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考點21 關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句 高考頻度：★★★★★ 【考點解讀】 定語從句在高考的基礎(chǔ)知識方面的考查主要體現(xiàn)在單選題，語法填空及短文改錯中，在單項選擇中主要考查定語從句的一些基本用法，如常見關(guān)系詞的選擇，在選擇的過程中，一定要注意限制性與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別，定語從句與名詞性從句，及狀語從句的引導詞的區(qū)別等，有時也會與其他修飾性的句型結(jié)構(gòu)之間進行誤導性考查，如與強調(diào)句性等，所以重點掌握的是從高考題中總結(jié)規(guī)律，達到熟練應用。 【高考預測】 定語從句是歷年高考的重點，主要考查常見關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法，比如which/that/as/ when/where的用法及區(qū)別性的選擇等，及與其他從句如名詞性從句的區(qū)別等。在高考的中主要體現(xiàn)在語法填空，短文改錯，完型填空等中，且完形填空80%每年會出一道題。 考向一常見關(guān)系代詞的基本用法 1. that 可指人或物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語，表語。指人時，相當于who或 whom；指物時，相當于which。不能引導非限制性定語從句；不可置于介詞后作賓語。 2. which 指物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語。如： The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主語） 3. who, whom, whose （1）who: 主格, 在從句中作主語，只可指人 （2）whom: 賓格，在從句中只能作賓語; 只可指人 （3）whose: 表所屬關(guān)系，在從句中作定語。譯為：某人的，某物的 （4）whose + 名詞 =the + n. + of which (某物的) = he + n. + of whom (某人的) 注意： ① 關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語 (在定語從句中，介詞提前時，介詞后：表人用 whom；表物用 which) ② 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時, 介詞可放于從句之首, 也可放于從句之末. 但以放于句首較為正式.（介詞前置，必須注意不影響動詞詞組的含義。關(guān)系代詞who 和 that 用作介詞賓語時, 介詞必須放在句末。） 4. as as 引導定語從句, 在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語 （1）如為限制性的，多用于the same …as ; the same as(與……相同)；such …as …（如此，這樣）; as many/much as（和……一樣多）；so/as …as（與……一樣）等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如： （2）如為非限制性的，as還可以單獨引導一個定語從句，代替整個主句，這種定語從句可置于句首，句中或句尾，譯為＂正如，這一點＂。（動詞常為know, see, expect, point out, etc.） As we all know, smoking is harmful to ones health . (as 作賓語)眾所周知，吸煙有害健康。 1. (2018新課標卷I語法填空)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes. 【參考答案】that/which 【答案解析】that或which 考查定語從句的關(guān)系詞。此處a study是先行詞，其在定語從句中作主語，故填that或which。 2. (2018新課標卷II語法填空)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program ___69___ gives specific fertilizer remendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. 【參考答案】that/which 3. (2017新課標卷III短文改錯)Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments. 【參考答案】 they→that/which 【答案解析】考查定語從句。they不能引導定語從句，因為指代things，所以把they改為that或者which。 4.(2017北京卷單項填空）The little problems ________ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. A. that B. as C. where D. when 【參考答案】A　 【答案解析】考查定語從句。先行詞是 the little problems, 在從句中作 meet的賓語，故選關(guān)系代詞that。句意：我們在日常生活中遇到的那些小問題有可能會成為偉大發(fā)明的靈感。 5.Among the many dangers__________ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog. A. which B. what C. where D. when 【參考答案】A 考向二that、 which只能用其中一個的情況 1. 只能用that，不能用which的情況 （1）先行詞是all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代詞或先行詞被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等詞修飾。 ?All the people that e from the country work much harder. 所有來自農(nóng)村的人工作都更努力得多。 （2）先行詞被序數(shù)詞、 形容詞最高級、 the only， the very， the last等修飾時， 關(guān)系代詞通常只用that， 不用which.如： ?The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我讀的第一本英文小說是《城市》。 ?This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 這是我見過的最激動人心的足球比賽之一。 ?This is the only thing that we can do now. 這是我們現(xiàn)在惟一能做的事情。 （3）先行詞既有人又有物時， 關(guān)系代詞只用that， 不用which.如： ?The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我們所有人都欽佩你告訴我的那位科學家和他所取得的成就。 ?The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. 外國游客高度贊揚了他們在少年宮所看到的少先隊員以及他們的表演。 （4） 關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語從句中作表語并帶有類比含義時， 通常只用that， 不用which.如： ?　He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是過去的那位明星了。 ?　Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我們的學校不再是以前的那所學校了。 （5） 句中其他位置已出現(xiàn)which， 為避免重復， 不用which而用that引導限定性定語從句。如： ?Which is the car that has overtaken us？ 超過我們的是哪輛車？ 2. 只用which，不能用that的情況 （1） 在介詞提前到關(guān)系代詞之前形成“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)來修飾表事物的先行詞時， 關(guān)系代詞必須用which.如： ?The house in which we live is very large. 我們住的房子非常大。 ?This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 這就是老師正在談及的那本參考書。 注意： 如果介詞不放在修飾事物的限定性定語從句的句首， which就可換為that， 如： ?This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 這就是我們已經(jīng)多次討論過的問題。 （2） 先行詞為“those＋表事物的復數(shù)名詞”時， 關(guān)系代詞通常只用which而不用that.例如： ?Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 學生應牢記那些規(guī)范自己的行為準則。 ?A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 書店應該經(jīng)營新出版的各種暢銷書。 （3）當先行詞指物，關(guān)系詞在句中作主語或賓語，引導非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞只能用which，而不用that。 1.（2017新課標卷I語法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health. 【參考答案】 which 2.（2017新課標卷II短文改錯）In their spare time, they are interesting（改為interested） in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house. 題組一 基礎(chǔ)過關(guān) I.單句語法填空 1.Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, ________, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. 2.Care of the soul is a gradual process in ________ even the small details of life should be considered. 3.That evening, ________ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late. 4.Happiness and success often e to those ________ are good at recognizing their own strengths. 5.Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, ________ made one of the Chinese peoples 　long-held dreams e true. 6.The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, ________ he remembers starting as early as his childhood. 7.Finally he reached a lonely island ________ was pletely cut off from the outside world. 題組二能力提升 I．單項填空 1.This year’s children’s party, __________ some parents were invited to, was a great success. A.which B.why C.whose D.where 2.The death of the closest relatives, __________ almost every one of us has experienced, always makes people feel bitter and unbearable. A.which B.who C.as D.the one 3.—Have you heard any news about Sarah? —Yes, she was promoted to president of her pany, __________surprised everyone. A.who B.that C.which D.it 4.There is no success without hard work; success is something __________is only earned after much labor. A.which B.that C.what D.