 (4)用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“如果想……；設(shè)想”。 ①Every member of the party was __to pay__ (pay) his own expense. 參加晚會(huì)的所有人費(fèi)用自理。 ②If you are __to succeed__ (succeed)，you have to make more efforts. 如果你想成功的話(huà)，你必須更加努力。 ③The talk with his beloved teacher was __to change__ (change) his life. 和他深?lèi)?ài)的老師的談話(huà)注定會(huì)改變他的生活。 ④The letter is __to be handed__ (hand) to him in person. 這封信必須親手交給他。 He admitted that he knew the man who __was supposed to have__ bribed him，but denied that he had ever taken any money. 他承認(rèn)他認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)行賄人，但他否認(rèn)接受過(guò)賄賂。 be supposed to do 被認(rèn)為；應(yīng)該(＝should)。如果不定式動(dòng)作發(fā)生在以前，要用be supposed to have done 形式，意為“被認(rèn)為做過(guò)某事”。 was/were supposed to do sth.＝is/are supposed to have done sth.＝should have done sth.本該做某事 suppose/supposing/provided/providing...假如，假設(shè) I suppose so.我看行吧；我想是的。 I don’t suppose so.I suppose not.我看不行；我想不是這樣。 ①Everybody __is supposed__ (suppose) to know the law，but few people do. 人人都該懂得法律，但很少有人做到。 ②Whoever is supposed __to be fit__ (fit) for the job was asked to sign up. 無(wú)論是誰(shuí)，只要被認(rèn)為適合做這項(xiàng)工作都被要求報(bào)了名。 ③Tom was supposed __to have stolen__ (steal) the money. 湯姆被認(rèn)為偷了錢(qián)。 【閱讀理解】 Susan Brownell Anthony was a lady ahead of her time. She fought for womens rights long before they became a popular issue. Susan was born on February 15,1820, in Adams, Massachusetts. At that time, women had few rights. They could not own property. Money earned by a married woman belonged to her husband. Major decisions regarding children were made by the fathers. Women could not vote. At the age of 15, Susan became a schoolteacher. She taught for 15 years. Then she began organizing womens groups to promote causes that were important to women. She helped gain better educational rights for women. She helped give married women possession of their earnings. After the Civil War, Susan became very involved in the womens suffrage movement. After years of lecturing, writing, and appealing by Susan and other women, some parts of the United States changed their laws to give women the right to vote. The first state was Wyoming in 1869. Other areas and states gradually followed Wyomings decision. It was not until 1920 that the U．S. Constitution was changed to give all women voting rights. Susan Brownell Anthony died in 1906 at the age of 86. She was elected to the Hall of Fame for Great Americans in 1950. She was the first American woman to have a likeness(肖像) of her face on a coin. It was the 1979 Susan Brownell Anthony dollar. 【文章大意】本文主要介紹了美國(guó)歷史上著名的女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)袖Susan Brownell Anthony。她努力為婦女爭(zhēng)取了財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)、投票權(quán)等權(quán)利。 【難句分析】Then she began organizing womens groups to promote causes that were important to women.(第三段第二句) 分析：該句為主從復(fù)合句，句中that were important to women為that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞causes。 譯文：隨后她開(kāi)始組織婦女群體加速實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)婦女來(lái)說(shuō)重要的目標(biāo)。 1. What was the situation of American women like when Susan was born? A．They had low social status. B．They could vote after getting married. C．They managed money for their husbands. D．They were responsible for decisionmaking. 答案與解析：A考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“At that time，women had few rights. They could not own property. Money earned by a married woman belonged to her husband. Major decisions regarding children were made by the fathers. Women could not vote.”可知，在那時(shí)，女性沒(méi)有什么權(quán)利，地位是低下的，故A項(xiàng)正確。B、C和D項(xiàng)均與此表述不符。 2. What is the third paragraph mainly about? A．Susans teaching experiences. B．Susans educational background. C．Susans efforts to abolish slavery. D．Susans fighting for womens causes. 答案與解析：D考查段落大意。通讀第三段尤其是“Then she began organizing womens groups to promote causes that were important to women.”可知，本段主要講述Susan Brownell Anthony為爭(zhēng)取女權(quán)而斗爭(zhēng)的情況，故D項(xiàng)正確。A項(xiàng)僅為細(xì)節(jié)之一，無(wú)法概括該段大意；B項(xiàng)文中沒(méi)有提及；根據(jù)第三段的“Then she began organizing womens groups to promote causes that were important to women”可知，Susan Brownell Anthony為爭(zhēng)取女權(quán)而斗爭(zhēng)，而不是為廢除奴隸制而斗爭(zhēng)，故C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。 3 What does the word “decision” in the fourth paragraph refer to? A．Promoting the social movement. B．Changing the U．S. Constitution. C．Giving women voting rights. D．Uniting other areas and states. 答案與解析：C考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)第四段第二句中的“some parts of the United States changed their laws to give women the right to vote”可知，在Susan Brownell Anthony的努力下，美國(guó)一些地區(qū)修改了法律，給了婦女投票權(quán)；結(jié)合該段第三、四句“The first state was Wyoming in 1869. Other areas and states gradually followed Wyomings decision”可以判斷，畫(huà)線(xiàn)詞指代“給婦女投票權(quán)”這一決定，故C項(xiàng)正確。 4. What may be the best title for the text? A．The first American woman to invent coins B．The problem of womens rights in the U．S. C．The most popular women organizations D．A pioneer in fighting for womens rights 答案與解析：D考查標(biāo)題判斷。通讀全文可知，本文主要介紹了美國(guó)歷史上著名的女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)袖Susan Brownell Anthony。她為婦女爭(zhēng)取了財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)、投票權(quán)等權(quán)利。據(jù)此可知D項(xiàng)最適合作文章標(biāo)題。