不填 5.It is said that a most popular emoji (expression of emotion on the Internet) is the ＂face with the rolling eyes＂, ______ is used in 14 percent of text messages. A.that B.what C.which D.whose 6.He isn’t such a man ______ he used to be. A.who B.whom C.that D.as 7.It was the training__________he had as a young man__________ made him such a good engineer. A.what, that B.that, what C.that, which D.which, that 8.Actually, there are grammatical mistakes many students make __________keep them from writing the good positions. A.what B.that C.who D.whether 9.Many universities share teaching resources online, creating a learning space ______ benefits life-long learners. A.how B.what C.which D.where 10.Something______ really_______ ,in my opinion, is having puter skills. A.that; counts B.which; counts C.that; counts on D.which; counts on II．語法填空 閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入 1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。 No one loves me more than my parents, especially my father. My father is stout and strong, 1 a severe look on his face and keen expressive eyes. At first sight you may feel him hard 2 ( approach ). In fact he is very kind and considerate. I believe my father is a 3 ( talent ) man. He is decisive and efficient in doing things. By his own talents and years of efforts, he 4 ( provide ) his family with a good social position and a 5 ( relative ) rich life. Besides, he lives in harmony with others and never quarrels with anyone, so people from all walks of life e to my home, from 6 I’ve gained lots of social experiences. But at home he is a strict parent who is hard on me and has high 7 ( expectation ) of me. I can see that my idling away time 8 ( hurt ) him deeply, while if I have done something great and meaningful, such as 19___ ( write ) a book, he will be more excited than me. I always remind 10 ( me ) I must go on and on, and never shall I give up halfway. 題組三體驗真題 1.(2018江蘇卷單項填空)Self-drivingisanarea_______ Chinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestarting line. A. that B. where C. which D. when 2.(2018天津卷單項填空) Kae, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia. A. whom B. that C. whose D. her 3.(2016北京卷單項填空)I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise. A. whose B. why C. where D. which 4. (2016浙江卷單項填空) Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of ______ has been proved. A. whom B. which C. what D. that 5.（2014山東卷單項填空）A pany ______profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. A. which B. whose C. who D. why 題組一 基礎(chǔ)過關(guān) I.單句語法填空 1. who 【解析】句意：埃倫是一個專畫鳥類和自然風景的畫家。由于某種原因，她遠離了人類社會。此題考查非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞Ellen。因為關(guān)系詞指人并且在從句中作主語，所以只能用who。 2. which 3. which 【解析】句意：那晚我工作到很晚，稍后我會告訴你更多關(guān)于那晚的事。先行詞為that evening，將先行詞代入非限制性定語從句后為：I will tell you more about that evening later.由此可見關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作about的賓語，且表示＂物＂，故用which引導。 4. who 【解析】句意：幸福和成功經(jīng)常青睞那些善于發(fā)現(xiàn)自身長處的人。先行詞為those，將先行詞代入非限制性定語從句后為：Those are good at recognizing their own strengths.由此可見，先行詞在定語從句中作主語，且表示＂人＂，故用who。 5. which 【解析】句意：莫言被授予2012年諾貝爾文學獎，這使得中國人長久以來擁有的夢想之一變成了現(xiàn)實。which引導非限制性定語從句，指代前面整個主句。 6. which 【解析】句意：世界銀行主席說他對中國有一種情結(jié)，他記得這種情結(jié)始于他的兒童時代。先行詞是a passion for China，且在定語從句中作starting的賓語，要用關(guān)系代詞，在非限制性定語從句中用which。 7. which/that 【解析】句意：他最后到了一座完全與外面世界隔絕的孤島上。定語從句修飾的先行詞是island，將先行詞代入定語從句后為：The island was pletely cut off from the outside world.由此可見先行詞在定語從句中作主語，且先行詞表示＂物＂，可以用which或that引導。 題組二能力提升 I．單項填空 3.C 【解析】考查定語從句。分析句子成分可知，此處為非限定性定語從句，連詞在從句中作主語，指代前面＂她被提升為她公司的主席＂這件事。故選C。 4.B 【解析】考查定語從句連接詞。句意：沒有一樣成功不通過艱辛的工作；成功是只有通過大量苦干后才能賺得的東西。根據(jù)句意及句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析可知，此處為定語從句，修飾先行詞something，修飾指物的不定代詞時，只能用that，不能用which，本題中的連接詞在從句中作主語，不能省略。故選B。 5.C 【解析】考查非限定性定語從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知, 此處為非限定性定語從句, 先行詞為詞組face with the rolling eyes, 連接詞在從句中充當主語。故選C。 6.D 【解析】考查連詞。such… as是固定用法，as引導定語從句時，可以作主語，賓語或表語。在本題中as作表語。句意：他不再是以前的那樣了。故選D。 7.D 【解析】考查強調(diào)句和定語從句?！癶e had as a young man”位于名詞the training之后，是其定語從句，且從句缺少賓語，指代the training，用which或that；“It was the training”與“made him such a good engineer”構(gòu)成強調(diào)句，強調(diào)主語the training，應用that連接，故選D項。 8.B 【解析】考查定語從句連詞。先行詞為“grammatical mistakes”，關(guān)系代詞that引導定語從句，并在從句中作主語。grammatical mistakes后面還跟了一個定語從句that/ which many students make.從句中引導詞that或which作make的賓語，省去了。句意：事實上，許多學生所犯的語法錯誤使他們寫不出好的作文來。故選B。 9.C 【解析】考查定語從句。句意：很多大上分享教育資源，創(chuàng)造一種可以使終身學習者受益的學習空間。使用定語從句，先行詞是learning space，指物，定語從句中缺少主語，用which引導定語從句。故選C。 10.A 【解析】考查定語從句。由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，something后的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是它的定語從句，指代不定代詞something，在從句中作主語，應用that；count用作不及物動詞，表示“很重要”，count on…“指望；依賴”，關(guān)系代詞that指代something，謂語動詞應用單數(shù)，故選A項。 II．語法填空 【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。講述父親是一個結(jié)實健壯的人，友好善良，用自己的天賦和努力為家人創(chuàng)造了好的生活，但是父親對我嚴格，期待很高。我將不會辜負父親的厚望，一定努力，決不不半路放棄。 1.with 【解析】考查介詞。with＂有；擁有＂。句意：我的父親是結(jié)實健壯的，臉上神色嚴肅 ，有著一雙銳利而富有友情的眼睛。故填with。 3.talented 【解析】考查形容詞。句意：父親是一個有天賦的人。talented＂有天賦的＂修飾man作定語，作定語用形容詞。故填talented。 4.has provided 【解析】考查動詞。句意：用自己的天賦和多年的努力，父親為全家提供了好的社會地位和相對富裕的生活。根據(jù)語境可知，＂提供＂這一動作指過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果，用現(xiàn)在完成時。主語是第三人稱單數(shù)。故填has provided。 5.relatively 【解析】考查副詞。relatively＂相對地＂修飾rich作狀語，作狀語用副詞。故填relatively。 6.whom 【解析】考查定語從句。＂from ___6___ I’ve gained lots of social experiences＂作定語修飾all walks of life，作介詞賓語，指人，用關(guān)系代詞whom。故填whom。 7.expectations 【解析】考查名詞。句意：但是在家里，他是一個對我要求嚴格的嚴厲的父親，對我有很高的期望。形容詞high修飾名詞，expectation＂期望＂是可數(shù)名詞。故填expectations。 8.hurts 【解析】考查動詞。句意：我明白我虛度的時間深深傷害了他。講述現(xiàn)在的事情，且主語是第三人稱單數(shù)。故填hurts。 9.writing 【解析】考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)化。 such as＂諸如＂，as是介詞，介詞后跟動名詞作賓語。故填writing。 10.myself 【解析】考查代詞。句意：我總是提醒我自己我必須一直向前，絕不半路放棄。主語和賓語指同一事物，作賓語用翻身代詞。故填myself。 題組三 體驗真題 1.B 【解析】考查定語從句。句意：自動駕駛是一個中國和世界其它國家都在同一起跑線的領(lǐng)域。句中先行詞為area，在從句中作地點狀語，故用關(guān)系副詞where，相當于in which。故選B。 2.C 3.A 【解析】考查定語從句的關(guān)系詞。a couple是先行詞，這對夫妻的孩子很吵，children和couple是所屬關(guān)系，故用whose作定語，whose children相當于the children of whom，故選A。 4B 【解析】句意：關(guān)于人類為什么哭的時候會流淚，科學家已經(jīng)提出了很多理論，沒有一個被證明了。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，＂none of ______ has been proved＂是定語從句，先行詞是theories，指物，定語從句中用代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞which引導。故選B。 5.B 【解析】這是一個定語從句，a pany 是先行詞，profit和 a pany是所屬關(guān)系，所以要用關(guān)系代詞whose。句意為：在國內(nèi)市場利潤減少的公司可能會尋求國外發(fā)展的機會。故答案選B。